Linear-positional and semantic-functional continuity of noun-morphological form: typology of detachment

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Linear-positional and semantic-functional continuity of noun-morphological form: typology of detachment

Anatolii Zahnitko

Анотація

noun morphological gender case

Розглянуто особливості дистанціювання елементів іменниково-морфологічних форм і витворенням різноманітних типів віддалення самостійних та аналітичних компонентів іменниково-морфологічних форм роду, числа та відмінка, формуванням множини засобів актуалізації номінативної семантики статі та соціально-гендерного статусу в межах іменниково-морфологічного роду. Уперше скваліфіковано профайл іменниково-морфологічної форми зі встановленням його основних складників.

Ключові слова: позиційність, інтервальність, семантичне дистанціювання, формально-функційна повторюваність, віддаленість, іменнико-морфологічна форма, реченнєва структура.

Linear-positional and semantic-functional continuity of noun-morphological form: typology of detachment

Zahnitko Anatolii

Department of General and Applied Linguistics and Slavonic Philology, Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine

Abstract

Background: The noun-morphological form in the linearic structure of a sentence undergoes various structural (distancing components from zero to n - number), semantic (tuning to the corresponding objectively motivated meanings) and functional (motivated by generative, socio, territorial factors) changes.

Purpose: the purpose of the article is to establish the main factors of structural linear distancing of components of noun-morphological forms of gender, number and case with the tracing of their semantic modifications and functional orientation in socio-corporate dimensions.

Results: Characterized by simultaneous expression in the flexional element of lexeme, noun-morphological forms of gender, numbers and case have their own manifestation peculiarities. Noun-morphological forms of gender are characterized by semantic and formal motivation, which is mani-fested in semantic continuity (semantic distance) and formal (semantics of matching attributive and / or coordinated elements). The semantic distance of noun-morphological forms of number has a contextually determined manifestation of secondary functions. The implementation of cases functions is correlated with the true linear internal part-of-speech positionality, valence conditionality, strength of internal sentence centripetal and centrifugal.

Discussion: Semasiological grammar is based on the linguistic activity of the addressee (listener) and, unlike onomasiology, provides the sequence «language - linguistic system / linguistic form - out of speech content» (Danylenko 1988: 108). Only with language support the addressee identifies the noun-morphological form, recognizes its content and diagnoses the presence and / or absence of additional meanings accompanying such form. For example, by perceiving feminine noun- morphological forms with clearly pronounced femininity, the addressee is aware of their corresponding perception by the linguistic society, the lack of decreasing expressive range, the adequacy of the used form to the intentional discourse intentions. Existing psychological resistance of the speaker is determined by: 1) established institutional status of noun-morphological forms; 2) the level of normalization of such forms - their codified and systemic or usual motivated perception; 3) public values reformatting and relevant valuations, etc. In general, the linear-objective status of the speaker in commu-nication is diagnosed with: 1) the status of the speaker himself in communication; 2) his communicative intentions; 3) correlation of internally essential and externally adapted in objective-linear space; 4) the functional load of the addresser in the actual modeling of the media space; 5) the depth of realized subjective meanings in discursive practices and their effective dimensions.

Keywords: positionality, interval, semantic distancing, formal-functional repeatability, remoteness, noun-morphological form, sentence structure.

1. Problem statement

Noun-morphological forms of gender, number, and case are peculiar when it comes to their status in the categorical system, since they include classification space and word-changing space within the part of speech, each of which has both internal and external intentions. Internal intention includes the classification of all noun lexemes by gender, change of lexemes within the category of number and case, with the establishment of the corresponding type of declension. External intention is the force field of the categorical form, the possibilities of contact and / or discant semantics continuity (typical for noun-morphological forms of gender) and compliance with the regularities of formal (structural) agreement (noun-morphological forms of number and case).

The study of morphology in its various dimensions and aspects has its active and passive phases. The first ones are related to the attempt to characterize the whole national and language speech corpus on the basis of their formal, conceptual, word-forming and syntactic differences, which became the basis for distinguishing the appropriate number of parts of speech (cf. part of speech classifications of the ancient philosophers Plato Athenian, Aristotle Stageirites, Dionysius Thrax, Apollonius Dyscolus, medieval.

