"Grammar of emotions": English affixal morphemes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliaryverbs as a means of verbalization of emotions
Analysis of linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction. The issues of "emotional syntax" and "emotional morphology". Formation of positive evaluation emotions of love, admiration, affection. The means of verbalization of emotions.
Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
Вид | статья |
Язык | английский |
Дата добавления | 05.02.2023 |
Размер файла | 39,9 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/
Institute of Foreign Languages of Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University
“GRAMMAR OF EMOTIONS”: ENGLISH AFFIXAL MORPHEMES, ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY, WORD-ORDER, AUXILIARYVERBS AS A MEANS OF VERBALIZATION OF EMOTIONS
Vira SLIPETSKA, Doctor of Philosophy,
Associate Professor at the Germanic Languages
and Translation Studies Department
Drohobych
Annotation
The article focuses on the analysis of linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction. It has been elucidated that linguistics of emotions is formed on the border of different sciences: linguo-philosophy, taking into account semantics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, linguo-culturology, linguo-conceptology, ethno-linguistics, gender linguistics, etc. It has been highlighted that linguistics of emotions fixates the expression of an ethnic and individual emotionality, it takes into account the auto-interpretation of emotions and feelings, which is manifested in different speech styles or the system of discursive practices. Linguistics of emotions aims at understanding the world of emotions through the language, not simply as the phenomena and facts accumulation, but as the very understanding of these facts and phenomena. Singling out linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction is a consequence of the real processes of differentiation and integration of the humanities.
The Russian linguist V. Shakhovsky states that emotions are a kind of human passions. Thus, not only the vocabulary system of the language, but also Grammar, Phonetics “imbued” with emotional overtones.
Sharing V. Shakhovsky's point of view, O. Filimonova, a Russian researcher, defines the category of emotionality as polystatal, due to the expression of emotions at different levels of the language system - phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Each language level is represented by its units: a phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence. “Grammar of emotions” develops the issues of “emotional syntax” and “emotional morphology” (affixation, grammatical forms of words in the text). At the morphological level emotions are expressed by means of derivative words whose emotional attitude to an object or phenomenon is determined by grammatical means and special affixes. Diminutive suffixes -ie, -y, -ette, -ling function in English verbalizing positive evaluation, which in turn serves as a basis for the formation of positive evaluation emotions of love, admiration, affection. English suffix -ish causes a negative evaluation, and hence, a negative emotion, which is facilitated by adding this suffix to the Adjective stem or the Noun stem. Adverbs offrequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs are the means of verbalization of emotions in the English language.
Key words: linguistics of emotions, independent scientific direction, “Grammar of emotions”, derivative words, affixes, diminutive suffixes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs.
Анотація
emotion linguistics syntax morphology
Віра СЛІПЕЦЬКА, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри германських мов і перекладознавства Інституту іноземних мов Дрогобицького державного педагогічного університету імені Івана Франка (Дрогобич, Львівська область, Україна)
«ГРАМАТИКА ЕМОЦІЙ»: АНГЛІЙСЬКІ АФІКСАЛЬНІ МОРФЕМИ, ПРИСЛІВНИКИ, ПОРЯДОК СЛІВ, ДОПОМІЖНІ ДІЄСЛОВА ЯК ЗАСОБИ ВЕРБАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЕМОЦІЙ
У статті йдеться про лінгвістику емоцій (лінгвоемоціологія) як окремий науковий напрям. Лінгвоемоціологія формується на межі різних наук: лінгвофілософії, ураховуючи семантику, синтактику й прагматику, психолінгвістики, лінгвокультурології, лінгвокогнітології, лінгвоконцептології, етнолінгвістики, гендерної лінгвістики, теорії та історії мовознавства, зіставної та порівняльно-типологічної лінгвістики. Вона інтегрує знання низки лінгвістичних напрямів у цілісну систему, форми чи уявлення про сутність, функції, структуру й динаміку вербалізованих у мові емоцій та почуттів, моделюючи в цьому ракурсі культурні конфігурації різних епох, народів, конфесій, укладів, виявляючи й систематизуючи риси своєрідності емоцій та почуттів різних культурних світів.
