Functional characteristics and classification of English slangs

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Azerbaijan University of Languages

Functional characteristics and classification of english slangs

Gurbanova Gulnara

Abstract

The term slang is an expressive and emotional vocabulary of spoken language that is far from the norms of literary language. This term is most commonly used in English. Slang makes up 1/3 of the words used in the spoken language. There are a number of hypotheses about the origin of the term slang. There is a hypothesis that the word “slang” is an acronym for “beggars 'language” or “rogues' language”. In these expressions, the suffix of the first word is combined with the second word, and the last syllable of the second word falls. The twentieth and early twenty-first centuries were very interesting not only for historians, but also for linguists.

The social causes of changes in language and the consequences of these changes have been of interest to modern linguists. The study of the term slang has been one of the topics of interest to linguists. The term slang began to be widely used in English lexicography in the early 19th century. The etymology of this term is very controversial, and linguists who have studied it have not given an exact definition of the term.

The vocabulary of the language is divided into two groups: literary language and non-literary language. Non-literary language includes professional words, vulgarisms, jargons and slangs. Words denoting a profession are words used by small groups of people united around the same profession. Vulgarism is a rude word used by people from the lower classes (prisoners, drug dealers, the homeless, etc.). Jargonisms are incomprehensible secret words used by social groups united by common interests. Slangs are words that violate language norms. Slangs are very expressive, sarcastic, words used in everyday life. Slangs are words and phrases that are formed within different social groups, reflecting the activities of these social groups. These words, used by everyone, retain their emotionality. In this regard, the topic is relevant. The purpose of the research is to study slang in more detail, to eliminate some gaps in the research, to conduct a comparative analysis of slang in the relevant field.

Key words: slang, thematic classification, characteristics, household slang, culinary slang, musical slang.

Анотація

Гурбанова Гульнара. ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ СЛЕНГІВ

Термін «сленг» - це експресивна та емоційна лексика розмовної мови, далека від норм літературної мови. Цей термін найчастіше використовується в англійській мові. Жаргон становимть 1/3 слів, що використовуються в розмовній мові. Є низка гіпотез щодо походження терміна «сленг». Існує гіпотеза, що слово «жаргон» є абревіатурою від «мова жебраків», або «мова негідників». У цих виразах суфікс першого слова поєднується з другим словом, а останній склад другого слова падає. ХХі початок XXI століття були дуже цікавими не лише для істориків, а й для мовознавців. Соціальні причини змін у мові та наслідки цих змін цікавили сучасних лінгвістів. Вивчення терміна «сленг» було однією з тем, що цікавлять мовознавців. Термін «сленг» почав широко застосовуватися в англійській лексикографії на початку XIX століття. Етимологія цього терміна дуже суперечлива, і лінгвісти, які його вивчали, не дали точного визначення терміна. Словниковий запас мови поділяється на дві групи: літературна мова та нелітературна мова. До нелітературноїмови належать професійні слова, вульгаризми, жаргонізми та сленги. Слова, що позначають професію, - це слова, що використовуються невеликими групами людей, об'єднаних навколо однієї професії. Вульгаризм - це грубе слово, яке використовують люди з нижчих класів (в'язні, наркоторговці, бездомні тощо). Жаргонізми - незрозумілі таємні слова, що вживаються соціальними групами, об'єднаними спільними інтересами. Сленги - це слова, що порушують мовні норми. Сленги - це дуже виразні, саркастичні слова, що використовуються в повсякденному житті. Сленги - це слова та фрази, що утворюються в межах різних соціальних груп, які відображають діяльність цих соціальних груп. Ці слова, вживані всіма, зберігають свою емоційність. У зв'язку з цим тема є актуальною. Метою дослідження є більш детальне вивчення сленгу, усунення деяких прогалин у дослідженні, проведення порівняльного аналізу сленгу у відповідній галузі.

Ключові слова: сленг, тематична класифікація, характеристики, побутовий сленг, кулінарний сленг, музичний сленг.