Analyzing the views of Aristotle, O. Lukin notes the significance of the three principles of his logic for the present, the totality of which still provides the functional capacity of part of speech classification. The principle of identity (the equivalence of a thing to itself, the stability of its attributes and characteristics) is directed to the essence of the concept, the principle of forbidden contradiction is based on the truth and untruth of two contradictory concepts, one of which is always untrue, and the principle of exclusion of the third one implies that a particular concept belongs to the first one or the second one. The latter principle allowed the dynamics of views on the number of parts of the speech (binary - noun and verb as the main ones (I. Vychovanets), four-component - noun and verb, adjective and adverb (O. Jespersen), etc.). The stated three principles have ensured the stability of the part of speech classification, since the first one ensures the identity of each of them separately, and the third one - «the use of one part implies the non-use of the other and vice versa» (Лукин 1999: 132). The second principle is somewhat contradictory because it is based on the speech reverse. According to O. Lukin, «the palette of terms of modern linguistics as for parts of speech is only a faint echo of the terminological diversity inherited from the philosophers of antiquity, which is sometimes perceived as absolute» (Лукин 1999: 132), the terms themselves have completely different meaning and they are already used in another linguistic and scientific paradigm. After all, the theories of ancient philosophers are extremely saturated with different deep meanings, therefore O. Losiev said that any translation of Plato was only a reinterpretation (Лосев 1968: 62), the sounding of a separate party. «The indivisibility, kind of syncretism of ancient philosophy leads often to the temptation to interpret one or another term in a way that correlates with their attitude» (Лосев 1999: 133). The following ten-component system of Aristotle's categories is also significant: essence (substance), quality, quantity, relation, place, time, condition, possession, action, suffering (enduring), which in their totality constitute the opposition, in which the first component (sphere of substantive essence) contrasted with all others (sphere of action essence) (Koller 1988: 212-213), so green (different genders) indicates the essence of the oak (grass, tree), not the other way around. At the logical level, the subject is the entity of predicate, and on the ontological, «the substrate», which immanently captures the essence of such predicates (Лебедев 1983: 36).

The statement of J. Lyons on the parts of the speech system with a support to the Aristotelian system of categories, apart from not only the functional status of flexion but in general, without its consideration, seems justified only if we talk about the logical dimension of such classification. Aristotle lived in a period when the Greek language was dominated, whose influence on the whole conception of the scientist should not be minimized. At the time, A. Trendelenburg emphasized the direct dependence of the ten categories identified on the structure of the Greek language (Trendelenburg 1846: 23-32; F. Mautner's work (Mautner 1969(3):4)). Aristotle's understanding within his scientific concept of the logos in psychological, grammatical, ontological, and logical dimensions sometimes hinders an adequate understanding of his approaches, since the logos could be considered into purely grammatical, rhetorical, dialectical, or linguistic aspects. Rhetoric involved the study of language through the lens of use, dialectics - through the philosophical understanding of language, its relation to the thought, grammar was focused on the study of language in general, the particularities of its organization. Fundamentally different understanding of grammar is essential into ancient scientific space, where «Grammar covered1 <..> all linguistics», its task was «not only to speak and write correctly but also to learn to be a poet and a speaker» (Steinthal II 1890: 187). In their time, the Stoics distinguished determinatum and determinant of the word-logos, and «the parts of speech studies <..>1 into the sphere of “determinant”, and the grammatical categories studies as the doctrine of “determinatum”, that is, what we think of the real facts of speech» (Бокадорова 1990: 495-496). The Stoics, in addition to the already defined five parts of speech (name (reveals a The <..> sign is used to indicate omission in the author's text. single quality: Socrates, Diogenes), noun (calls general quality: horse, man (by Diogenes)), verb (denotes a simple predicate: so Aristotle thinks, and also unchangeable part of speech that removes anything: I say, I write), conjunction (changeable part of speech that connects other parts of speech), arthron (unchangeable part of speech that differentiates gender and number)), distinguished the adverb (Перельмутер 1986: 252). Based on an anomalistic understanding of the correlation between language and thinking, the Stoics took into account the syntactic and semantic features into part of speech differentiation that were given the status of universal, beyond which the corresponding “sound of language” lost its self-sufficiency therefore the functional parts of speech had their own meaning (Перельмутер 1980: 192). The top of the ancient theory of parts of speech is Alexandrian one, which 1) offered a justification for the elements at all levels of language; 2) determined the place of grammar in the system of literary criticism with its six-component structure (a) reading aloud, b) tropes motivation c) obsolete words and expressions explanation, d) etymology, e) analogies definition, f) literary criticism). Within this school, flexional particularities were established, suggested by Dionysius Thrax in the most sophisticated form. The grammar, which covered three parts (the purpose of grammar, part of speech, and stylistics), identifies eight parts of speech with support for morphological and semantic criteria, explained the analogy, and so on. The defined eight-component system of parts of speech, taking into account the flexional motivation, became the matrix that was inherited by numerous grammars of national languages, which formed a complete illusion of the universality of such a system. The latter was greatly enhanced by the selection of eight parts of speech in Latin (A. Donatus («Ars minor», «Ars maior»), Diomedes («De oration et partibus orationis et vario genre metrorum libri III»)) grammars, and later - in many others (M. Smotrytskyi, I. Uzhevych, V. Karadzhych, etc.). At the same time, it is not necessary to downplay the importance of the part of speech concept of the Stoics, which was based on an anomaly among other components.