Лінгвоемоціологія - наука про минулу та сучасну емоційну лінгвокультуру. Цей лінгвістичний напрям має відповідну спадщину та певну перспективу, «білі» плями, що потребують ліквідації. Вона вивчає світ людини в контексті лінгвопсихологічного та лінгвокультурного існування емоцій та почуттів, тобто в аспекті того, як наш світ, довкілля сприймається крізь емоції та почуття людини, якими емоційними смислами, значеннями він наповнений. Лінгвоемоціологія як напрям мовознавства скерована на розуміння світу емоцій крізь мову не просто як накопичення явищ і фактів, а як осмислення цих фактів і явищ у сукупності - як цілісність. Виокремлення лінгвоемоціології як самостійного наукового напряму - це наслідок реальних процесів диференціації та інтеграції гуманітарних наук. У його завдання входить розкриття характеру взаємозв'язку людських емоцій та почуттів, їхньої динаміки, структури і функцій, змісту і значущості, що фіксується в мовленні людини, комунікації та мові загалом.
Російський мовознавець В. Шаховський стверджує, що емоції є різновидом людських пристрастей. Таким чином, не тільки словниковий склад мови, а й граматика, фонетика «пройняті» емоційним підтекстом.
Слідом за В. Шаховським російська дослідниця О. Філімонова визначає категорію емоційності як полістатальну, зумовлену вираженням емоцій на різних рівнях мовної системи - фонетичному, морфологічному, лексичному, синтаксичному. Кожен рівень мови представлений своїми одиницями: фонемою, морфемою, словом і реченням. «Граматика емоцій» розробляє питання «емоційного синтаксису» та «емоційної морфології» (афіксація, граматичні форми слів у тексті). На морфологічному рівні емоції виражаються за допомогою похідних слів, емоційне ставлення яких до предмета чи явища визначається граматичними засобами та спеціальними афіксами. Демінутивні суфікси -іе, -у, -ette, -ling функціонують в англійській мові, вербалізуючи позитивну оцінку, що в свою чергу слугує основою для формування позитивних оцінних емоцій любові, захоплення, прихильності. Англійський суфікс -ish викликає негативну оцінку, а отже, і негативну емоцію, чому сприяє додавання цього суфікса до основи прикметника або основи іменника. Прислівники, порядок слів, допоміжні дієслова також слугують засобами вербалізаціх емоцій в англійській мові.
Ключові слова: лінгвістика емоцій, самостійний науковий напрямок, «Граматика емоцій», похідні слова, афікси, демінутивні суфікси, прислівники, порядок слів, допоміжні дієслова.
The Problem Statement
Emotions and feelings of a human being, of course, are reflected in the language consciousness, conceptualized and verbalized and grammaticalized, accumulating emotional experience of a language personality, collective life of people in general, which is reproduced in the discursive practice of each language culture and a language in particular. Linguistics of emotions is formed on the border of different sciences: linguo-philosophy, taking into account semantics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, linguo-culturology, linguo-conceptology, ethnolinguistics, gender linguistics, etc. It integrates the knowledge of a number of linguistic tendencies into a coherent system.
Linguistics of emotions is the science about the past and modern emotional linguo-culture. Linguistics of emotions investigates the systemic object - emotions and feelings as a sophisticated form of existence of a human being experience, a consequence of a symbolic and practical human activity, a particular modus of a social and historical being.
Linguistics of emotions fixates the expression of an ethnic and individual emotionality, it takes into account the auto-interpretation of emotions and feelings, which is manifested in different speech styles or system of discursive practices. Linguistics of emotions, like any science, consists of theory, that is, based on the relevant theoretical principles, methodology, and history, that reflects its formation.
History of Linguistics of emotions explores the past: the formation and development of the expression of linguistic forms of emotions and feelings, their peculiar fixation in the language image of the world and discursive human practices, texts, after all, their grammaticalization.
The question what emotions or feelings of a person are, how they are verbalized can be resolved from the standpoint of a holistic understanding of the history of emotions expression, that is, a philosophical understanding of their meaning and nature. Linguistics of emotions cannot be limited to the study of the individual forms of emotions and feelings verbalization of one linguo-culture. It seeks for a universal synthetic generalization, including all the individual (fixation of the expression of emotions of a particular linguistic personality is projected on the parameter the “emotional competence” (V. Shakhovsky, T. Kosmeda) - an emotional stratum of a linguistic personality structure, the so-called Homo sentis) and the linguo-cultural forms as the generalization of the specific emotions expression in a certain linguo-culture (Shakhovsky, 2010; Kosmeda, 2012).
Linguistics of emotions aims at understanding the world of emotions through the language, not simply as an accumulation of phenomena and facts, but as an understanding of these facts and phenomena.
Singling out linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction is a consequence of the real processes of differentiation and integration of the humanities. Its task is to uncover the nature of the interconnection of the human emotions and feelings, their dynamics, the structure and functions, the content and significance, which is recorded in a human speech, communication and language in general.