Introduction

Slang is used in different situations in society, it is used to show sincerity to the interlocutor. Slang can both attract and alienate people. Slang can be used a lot in the social groups they have been working on for a certain period of time, or vice versa, it can become obsolete after a certain period of time. Just as everything has changed in modern times, so has language. Words and phrases are simplified and shortened to save time. That is why slang is gaining momentum in our time. Due to its accuracy and content, the use of slang in colloquial language is even more preferred. It is impossible to give up a slang that accurately and completely reflects a certain idea during the conversation. Although the topic is busy, it remains relevant because it has not been studied in depth.

Purpose and tasks of the research. The purpose of the research is to study slang in more detail, to eliminate some gaps in the research, to conduct a comparative analysis of slang in the relevant field.

Scientific novelty of research. The etymology of this term is very controversial, and the study of linguistics and the justification of its classification are scientifically innovative and relevant, as the linguists who study it do not give an exact definition of this term

Methods and sources of research

The issues raised in advance determine the methods of classification of slangs. Historical-comparative and comparative-contrastive methods are used. As a source, historical and modern terminological dictionaries are used, especially dictionaries related to slang terminology.

A review of recent research and publications. The term slang began to be widely used in English lexicography in the early 19th century. The etymology of this term is very controversial, and linguists who have studied it have not given an exact definition of the term. There are many English and Russian language sources on this topic. However, several of them were used in the study of the article. These sources are: C. Kensler. SAT Math Mania [1]; C. R. Parker. Under Wrapped: A Novel [2]; E. Partridge. Slang to-Day and yesterday [3];

Singmin. Practical Audio Amplifier Circuit Projects [4]; Гальперин И. Р. “О термине «сленг» // Вопросы языкознания” [5]; Хомяков

А. “Введение в изучение сленга -основного компонента английского просторечия” [6]. slang expressive suffix word

The main material. Slang in English is classified according to the thematic principle as follows:

Slangs about human characteristics.

Slang about people's professions and activities.

Culinary slang.

Slang for music, dance, parties and ceremonies.

Household slang.

Slang used by young people.

The slang included in these groups are themselves divided into subgroups. Slangs about human characteristics are divided into body parts, slang about insanity and madness, fraud, sincerity, wealth, greed, friendship, love, difficulty, and body parts. Slang about people's professions and activities is divided into slang about police, detectives, prisoners, theft, trade, crime and criminals, information transfer. Food, drink, drunkenness refers to culinary slang. Slang for death is slang for ceremonies. Household slang includes: slang for women, girls, marriage, money, housing.

Music, dance, parties and ceremonies are a part of human life. There are a number of slangs for music, dance, parties and ceremonies in English, and these slangs are mainly used by the younger generation. These slangs are also closely connected with the culture of the country, because music and dance are one of the spectators of the culture of each country. There are many interesting slangs about music in English. Although the slang “808” looks like an ordinary figure, in fact, this slang refers to the Roland T R-808 drum. Created in the 80s of the twentieth century, this musical device began to be widely used in electronic music and hip-hop genres. It also refers to the bass sound coming from a stereo music device. “Air guitar” is a two-word composition that slang mimics the way a person plays the guitar while dancing. You've seen them before - guitar wannabes playing air guitar [4, p. 137].

“Blast” was a slang used both as a verb and as a noun. It is used in the sense of playing loud music like a verb. Like the noun, it is used in the sense of a deafening sound. The Boy Band is a group of only boys. In today's popular boy bands - the Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync-about a third of the band members have gone down the [1, p. 108].

“Bubblegum pop” is a popular pop music among young people. Bands such as Britney Spears, ABBA, and Backstreet Boys performed the most songs in this genre. High-spirited songs belong to this genre of music.