In the Middle Ages, according to the observations of linguists, studies of ancient philosophers were actively carried out and applied skillfully in Latin grammar in the prescriptive aspect. The complexity of ancient theory understanding and interpreting is that in the studies of, for example, Plato it's especially valuable to interpret a sentence through the prism of the plane where the mobility of logical arguments (according to I. Perelmuter (1980a, p. 196)), was the most adequately ensured, which was further differentiated as a sentence, a noun and a verb (O. Lukin). It's interesting that in Latin grammar books exclamation appeared because there was no article as in Greek language (Алпатов 2005: 40). The importance of Latin grammarians was particular in the Middle Ages since Latin was the language of international communication, the language of science, the church, and so on. It was multifunctional, so knowledge of grammar was mandatory. The study of grammar along with dialectics (logic) and rhetoric was one of the components of the trivium, and quadrivium which covered arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Grammar, along with other arts, was actively investigated by didactics researchers, by Church fathers and was in the field of view of ontology, philosophy, theology, epistemology. In the evolution of medieval logic, three periods are differentiated, each of which is related to the peculiarities of the development and dynamics of certain approaches to the understanding and interpretation of the correlation of language and thinking, the origin of language, etc.: a) logice vetus - Aristotle's works only available in Boethius's translations; b) logica nova - Aristotle's views not only in the original but also in numerous translations and interpretations; c) logica moderna - with the support of Aristotle's thoughts various theories of parts of speech differentiation are being developed in the synthesis of logic and grammar develop, which was completely correlated with ancient traditions (Rijk 1962-1967).

In the Middle Ages (the era of Pierre Abelard and later) logic actively penetrated into the grammar, and there were attempts to subjugate the latter. Due to the development of theology, medicine, and law with clearly identified subject areas and objects of study, logic becomes a methodological priority, which led to the subordination of grammar to logic (Грошева 1985: 221). Part of speech linguistic medieval concepts had either their own logical rationale (according to Aristotle) or grammatical (according to Priscian (see (Rijk 1962-1967)), although the evolutionary basis of both studies must be found in ancient theories of anomaly and analogy.

In the Middle Ages, «<..> there was an imperceptible but important change in the analysis of material: instead of discussing what part of speech means, logic began to discuss how (in what way) part of speech means something» (Грошева 1985: 237). The stated modification in part of speech theories is considered to be one of the most significant, although such «qualitative shifts could not fundamentally solve all the issues, but “directed the researchers to another path that <..> did not lead to the desired goal”» (Лукин 2001: 142). At the same time, the divergence between purely theoretical and grammatical searches and actual practical approaches became noticeable. The latter ones were supported by the Alexandrian part of speech technology, gradually reducing in its descriptive character and giving prescriptive status with the development of models of the general part of speech characteristics of the word with gradual qualification of generic identity, number forms, case, and so on (models of epirmericism). The theoretical findings were not based on a specific national language, but on the language overall, which motivates the Church Fathers' particular interest in these issu es.

The parts of speech study in the Middle Ages acquired a kind of doctrine in the approaches of modists, who consistently sought to provide logical, epistemological, and metaphysical motivation to grammatical categories and to qualify the methodological foundations of grammatical studies, whose task is to explain objects as «self- sufficient reasons to be known and proven» (Dacus 1969: 39). The first principles of grammar are derived from experience (A. Lukin), i. e. principle and asonstructionis: modi significandi - ways of meaning. In this case, modi significandi (means of meaning) are interpreted by the Latin grammarians eight antique part of speech elements: nomen, pronomen, verbum, adverbium, participium, coninctio, interiectio, praepositio, based on the modes of cognition (modi intelligendi), and the source of the latter are ways of being (modi essendi). Modists tried to present a complete picture of the relations between the realities of the objective world through the basic components of the means of meaning, the manifestation of which, among other things, was based on a sentence that was interpreted «as a dynamic transition from the starting point (Latin terminus a quo) to the final (Latin terminus a quern). <..> Nouns and pronouns in the nominative case, called modus entis (modus of essence) were included in the parts of speech corresponding to the initial position. The parts of speech related to the endpoint included the verbs, adjectives, participles, and adverbs called modus esse (mode of existence, being). The third of the selected groups combined parts of speech that express relationships (prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations)» (Арутюнова 1990: 274). In the Middle Ages, an attempt was made to create universal grammar; one of the postulates was to understand (and / or attribute) the universality of parts of speech in all languages. Therefore, grammar in their understanding studies the language in general, the universal mechanism of its organization. In this case, it's problematic to speak about the status of formal markers of parts of speech, because grammars created by modists were called speculative from the lat. speculum - chandelier, cf. ger. Spiegel), that is, they considered language as reflecting objective reality and the patterns of human thinking. The eight-component part of speech hierarchy gained undeniable status, which motivated attempts to improve it internally only.

Purpose: to describe linear positionality with the manifestation of intervality and semantic continuity (distance) of noun-morphological forms in modern Ukrainian language with tracing of differential and qualification signs of intervality and discontinuity of such forms.