The Russian linguist V. Shakhovsky states that emotions are a kind of human passions that permeate all spheres of a human life and are reflected at all levels of a language (Shakhovsky, 1987: 21), so not only the vocabulary system of the language, but also Grammar, Phonetics “imbued” with emotional overtones. Nation identification is known to occur through a language and national intonations. Emotions are the motivational basis of a human consciousness and speech behaviour (Shakhovsky, 1987: 25). V. Shakhovsky defines emotionality as the semantic quality inherent in a language to express emotionality by the system of its means as a fact of the psyche. The scholar claims that emotionality is realized at all levels of a language (Shakhovsky, 1987: 24).
Following V. Shakhovsky, O. Filimonova, a Russian researcher, defines the category of emotionality as polystatal, due to the expression of emotions at different levels of the language system - phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic (Филимонова, 2001: 7). Each language level is represented by its units: a phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence.
“Grammar of emotions” develops issues of “emotional syntax” and “emotional morphology” (affixation, grammatical forms of words in the text) (Shakhovsky, 1987). At the morphological level emotions are expressed by means of derivative words whose emotional attitude to an object or phenomenon is determined by grammatical means and special affixes. It is common knowledge that a morpheme is a unit of language that contains not only the form but also its own meaning. Compared to a phoneme, this unit makes an even more significant contribution to the creation of content. As the main component of word formation, a morpheme interacts with the contact units of its level.
The issues of different means of verbalization of the evaluation category and means of verbalization of negative emotions are analyzed in the works of the Ukrainian researchers T. Kosmeda (Kosmeda, 2000), V. Slipetska (Slipetska, 2017).
The goal of the article is to characterize means of verbalization of emotions on a morphological language level: English affixal morphemes.
The problem of emotionality at the morphological level was analyzed in the works of O. Jesperson, Arnold and the others. At the morphological level, affixes can be one of the means of expressing positive or negative evaluative emotions. Analyzing the emotionality issue caused by word-formation means O. Jesperson emphasized that suffix -ish caused a negative evaluation, and hence, a negative emotion, which is facilitated by adding this suffix to the Adjective stem or the Noun stem, for example: in the Adjectives greenish (LD, 2003: 710) (green but not enough), greyish (LD, 2003: 711) (grey but not enough), yellowish (yellow but not enough) we observe some deficiency in colour; womanish (LD, 2003: 1898) (womanish is used to characterize men), a negative characteristics of men, hence, a negative emotion of disgust; mannish (LD, 2003: 1002) (mannish is used to characterize women) a negative characteristics of women, hence, a negative emotion of disgust, etc. Suffix -ish is of a native English origin. Its semantic characteristics is expressing some deficiency.
Diminutive suffixes function in English: -ie, -y, -ette, -ling, for example: an auntie (LD, 2003: 84), a birdie (LD, 2003: 139), an oldie (LD, 2003: 1144), a dinette (LD, 2003: 437), a ducky (LD, 2003: 486), a duckling (LD, 2003: 486), a girly (LD, 2003: 680), a giftling (LD, 2003: 679), a kitchenette (LD, 2003: 889), a lordling (LD, 2003: 959), a nestling (LD, 2003: 1102), a roomette (LD, 2003: 1429), a roomie (LD, 2003: 1429), a weekling (LD, 2003: 1871), and etc., verbalizing positive evaluation, which in turn serves as a basis for the formation of positive evaluation emotions of love, admiration, affection.
Thus, in English, at the morphological level affixal morphemes are the means of verbalization of positive and negative evaluative emotions. Suffix -ish is of a native English origin. Its semantic characteristics is expressing some deficiency.
In English, “Grammar of emotions” is traced by the use of verb tense forms, in particular: the Continuous / Progressive Tense: Present, Past with the adverb always instead of the Indefinite / Present Simple Tense to denote an action that happens too often. Using adverbs of frequency always, constantly, forever with Continuous Tenses serves as a means of expressing negatively evaluative emotions of anger, rage, irritation, for example:
Tom is always inviting friends here. (= He invites them very often) (Eastwood,: 12);
Melanie: Tom talks too much, doesn't he?
Rita: Yes, and he is always talking about football (Eastwood,: 13);
You can't believe a word he says. He is always lying (Alexander,: 124);
He is always upsetting people by asking personal questions (Alexander, p. 124).
“Grammar of emotions” is traced in the word order in the sentence. In English, the direct word order in a sentence involves the use of an adverb after the verb at the end of the sentence. Thus, in the sentence:
She slammed the door angrily, the adverb angrily (angry) in the function of the circumstances of the mode of action is placed at the end of the sentence. But in the sentence:
She angrily slammed the door, we observe an indirect word order. The adverb angrily is used before the verb. This adverb emphasizes a person's emotional state, his emotion of anger.
