Clinical veterinary terminology: specificities of formation and translation difficulties

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Clinical veterinary terminology: specificities of formation and translation difficulties

T.V. Nemova, Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Associate Professor,

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

M.I. Lychuk, Doctor of Philology, Professor,

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

Abstract

The article describes the specifics of the formation, systematization, and translation of clinical veterinary terminology. The aim of the study is to analyze the lexical and structural features of clinical veterinary terminology, to determine the main ways of its reproduction in English-Ukrainian translations.

The research results highlight the specifics of formation and lexical/semantic properties of clinical veterinary terminology.

It has been established that the formation of clinical veterinary terminology is accomplished using term elements of Greek-Latin origin, which is the basis for the development of the term system of veterinary medicine. In addition, a phenomenon of replacing terms generated on the basis of other languages with English borrowings, and borrowings from other languages has recently been observed.

It has been determined that the basis for the formation of clinical veterinary terms is the prefix method, in which the most commonly used prefixes are contra, anti-, in-(im), en-, ante-, pro-, ad-, de-, hyper-, hypo-, post-, meta-, con-, de- (des-), dis-, epi-, extra-, inter-, intra-, per-, re-, sub-, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-, mono-, bi-, oligo -, para; a suffix method in which the most commonly used suffixes are-ac, -al , -an , -ar , - ary, -eal, -ic, -ine, -ous, -tic, -ectomy, -pexy, -plasty -stomy, -tomy, -centesis, -gram, -graph, -graphy, -lysis, - scope, -scopy, -therapy, -rrhagia or -rrhage, -rrhaphy, -rrhea, -rrhexis, -algia, -dynia, -itis, malacia, -megaly, -osis, -pathy, -sclerosis, -um; aswell as - root method, preferably using a combination of vowel sound and form combinations.

The role of abbreviations and shortenings in clinical terminology and ways of their reproduction in the translation have been systematized and analyzed. Lexical, grammatical, and lexical-grammatical ways of translating clinical veterinary terminology into Ukrainian have been indicated.

The necessity of a detailed study of clinical terminology for the development of adequate translation skills has been grounded.

Keywords: veterinary terminology, systematization, method of creation, formation, translation.

Анотація

КЛІНІЧНА ВЕТЕРИНАРНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ І ТРУДНОЩІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

У статті схарактеризовано особливості формування, систематизації та перекладу клінічної ветеринарної термінології. Метою дослідження є вивчення лексичних та структурних особливостей клінічної ветеринарної термінології, визначення основних способів її відтворення в англо-українських перекладах.

Проведене дослідження уможливило проаналізувати специфіку формування, лексичні та семантичні особливості клінічної ветеринарної термінології.

Встановлено, що формування клінічної ветеринарної термінології здійснюється з використанням терміноелементів греко-латинського походження, що є підґрунтям розвитку терміносистеми ветеринарної медицини. Окрім того, останнім часом спостерігається явище заміни термінів, утворених на основі інших мов, англійськими запозиченнями та запозиченнями із інших мов.

Визначено, що основою формування клінічних ветеринарних термінів слугує префіксальний спосіб, при якому найчастіше вживаними є префікси contra, anti-, in-(im), en-, ante-, pro-, ad-, de- , hyper-, hypo-, post-, meta-, con-, de- (des-), dis-, epi-, extra-, inter-, intra-, per-, re-, sub-, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-, mono-, bi-, oligo-, para; суфіксальний спосіб, при якому найчастіше вживаними є суфікси - ac, -al, -an , -ar, -ary, -eal, -ic, -ine, -ous, -tic, -ectomy, -pexy, -plasty -stomy, -tomy, -centesis, -gram, - graph, -graphy, -lysis, -scope, -scopy, -therapy, -rrhagia or -rrhage, -rrhaphy, -rrhea, -rrhexis, -algia, -dynia, -itis, malacia, -megaly, -osis, -pathy, -sclerosis, -um; а також - кореневий спосіб, переважно за допомогою комбінації голосного звуку та комбінацій форм.

Систематизовано й проаналізовано роль скорочень та абревіації у клінічній термінології і способи їхнього відтворення під час перекладу. Вказано лексичні, граматичні та лексико- граматичні способи перекладу клінічної ветеринарної термінології українською мовою.

Доведено необхідність детального вивчення клінічної термінології для формування навичок адекватного перекладу.

Ключові слова: ветеринарна термінологія, систематизація, спосіб творення, формування, переклад.

Introduction

clinical veterinary terminology translation

The vocabulary of veterinary medicine is extremely diverse. Its elements are lexemes of morphological formations and processes characteristic of the animal's body in normal and pathological conditions, names of pathogens and vectors of diseases, symptoms of diseases and pathological conditions of the animal body of various species, names of forms of the disease progression, diagnostic and operational procedures, medical and preventive measures, devices, tools, diagnostic, laboratory equipment, etc.

The composition of the terminological lexicon in the sphere of veterinary medicine testifies to the fact that it has been traditionally based on the Ukrainian (Slavic) vocabulary with significant involvement of foreign-language (Latin and Greek) words [3, 7, 15]. At the same time, terms and nomenclature names make up about 90% of the general lexical fund and their number is constantly growing. However, the process of term formation moves mostly in a spontaneous way. Poly-semantic terms, synonymous terms, and terms that are saturated with foreign-language elements interfere with their mastering and understanding. In addition, veterinary terminology is closely intertwined with medical terminology.