The object of the article is noun-morphological gender, number, and case. The subject is intervality and discontinuity models of noun-morphological forms of gender, number, and case. The source of the contexts of the use of the above-mentioned noun- morphological forms of gender, number, and case are the artistic language, the language of modern media, as well as the materials of the Ukrainian National Linguistic Corps of the Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund of NAS of Ukraine.

The main methods of research are general scientific (observation, induction and deduction, descriptive, elements of statistical) and special (historical and linguistic interpretation, functional and component analysis of morphological form, partly descriptive method).

The methodological basis is the basic provisions of transcendence (T. Akvinskyi, I. Kant, T. Carlyle, B. Russell), systematic organization of language (B. Serebrennikov, O. Melnychuk, F. de Saussure), grammatical theory in general and morphological in particular (V. Admoni, N. Arutiunova, I. Vyhovanets, B. de Courtenay, V. Plunhian, O. Potebnia), formal and analytical morphology (N. Chomskyi, A. Schleicher), linguistic sign theory (E. Benveniste, S. Kartsevskyi, A. Meillet), theory of functional grammar (O. Bondarko, M. Vsevolodova, A. Kiklevych, N. Sliusarieva, V. Khrakovskyi), linguopragmatics (Y. Apresian, T. Givon, G. Leech, V. Teliia), communicative linguistics (F. Batsevych, R. Frumkina, R. Jacobson).

The scientific novelty of the article is motivated by the fact that for the first time the concept of intervality and discontinuity of noun-morphological form was defined, and the profile of interval noun-morphological form was formed Ukrainian National Linguistic Corps of the Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund of NAS of Ukraine [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://lcorp.ulif.org.ua/virt_unlc/.. The theoretical significance of the work is determined by the development of the basic provisions of formal morphology with the internal differentiation of the intervality and discontinuity of noun-morphological form and the diagnosis of the strength of semantic and structural factors in the linear ordering of linguistic entities. Studies and results of the study may find application in theoretical and applied university courses in the theory of language systems, general linguistics, as well as in lexicographic practice in the processing of side markers within the vocabulary article.

2. Onomasiological principles of linear positionality (intervality) and semantic distance (discontinuity) of noun-morphological form

Traditionally, morphological form is qualified as a change of the word, which retains its lexical meaning (Загнітко 2011). The basis for interpretation is a formal modification, represented by noun or verb (contexts 1-4):

(1) дівчина, дівчини, дівчині, дівчину, дівчиною, (на) дівчині, дівчино; (girl);

(2) юнак, юнака, юнаку (ові), юнака, юнаком, (на) юнаку (ові), юначе; (young man);

(3) село, села, селу, село, селом, (на) селі, село; (village);

(4) зелений, зеленого, зеленому, зелений ^ зеленого, зеленим, (на) зеленому, зелений /зелена, зеленої, зеленій, зелену, зеленою, (на) зеленій, зелена /зелене, зеленого, зеленому, зелене, зеленим, (на) зеленому, зелене; (green);

(5) читати, читаю, чита['-е]ш, чита[)-е] / чита['-е]мо, чита['-е]те, чита[]-у]ть і читай, читаймо, читайте; (to read).

In contexts 1-3, the morphological form of the noun gender is assigned to a separate lexeme, indicating the classification status of the morphological category of noun gender; and noun-morphological forms of cases and number are combined in one flexion together with noun-morphological gender:

(6) Під нашою грушкою цілу ніч сиділа молода дівчина і вела якусь таку знайому мелодію (С. Андрухович); A young girl was sitting under our pear tree all night and was singing some familiar tune (S. Andrukhovych);

(7) Він сам, по щирості, не знав, на яку ступити, й кожна дрібниця, як-от і ця доповідь трохи чудного юнака, нервувала його (Д. Бузько); Frankly speaking, he did not know what to step on, and every little thing, like this report of a slightly wonderful young man, made him nervous (D. Buzko);

(8) Опудало не викликало фурору, бо на той час кожне поганеньке село спромоглося на божка (Р. Андріяшик). The scarecrow did not cause a big effect, because at that time every bad village managed to be a goddy (R. Andriiashyk).

In (4) morphological form of gender is variable because the meaning of the word is the same The peculiarities of the contextual change of the lexical meaning of the word, its acquisition of special meanings, etc., are not taken into account, since, according to O. Potebnia, in each use of the word there is a different lexical meaning (Потебня 1989: 124, 131, etc.), which according to the context, can be attributed to the grammatical meaning (Бондарко 1978: 38, 41, etc.), and more specifically to the morphological meaning.:

(9) Зелений колір материків у помірних та екваторіальних зонах свідчив про те, що там на повну силу буяє життя (О. Авраменко, В. Авраменко); The green color of continents in temperate and equatorial zones testified that they were full of life. (O. Avramenko, V. Avramenko);

(10) Мама зміряла мене оцінюючим поглядом (на мені була зелена сорочка, коричневі штани та білі кросівки) (О. Авраменко, В. Авраменко); My mother looked at me appraisingly (I was wearing a green shirt, brown pants and white sneakers) (O. Avramenko, V. Avramenko);

(11) Петька діловитим, псаломщицьким голосом прочитав обидва папери й поклав на зелене сукно столу (Б. Антоненко-Давидович). Petro read both papers in a businesslike voice and laid a green cloth on the table (B. Antonenko-Davydovych).