“To bust”, “flow” slang means to say rap. The cover song is performed by another singer. Crunk slang is used both as a noun and as a verb. The genre of music, which is a combination of hip hop and electro genre when used as a noun, is used in the sense of dancing in a certain style when used as a verb. “Cut” is a slang word. Deck slang is used in the sense of a disc, a music device that reads a disc. The “Directioner” slogan refers to One Direction fans. Fans of this group know more about the band members than the band members know about themselves. The DNB slang was an acronym. This slang was an acronym for drum and bass. This slang also expresses a style of electronic music. The concept of releasing music albums is expressed by the phrase “drop”. A memorable song or piece of song is expressed by the slang “earworm”. The slang “emo” was used both as an adjective and as a noun. When this slang is used as an adjective, it expresses an extremely emotional and melodramatic meaning. When used as a noun, it means an emotional music genre. “"Front" has several meanings, but in terms of music, it means to be the leader of the band, the main performer of the band. Funk is a genre of music in English. This genre of music was created in the 60s of the XX century on the basis of a mixture of African and American music. Sometimes singers pretend to be playing a musical instrument, especially a guitar. It is expressed by the English word “gack”. There is a type of hip-hop genre called “gangster rap”. This style was popularized in the 1980s, and the songs were dedicated to the hard life in the African-American ghetto [6, p. 81]. G-rap is an abbreviation for gangster rap. The slang “Hair Band” meant a glamorous metal rock band. The members of this group all had long hair and teased each other. Rock and heavy metal rock performers danced with their heads rough as they sang on stage. This action is expressed by the phrase “headbang”. Hickhop slang is a genre of music. This music genre is a combination of country and hiphop music genres. “Hit it” slang also applies to music slang. The meaning of this slang is “it's time to play music”. In English, the word song is expressed by the syllables “jam”, “joint”, “track”. The slang word “jam out” is a verb and is used in two senses. The first meaning is to play music with enthusiasm, and the second meaning is to move the body to the sounds of music. Karakoist slang is a corrective slang. Informs the karaoke performer. The word “selector” refers to a person who chooses music for a DJ. The word “supergroup” means a music group, and its members are already popular in other groups.

There are also many slang words about dance in English. “Boogie”, “boogy”, “bust a groove” are used in the sense of dancing.

He didn't want to bust his groove with a sudden interruption, so he strolled casually toward the sunroom, his hands planted behind his back [2, p. 149].

Breakdance is a type of dance. This type of dance is widespread among young people. “Break” is a slang verb and means to play breakdance. The phrase “Bust a move” is used in two senses. The first means to dance, and the second means to do a great dance. The concept of good dancing is expressed in English as “cut a rug”. “Dance up on” is a complex slang and means to dance close to each other. The slogans “get (one's) groove on” and “get (one's) swerve on” mean to dance funny. Ghost ride the whip means to move next to or on a moving car. Currently, people and even celebrities make and post such videos on a number of social networks. Pogo slang means to dance, but this dance is not an ordinary dance, it means to jump and dance. Dancing to Ska music is expressed by the slang “scan”. “Slam dance” is a compound slang verb. It means pushing and colliding and dancing.

Meetings are divided into types depending on the purpose, time and place. Meetings are available in English. The ABC party is a party where people wear nothing but clothes. This meeting is called “ABC party”. Blowout means a big party, and kick back means a small social party. The Bof slang was apparently an acronym. This slang is a combination of the capital letters of the words “birds of feather”, which means a meeting organized to exchange views. Although the slang word “do” is similar to a verb”means a face- to-face meeting, and “get-together” means a social meeting. The “Presser” slang is a corrective slang and means a press conference. The word “rager” also means assembly. However, unlike regular gatherings, large gatherings of high school or college students gather at home, drink alcohol, and the house is turned upside down, ending with the arrival of the police. “Safety meeting” means a serious meeting, during which consultants and clients come together to address health and safety issues. If there are more men than women in a party, it is referred to as “sausage fest”, “sausage party” or “sword fight”.

mingle - dance.

prom - dance night.

prom - trotter - a student girl who goes to many dances; a student who is actively involved in public life

scrim - a well-organized dance.

scronch - to dance.

session - a dance or public meeting.

shake - to dance.

shake a wicked (mean) calf, hoof or leg - to dance, to like to dance.

slow drag - boring dance.

step out - go to the dance.

showstorm - a meeting organized for the reception of drugs.

tea party - a meeting organized to take a drug called marijuana.

doe - a woman who is alone at a party or dance.

blow out - evening party.

fight - evening party.