In English, one of the means of expressing emotions is the use of auxiliary verbs (do / does, did) in declarative sentences. Auxiliary verbs perform an emphatic function and serve as a means of verbalizing positive or negative evaluative emotions, for example: I am getting fed up with those dogs. They do make such a noise (Eastwood,: 82);
Do hurry up, or will be late [Eastwood, p. 82]; Oh, do be quiet. I'm trying to concentrate (Eastwood,: 82).
Thus, under the term “Grammar of emotions” we mean the ways of verbalization of emotions, in particular: affixal morphemes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs.
Bibliography
1. Космеда Т А. Аксіологічні аспекти прагмалінгвістики: монографія. Львів: Львівський нац. ун-т ім. І. Франка, 2000. 349 с.
2. Космеда, Т. А. (2012). Ego і Alter Ego Тараса Шевченка в комунікативному просторі щоденникового дискурсу: монографія. Дрогобич: Коло. 372 с.
3. Сліпецька В. Д. Лінгвістика емоцій: монографія. Дрогобич: видавничий відділ ДДПУ ім. І. Франка, 2017. 347 с.
4. Филимонова О. Е. Язык и эмоции в английском языке. Когнитивный и коммуникативный аспекты: монография. СПб.: Изд-во СПб гос. ун-та, 2001. 268 с.
5. Филимонова О. Е. Автореф. дис.... д-ра филол. СПб.: Изд-во СПб гос. ун-та, 2001. 44 с.
6. Шаховский В. И. Категоризация эмоций в лексико-семантической системе языка: монография. Воронеж: Изд-во ВГУ, 1987. 188 с.
7. Шаховский В. И. (2010). Эмоции: долингвистика, лингвистика, лингвокультурология. М.: Книжный дом ЛИБРОКОМ. 128 с.
8. Alexander L. G., Longman English Grammar Practice. Pearson Education Limited. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, 2003. 296 p.
9. Eastwood J., Oxford Practice Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1999. 432 p.
10. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English [LD]. London: Longman Publishing House, 2003. 1949 р.
References
1. Kosmeda T. A. Aksiolohichni aspekty prahmalinhvistyky: monohrafiya. [Axiological Aspects of Pragmalinguistics: Monograph] Lviv: Lvivskyy nats. un-t im. I. Franka, 2000. 349 s. [in Ukrainian]
2. Kosmeda T. A. Ego i Alter Ego Tarasa Shevchenka v komynikatyvnomy protori shchodennykovoho dyskursu. [Ego and Alter Ego of Taras Shevchenko in a Communicative Space of Diary Discourse]: monograph. Drohobych: Kolo, 2012. 372 s. [in Ukrainian]
3. Slipetska V. D. Linhvistyka emotsiy. [Linguistics of Emotions]: monograph. Drohobych: vydavnychyi viddil I. Franko DDPU, 2017. 347 s. [in Ukrainian]
4. Filimonova O. Ye. Yazyk i emotsii v angliyskom yazyke. Kognitivnyy i kommunikativnyy aspekty: monografiya. [Language and Emotions in English. Cognitive and Communicative Aspects: monograph.] SPb.: Izd-vo SPb gos. un-ta, 2001. 268 s. [in Russian]
5. Filimonova O. Ye. Avtoref. dis.... d-ra filol. [Abstract of the thesis. dis.... Dr. Philol.] SPb.: Izd-vo SPb gos. un-ta, 2001. 44 s. [in Russian]
6. Shakhovskiy V. I. Kategorizatsiya emotsiy v leksiko-semanticheskoy sisteme yazyka: monografiya. [Categorization of emotions in the lexico-semantic system of language: monograph.] Voronezh: Izd-vo VGU, 1987. 188 s. [in Russian]
7. Shakhovskiy V. I. (2010). Emotsii: dolingvistika, lingvistika, lingvokul'turologiya. [Emotions: Pre-linguistics, Linguistics, Linguoculturology.]. M.: Knizhnyy dom LIBROKOM. 128 c. [in Russian]
8. Alexander L. G., Longman English Grammar Practice. Pearson Education Limited. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, 2003. 296 p.
9. Eastwood J., Oxford Practice Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1999. 432 p.
10. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London: Longman Publishing House, 2003. 1949 p.
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
Definition of Metaphor as a Figurative and Expressive Means of Language. Types and the Mechanism of Education of the Metaphor, its difference from comparison. Metaphor role in speech genres, its influence on emotions and imagination of the recipient.
реферат [43,8 K], добавлен 04.05.2012The role of metaphor and figurative language in the conceptualization of emotion. Metaphorization of emotions and feelings in the romantic novels. Recommendations and set of exercises designed for students of intermediate and upper-intermediate level.