The focus is on the noun-morphological forms of gender, number, and the case of the corresponding morphological categories, whose status and dimension are unequal. On the one hand, the classification non-word changing noun gender category, based on the semantics of gender category and nominative adulthood ^ non-adulthood category both between nouns - creatures and on the structural features of the flexional marking between nouns - non-creatures, on the other hand, word-changing number and case categories. Each of the latter has its own peculiarities in the structuring of correlative and / or non-correlative forms. In terms of intervality and discontinuity of morphological forms, all three noun-morphological forms have both common and different features.

Onomasiological grammar is based on the speaker's activity, who transforms out of language content into a suitable linguistic form, simultaneously selecting and / or choosing from the available linguistic system a plurality of forms and thus transforming from “system-linguistic state” into speech one (formula: “out of language content” - language form / language system - speech) (Даниленко 1988: 108). Onomasiological grammar is based on: 1) the addresser's linguistic competence(s) - natural and social, according to N. Chomskyi (Хомский 1972); 2) speech(es) intention(s) - internal (individual-psychological) and external - of the addresser (Слобин, Грин 1976: 23); 3) situational and typological factors. Each of the declared components has its own space in the production of certain language units. As for the noun-morphological forms, the following things are important: a) the speaker's knowledge of the corresponding noun-morphological form; b) awareness of the connections (^ relationships) of this form with other similar and different forms; c) speaker's understanding of situational factors - aesthetic, ethical, motivational, etc. Onomasiological use of noun-morphological forms is correlated with linguistic and social objective practices - spoken, institutional, etc., which determines the intervality and/or discontinuity of noun-morphological forms.

The noun-morphological environment explains its use (Robins 1965: 188), actualizes its internal content:

(12) Сонце пече, липа цвіте, Жито доспіває, - коли це буває? (Загадки: народна творчість); The sun is shining, the linden is blossoming, the rye is riping - what season is it? (Riddles: folklore);

(13) Ніхто й слова нам не каже. Інші вітри подули (М. Андру сяк); No one will say a word. Other winds have blown (M. Andrusiak);

(14) Проминули довгі віки, десь ціле вже тисячоліття змили назад у віч - ність прибутні весняні води Борисфена-Славути-Дніпра, але якась невловима тінь тих давніх слов'янських богів ще витає над селом у пітьмі весняної ночі (Б. Антоненко-Давидович); Lot of years have passed, the whole millennium was washed away back to eternity by arriving spring rivers of Borysfen-Slavuta-Dnieper, but some elusive shadow of those ancient Slavic gods still hangs over the village in the darkness of spring night (B. Antonenko-Davydovych);

(15) І перед ним здивовано розступались, його обтікав життєрадісний людський потік, як обтікають весняні води похмурий замшілий камінь (М. Дашкієв). And in front of him they parted in surprise, he was surrounded by a cheerful human stream, just like as spring rivers flow through the dark, mossy stone (M. Dashkiiev).

In (context 12) the noun-numerical singular form липа (linden) realizes a generalized collective value, which correlates with the form of plural noun липи (lindens), and in (13) where the noun-numerical plural form вітри (winds) denotes 'duration of expression', becoming synonymous to the lexeme 'times'. In (14) the plural noun of lexeme 'water' transmits the intensity of the change, and in (15) 'considerable amount, large mass'. The grammatical rules as such are not motivated by society, they are contained in cognitive structures, which define the rules for building and linear deployment of a certain structure to nominate the appropriate state of things. The onomasiological aspect of the intervality is traced in the production of the contextual background of its implementation, which is revealed in: 1) the transfer of formal indicators to linearly contact and linearly distant elements, which is observed in the morphological forms of nouns which belong to the separate zero declension in the last grammars of Ukrainian language (Городенська at al. 2017: 195-196) (Contexts 16-18):

(16) По радіо передавали інтерв'ю з академіком Вуточкою, літературознавцем, дослідником творчості Михайля Семенка (С. Андрухович); Interview was broadcast on the radio with academician Vutochka, literary critic, researcher of Mykhailo Semenko's creative activity (S. Andrukhovych);

(17) Вона збиралася провести фестиваль незалежного кіно (Л. Дереш); She was going to hold an independent movie festival (L. Deresh);

(18) - Якщо потраплю в пастку, негайно викидайте апарат і біжіть назад до метро (В. Авраменко, О. Авраменко). If I get trapped, immediately throw the machine away and run back to the subway (V. Avramenko, O. Avramenko).