Each country has its own wedding and mourning ceremonies. The country's ancient traditions can be seen in these ceremonies. The English dictionary contains many words and phrases related to these ceremonies. The history of word signs expressing mourning in the lexical layer of the English language is very old. The ceremonial lexicon observed in the English dictionary covers more weddings and funerals. Wedding is one of the oldest traditions in the life of all peoples of the world. There are interesting slang about these ceremonies in English [3, p. 110].

“Hit on” means to flirt with someone, to have romantic feelings for someone. The “Player” slang was negative. It means a man in a relationship with several women. “Knocked up” is not a good expression, it means unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. It is not right to say this slang to pregnant women. “Pop the question” means to propose marriage. If the management of the family belongs to a woman, then the phrase “wear the pants in the relationship” is used. Old Flame means ex-boyfriend. “Splice” and “step off the carpet” are synonymous with “marriage”. The slang words “Walk down the aisle”, “getting hitched”, “tying the knot”, and “getting married” are synonymous with marriage.

I reached port on Saturday last; I've got leave of absence for eight weeks, and before that time has expired, I hope, with your permission to get spliced to Sophia [5, p. 24].

step off the carpet - to get married.

speak (one's) piece - to propose marriage.

rob the cradle - to date or marry someone who is much younger.

tied - to be married.

Mister Right or Mister Big - the most important person in a place or organization.

Death means the end of every living thing. The English dictionary contains a number of words and phrases that replace the words death, dying, dead. There are slang words in the language that replace concepts such as death, death. Many of these slangs were of complex composition. “Step off the deep”, “end, strike bedrock”, “turn up (one's) toes” are synonyms of “step off'.

Brown bread - dead.

Bought the farm - died.

Croak - to die.

Food for worms - A dead human being.

Go home in a box - to die and be shipped home.

Kiss one's arse goodbye - fawn over.

One's number is up - the time has come when someone is doomed to die.

Peg out - to die.

Sleeping with the fishes - to be killed and the body hidden from the public.

Swim with concrete shoes - to be killed by a gangster.

Take a dirt nap - to die.

Take a last bow - to die.

Tango Uniform - (military) broken and cannot be fixe.

Toaster Bath - committing suicide

Conclusions. When researching slang, the main focus is on why people use slang in conversation. To show that they belong for the main reasons, not to use excessive expressions and cliches. They also use slang to demonstrate their language skills, as in modern society it is not considered insulting to use slang in conversation. On the contrary, the correct use of slang is an indicator of cultural level. The use of slang is a manifestation of a concept such as intercultural communication. When listing the features of slang, which is a separate layer of spoken language, it can be concluded that it is difficult to study slang units from the linguistic point of view. These difficulties arise when translating slangs from one language to another.

References

1. Kensler C. SAT Math Mania. Simon & Schuster, 2000. 132 p.

2. Parker C. R. Under Wrapped: A Novel. Strebor Books, 2015. 289 p.

3. Partridge E. Slang to-Day and yesterday. London, 1960.

4. Singmin A. Practical Audio Amplifier Circuit Projects. Newnes; 1 edition, 1999. 160 p.

5. Гальперин И. Р. О термине «сленг». Вопросы языкознания. 1956. № 6.

6. Хомяков В. А. Введение в изучение сленга - основного компонента английского просторечия. Вологда : Министерство просвещения ОСФСР Вологодского гос. пед. ин-та, 1971.

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