дипломная работа [1,4 M], добавлен 17.12.2011The general outline of word formation in English: information about word formation as a means of the language development - appearance of a great number of new words, the growth of the vocabulary. The blending as a type of modern English word formation.
курсовая работа [54,6 K], добавлен 18.04.2014Concept as a linguo-cultural phenomenon. Metaphor as a means of concept actualization, his general characteristics and classification. Semantic parameters and comparative analysis of the concept "Knowledge" metaphorization in English and Ukrainian.
курсовая работа [505,9 K], добавлен 09.10.2020The development of Word Order. Types of syntactical relations words in the phrase, their development. The development of the composite sentence. The syntactic structure of English. New scope of syntactic distinctions and of new means of expressing them.
лекция [22,3 K], добавлен 02.09.2011Early (Prenormative) Grammars. Prescriptive Grammars. Syntax. The Rise of Classical Scientific Grammar. Prescriptive Grammars in the Modern Period. Classical Scientific English Grammar in the Modern Period. Structural and Transformational Grammars.
реферат [30,8 K], добавлен 03.05.2008Subject of theoretical grammar and its difference from practical grammar. The main development stages of English theoretical grammar. Classical scientific grammar of the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Problems of ’Case’ Grammar.
курс лекций [55,4 K], добавлен 26.01.2011The place and role of contrastive analysis in linguistics. Analysis and lexicology, translation studies. Word formation, compounding in Ukrainian and English language. Noun plus adjective, adjective plus adjective, preposition and past participle.
курсовая работа [34,5 K], добавлен 13.05.2013The description of neologisms: definition, diachronic analysis, cultural acceptance factor. The manor and major word building types, presents latest top 50 neologisms, analyzed and arranged in table according to their word building type, sphere of usage.
курсовая работа [43,5 K], добавлен 19.04.2011The history of parts of speech in English grammar: verb, noun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Parts of speech and different opinions of American and British scientists. The analysis of the story of Eric Segal "Love Story".
реферат [41,8 K], добавлен 12.04.2012The emotion and the means of its expression in the works of fiction. Lexical and syntactical trope: tautological, explanatory and metaphorical epithets. Some words about E.M. Forster. The emotional statements in the Forster's novel "A room with a view".
реферат [28,0 K], добавлен 23.03.2011The morphological structure of a word. Morphemes. Types of morphemes. Allomorphs. Structural types of words. Principles of morphemic analysis. Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of stems. Derivational types of words.
реферат [11,3 K], добавлен 11.01.2004The word is the minimum normally separable. Grammatical structure to a class. What is grammar. The place o grammar teaching. Grammatical terms. Presenting and explaining grammar. Structures: grammar and functions. Exercises on a theme "Grammar".
конспект урока [42,2 K], добавлен 25.12.2010The adverb in English theoretical grammar. Semantic classification of and lexico-grammatical subdivision of adverbs. Syntagmatic valency of adverbs and its actualization in speech. The use of adverbs of degree with gradable and non-gradable adjectives.
дипломная работа [91,8 K], добавлен 10.04.2011The subjects of stylistic phonetics, implemented by Percy Bysshe Shelley in his works. General morphology treats morphemes and grammatical meanings in language without regard to their stylistic value. The phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
реферат [32,5 K], добавлен 20.11.2010The ways of expressing evaluation by means of language in English modern press and the role of repetitions in the texts of modern newspaper discourse. Characteristics of the newspaper discourse as the expressive means of influence to mass reader.
курсовая работа [31,5 K], добавлен 17.01.2014The prosodic and rhythmic means of english language speech: speech rhythm, intonation, volume and tempo, pauses and speech melody. Methods and Means of Forming Rhythmic and Intonational Skills of Pupils. Exercises and Tasks of Forming Skills of Pupils.
курсовая работа [52,5 K], добавлен 09.07.2013The essence and distinctive features of word formation, affixation. The semantics of negative affixes and their comparative analysis. Place in the classification of morphemes, affixes and classification of negative affixes. Function of negative affixes.
курсовая работа [34,7 K], добавлен 03.03.2011Style as a literary notion and its reproduction in translation. The peculiarities of graphical expression as the style-forming means and their rendering. Morphological style-creating means and their reproduction. Syntax as tool for style-creating.
курсовая работа [90,0 K], добавлен 09.10.2012Finding the basic word order. Sentence word orders. Word order in different sentences: statements; questions; commands. Compound and complex sentences. Functions of sentence word order. Phrase word orders and branching. Normal atmospheric conditions.
реферат [24,2 K], добавлен 11.01.2011