In (contexts 16-18) noun-morphological forms of number and case are expressed in: a) analytic syntactic morpheme (по ^ По радіо (Locative case) - in (16), до ^ до метро (Genetive case + singular) - у (18)); b) a contact linear attribute element with formal agreement (незалежного кіно (Gentive case + singular) - in (17)); c) secondary valence-conditioned dependency expressed in syntactic position of qualification (фестиваль ^ (чого? кіно (Genetive case + singular) - in (17)). Onomasiological discontinuity of noun-morphological forms is realized in the objective intentions of the speaker to name an appropriate situation with a successive elucidation of linear and semantic dependence. Sometimes discourse requires the avoidance of discontinuity of noun-morphological form, which causes the emergence of relevant individual innovations, which can acquire usable ways of manifestation:

(19) Ми ніц нічо не чуємо й не бачимо без радіва й газет (Г. Тарасюк) We hear nothing and see nothing without radio and newspapers (H. Tarasiuk).

In (context 19), радіва (radio) has a flexional manifestation of the generic case singularity form. The differentiation of structural and functional approaches within the onomasiological grammar quite reasonably reflects the peculiarities of the correlation of the structure of the noun-morphological form and its functioning, which gives grounds for determining the functional-semantic paradigm of the noun-morphological form, where invariant function is on top (contexts 20-25):

(20) Харитон поклав на воза згорток, що приніс син (Б. Левін); Kharyton put a roll on his cart that his son had brought (B. Levin);

(21) Біжить син навпрошки до матері, але очі його прикипіли до Білої гори, під якою розгалузилася підлиська польова доріжка на дві стежки (Р. Іваничук); The son runs directly to his mother, but his eyes are fixed on the White mountain, under which the field road forked into two paths (R. Ivanychuk);

(22) У ніч із третього на четверте гедрева крижании північний вітер приніс із Океану Туагар важкі хмари (О. Авраменко, В. Авраменко); On the night following the third hedreva of the icy north wind brought heavy clouds from the Tuagar Ocean (O. Avramenko, V. Avramenko);

(23) Якщо б після смерті спадкодавця залишилися його старший син і троє онуків молодшого сина, то син отримав би половину спадку (І. Бюріков); If, after the death of the heir, his eldest son and three younger grandchildren remained, the son would have received half of the inheritance (I. Buirikov);

(24) Спить син, спочиває на сіні, одежа його лежить у хатi, акуратно складена на стільці (О. Гончар); The son is sleeping, resting on the hay, his clothes are in the house, neatly folded on a chair (O. Honchar);

(25) Хіба думалося, що в мене такий син росте? (О. Бердник); (26) - Ти забув, що я твій учитель? (О. Бердник). Could I think that I had such a son growing up? (O. Berdnyk); (26) - Have you forgotten that I am your teacher? (O Berdnyk).

In (contexts 20-25) noun-morphological forms of the nominative case have the following functions: (20), (21) - subject of active action (agent), (22) - instrumental subject, (23) - the subject of the addresser, (24) - the subject of the state, (25) - the subject of the process, (26) - the carrier of the trait. The completeness of establishing a functional-semantic noun-morphological form generally depends on: a) the number of contexts covered and analyzed; b) diagnosis of internal semantic motivation and correlation with external; c) indexing of linear and positional fixing (initial, final, etc.); d) way of manifestation of conditionality and / or not conditionality, etc. The structural aspect of noun-morphological form in onomasiological grammar is realized in its integrity (contexts 21-25), analyticity (contexts 16-18), external formal marking (17), and functional aspect - in setting up the corresponding function implementation, cf.: (12) - generalized-collective, (13) duration, (14) intensity, (15) excess.

Onomasiological grammar and discourses. Objective grammar is based on a variety of discursive practices. Here subtle observation of A. Kiklevych is quite interesting, who, analyzing the sentence “- Говоришь вам, говоришь, а толку... - обреченно махнуларукой продавец” («Знамя юности». 19.11.1985), “There no reason to say something to you. the seller waved desperately” («Zemlia iunosti». 19.11.1985) - emphasizes: «The expression продавец махнула (seller waved) is grammatically correct, taking into account that the noun calls a female person. But, strangely, that the journalist used the noun продавец (seller), although in the Russian language there is a name of this profession in feminine gender: продавщица (saleswoman). This situation can be explained by the fact that the masculine form indicates, obviously, the official nature of the discourse» (Киклевич 2018: 204). Due to the fact that morphological forms of masculine nouns - names of creatures by profession, rank, social status, etc. cover the proper nominative (name of masculine creatures), generalizing and actualization-nominative (name of feminine creatures), in the conditions of corresponding discourse the speaker chooses one of two possible forms for designation of the female gender, cp. фахівець ^ фахівчиня (male specialist - female specialist), історик - історикиня (male historian - female historian, male doctor - female doctor) etc., cf. (contexts 26-27):

(26а) Відома хірург виступила із запереченням можливостей дистанційних консультацій під час операцій на серці (Україна молода. 2018.11.10); The well-known female surgeon denied the possibility of remote consultations during heart surgery (Ukraina moloda. 2018.11.10);

(27) Хірургиня байдикувала: закріпила й утримувала повіки розплющеними, підтримувала голову, втішала, нагадувала мені дивитися на червоне світло (Т. О'Райлі), The female surgeon was not lazy: she fixed and kept her eyelids wide open, supported her head, soothed, reminded me to look at the red light (T. O'Reilly).

The motivation of the morphological meaning of gender is semantically continuous in subordinated word combinations with incomplete correlation: жінка-хірург (female surgeon), жінка-депутат (female deputy), дівчина-студент (girl-student) (context (28):

(28) Жінка-хірург - це і не жінка, і не хірург (Повага. 2020.20.04). A female surgeon is neither a woman nor a surgeon (Povaha. 2020.20.04).

The use of derivatives of special forms of feminine nouns - names of professions is actualized by the speaker's awareness of the reflection of the equal status of representatives of both sexes in modern society (context 29):

(29) Велика частина лікарок не покращували свого рівня, що призвело зрештою до зневіри більшості населення в первинці (Повага. 2020.20.04). Majority of female doctors did not upgrade their skills, which ultimately led to the despondence of the majority of the population in the primary (Povaha. 2020.20.04).

Contemporary Ukrainian media provide a clear advantage to such entities for implementing speaker's convictions which he uses in linear-objective communication (context 30):

(30) - Нас двох, волонтерку аеророзвідки та госпітальєрку, дорослі зрілі люди, громадяни України, на чолі з водієм погодилися висадити посеред траси, аби далі дивитися у спокої російське кіно, - підсумувала госпітальєрка (УНН. 2020.20.03). - The two of us, an aeronautical female volunteer and the hospital woman, mature adults, citizens of Ukraine, led by the driver, agreed to land in the middle of the highway to continue watching Russian cinema in peace, - summed up the hospital woman (UNN. 2020.20.03).

Objective grammar operates in the nominative aspect of the language activity of the addresser when the main feature is naming with the corresponding features of representation of one or another noun-morphological form. The linear positionality of noun-morphological form is consistently realized in sentence deployment with the corresponding intentions of agreement, coordination, etc., where the intervality is known in the contact (attribute + noun, analytical syntactic morpheme + noun), distant (coordination, etc.) structural implementation. Semantic distance is diagnosed in AdjSub (відома отоляринголог) (prominentfemale otolaryngologist), SubVf (хірург виступила) (surgeon performed) models, when the significant filling of noun-morphological form is found in agreed (semantic), coordinated (semantic-syntactic) and other elements.

3. Semasiological level of linear positionality (intervality) and semantic distance (discontinuity) of noun-morphological forms

Semasiological grammar is based on the linguistic activity of the addressee (listener) and, unlike onomasiology, provides the sequence «language - linguistic system / linguistic form - out of speech content» (Даниленко 1988: 108). Only with language support the addressee identifies the noun-morphological form, recognizes its content, and diagnoses the presence and / or absence of additional meanings accompanying such form. For example, by perceiving feminine noun-morphological forms with clearly pronounced femininity, the addressee is aware of their corresponding perception by the linguistic society, the lack of decreasing expressive range, the adequacy of the used form to the intentional discourse intentions (contexts 31-33):

(31) Ірландська міністерка внутрішніх справ Френсіс Фітцджеральд за - явила, що пропозиція щодо обов 'язкових квот «сьогодні не розглядається» (Кореспондент. 2015.08-17.04); Irish female Home Minister Francis Fitzgerald stated that the proposal for mandatory quotas “is not being considered today ” (Correspondent. 2015.08-17.04);

(32) - Дорого, - задумливо повторила директриса й раптом, узявши одну з курильниць, ... посміхнулася (І. Волинська, Г. Кощеєв); - Expensive, - the female director repeated thoughtfully, and suddenly, taking one of the smokers, ... she smiled (I. Volynska, G. Koshcheiev);

(33) Гендиректорка Дніпропетровської обласної реабілітаційної лікарні Інеса Шевченко не припинятиме голодування на знак протесту проти запровадження другого етапу медреформи (Українська правда. 2020.23.04). Female General director of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Rehabilitation Hospital Inessa Shevchenko will not stop the hunger strike in protest against the introduction of the second stage of the medical reform (Ukrainian Pravda. 2020.23.04).

It is important for the listener (in contexts 29-33) not only to identify noun-morphological female forms like лікарок (29), волонтерку (30), госпітальєрку (30), госпітальєрка (30), міністерка (31), директриса (32), гендиректриса (33), but also the qualification of relevant feminine tendencies in the modern linguistic society with its priorities of reflecting the value of the nominative gender category in noun- morphological form. Existing psychological resistance of the speaker is determined by: 1) established institutional status of noun-morphological forms; 2) the level of normalization of such forms - their codified and systemic or usual motivated perception; 3) public values reformatting and relevant valuations, etc. In general, the linear-objective status of the speaker in communication is diagnosed with: 1) the status of the speaker himself in communication; 2) his communicative intentions; 3) correlation of internally essential and externally adapted in objective-linear space; 4) the functional load of the addresser in the actual modeling of the media space; 5) the depth of realized subjective meanings in discursive practices and their effective dimensions. The speaker in communication diagnoses many intentions of knowledge distribution and redistribution, the orientation of verbal energy transformation with the determination of core and peripheral components. For the speaker the communicative ability of the community is important. The speaker should be aware of the community's loading with socially significant values, interests, the ability to understand and feel, to diagnose the depth of meanings, to transform into own values, to differentiate direct and inverted communicative strategies and tactics - starting from argumentation and finishing by informing before manipulation. Therefore, the form perception in (contexts 12-15) is based on the diagnosis of semantic distance of noun-morphological form: coordination - липа цвіте (linden blooms) (12), інші вітри подули (other winds have blown) (13), agreed - прибутні весняні води (arriving spring rivers) (14), coordinated + attributive обтікають весняні води (spring water) (15), recognition of functional load and formation of secondary function(s). The cognitive perception of the morphological meaning of gender as a constant (see (contexts 6-8) in contrast to (contexts 9-11) is the basis of non only grammatically correct production (onomasiological grammar) but also the recognition and identification of complete word combinations (semasiological grammar).

Onomasiological and semasiological grammatical dimensions are related to the ethology of the individual because the “I” is a «recursive personality that generates an infinite number of expressions. Each expression can be seen as a collection of information for other mind-brain systems» (Хомский 2016: 623). N. Chomskyi summarizes that since Aristotle's time information has been differentiated into phonetic and semantic, used by sensory-motor and conceptually-intentional systems (Хомский 2016: 623). Semantic information is multidimensional and covers not only systematically predetermined values, but also intentions provoked by the relevant historical and cultural era, linguistic and social values and priorities, actualized cause and effect relationships, etc. From an ethological point of view, the addresser also operates with social criteria of differentiation of the status of the individual in society (gender and socio-cultural stereotypes, behavioral models in certain corporate groups, cf. the delineation of functions of noun-morphological forms of gender in (contexts) 26 - in (contexts 31-33) by clarifying the status role of a female specialist), qualification of linguistic-aesthetic and linguistic-ethical tastes (contexts 16-18), motivation of the functional load of interruption of the noun-morphological form (cf. (19), the semantic removal of motivation of this form (see (contexts 12-14), etc.).

Profile of noun-morphological form: linear-positional (intervality) and semantic continuity (discontinuity). The profile of the analyzed noun-morphological forms of gender, number, and case include: 1) real manifestation in a contextual environment; 2) nominative potential - onomasiological level; 3) linear positionality; 4) implementation of intervality (formal manifestation of coordination, agreement, etc.) - structural aspect; 5) manifestation of the semantic distance of motivation (contact / distant, etc.) onomasiological and structural aspect; 6) the degree of the semantic motivator distance onomasiological and structural aspect; 7) correlation with other similar and / or different forms - semasiological aspect; 8) correspondence with the linguistic and social stratum - values, assessments - evaluation aspect (semasiological dimension); 9) correlation with the situation - pragmatic aspect (semasiological level); 10) integrity (the presence of certain lacunes) functional-semantic paradigm - functional aspect (semasiological level); 11) ethology (aesthetic, ethical, socio-linguistic motivation).

Conclusions and prospects

Characterized by simultaneous expression in the flexional element of the lexeme, noun-morphological forms of gender, numbers, and case have their own manifestation peculiarities. Noun-morphological forms of gender are characterized by semantic and formal motivation, which is manifested in semantic continuity (semantic distance) and formal (semantics of matching attributive and / or coordinated elements). The semantic distance of noun-morphological forms of number has a contextually determined manifestation of secondary functions. The implementation of cases functions is correlated with the true linear internal part-of-speech positionality, valence conditionality, strength of internal sentence centripetal, and centri - fugal intentions. The profile of noun-morphological forms of gender, number, and case in linear-positional (intervality) and semantic continuity (discontinuity) covers the whole spectrum of its functioning in onomasiological and semasiological dimensions.

Study of noun-morphological forms of the gender, number, and case is promising with the establishment of basic and / or additional spectra of semantic continuity, linear- positional fixation, and determination of features of continuity (semantic and / or formal) with the support of a special experimental corpus of text able to differentiate semantic continuity and discontinuity across different discourses. At the same time to diagnose the frequency of markers of semantic continuity (distance) of noun-morphological forms of the genus, number, and case and discontinuity of such forms.

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