Analysis of recent researches and publications

It has repeatedly been the subject of research in the scholarly inquiries of the following researchers: I. Vakulyk, O. Vlasova, N. Ermolenko, L. Kudytska, I. Korneiko, H. Krakovetska, N. Lytvynenko, O. Snitovska, T. Sokolovska, R. Stetsyuk and others. I. Karbovnik and Yu. Rozhkov have made a significant contribution to the understanding of lexical-semantic and syntactic aspects of clinical veterinary terminology [3; 4, 11].

Yu. Rozhkov notes that two completely different phenomena can be observed in veterinary terminology: precisely developed, internationally standardized anatomical terminology and clinical veterinary terminology, characterized by terminological chaos and rapid development. The main reason for this phenomenon is the rapid development of scientific knowledge and the need to name new methods, diseases, symptoms, etc. [3, 14].

The purpose of our paper is to study the lexical and structural features of clinical veterinary terminology, and determine the main difficulties and ways of its reproduction in English-Ukrainian translations.

Materials and methods of research

To achieve this goal, a set of methods was used, in particular the method of analysis for comparing and correlating the views of various scientists in studying veterinary terminology; descriptive method with techniques of observation, comparison and classification; methods and techniques of linguistic analysis.

Results of the research and their discussion

Clinical veterinary terminology is one of the most complex subsystems of veterinary terminology, which includes the names of diseases and pathological conditions of the animal body, methods of animal research, methods of diagnosis, treatment, prevention of animal diseases, names of surgical operations, tools, etc. [10].

Due to the rapid development of science and technology, new diagnostic tools and methods, and the emergence of new diseases, a need to create new terms in clinical veterinary terminology that would be understandable to specialists around the world is emerging. For veterinary terminology to function effectively, terms should be clear, well-formed, and pronounced correctly. This allows not memorizing terms, but understanding their meaning and predicting the phenomena that accompany them.

Most of the anatomical terms used in veterinary medicine today are Latin or Latinized Greek words, which form the basis of the international terminology fund. Clinical terms are mostly of Greek or Greek-Latin origin, as opposed to anatomical terminology. New lexical forms mostly appear as a result of the generation of new names, the formation of new content, and borrowings from another language. It should be noted that it is borrowed foreign-language terms that play an important role in replenishing terminology nowadays. Most often, lexemes are borrowed, less often - syntactic constructions. Moreover, borrowed elements from one language, adapting to the peculiarities of another, are assimilated so much that their foreign-language origin may not be felt at all and is revealed only by etymologists [3, 5]. These data confirm the works of L. Dubenkova, who notes that clinical veterinary terminology is closely related to clinical medical terminology, traditionally based on Latin and Greek terms, but modern word formation is more characterized by borrowing from other languages [2]. The researcher concludes that a large amount of English veterinary terminology (about 30 %) is borrowed from the French language. In particular, bowel - кишківник, cartilage - хрящ, cramp - спазм, degeneration - переродження, deglutition - заковтування, delivery - роди, denture - зубний протез, diarrhoea - діарея, diphtheria - дифтерія, disease - хвороба, dislocation - зміщення, etc. The remaining 29% of words have Latin origin: femur - стегнова кістка, humerus - плечова кістка, occiput - потилиця, mandible - нижня челюсть, puncture - прокол, pulp - пульпа, etc. Another 26% of words have German origin: hand - рука, finger - палець, nose - ніс, airs - вуха, chin - підборіддя, wrist - зап'ястя, foot - нога, head - голова, hair - волосся, etc. About 6% of words have Greek origin: chorion - хоріон, diabetes - діабет, emphysema - змфізема, myopia - близорукість, ophthalmia - офтальмія, pneumonia - запалення легень, trauma - травмаpneumonia - pneumonia, trauma - injury, etc. [6]. Almost 6% of words are borrowed from other languages and 4% are derived from proper names. Such borrowings of English clinical terminology influence their transformation into other languages and mainly into generally accepted veterinary terminology.

Clinical veterinary terms have their own characteristics in comparison with the established anatomical veterinary terminology. According to their composition, they are divided into monomials and compound terms. Monomial terms by structure can be: simple terms worded in a single non-derived word, such as pulse - пульс; derived words, formed from root words by word-forming affixes, for example, periostitis - періостит - inflammation of the periosteum of the jaw; compound, formed by a combination of several meaningful stems: ovari/o/hyster/ectomy - оваріогістероектомія - removal of the ovaries and uterus.

The basis of clinical terminology is mainly compound terms formed by composing several Greek or less commonly Latin term elements [4, 9].

Most clinical veterinary terms are formed by: prefix, which basically indicates the course in time, the direction of action, localization, absence or denial of something, location around something, absence of something; root (stem), which reflects the essential meaning of the word; vowel sound combinations: simple vowel, usually o, which is attached to the end of the root, in order to make the pronunciation of the term easier; form combinations: a combination of root and combinations of vowel sounds; suffix, which is positioned at the end of the word and indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or disorder [14].

In clinical veterinary terminology, the prefix method of word formation is the most productive, and both Greek and Latin prefixes (Greek-Latin doublet prefixes) are used in parallel with the same meaning, for example circum- /peri- meaning around; from all sides, for example, peritoneal - перитонеальний, позанирковий; contra- /anti- in the meaning of the opposite position, state, against, for example, antiserum- протиотрута, сироватка against anything; in-(im)/en- in the sense of being located in the middle of something or negating, for example, incurable - невиліковний (about the disease). As well as on antonymous prefixes opposite in meaning, in particular: ante-, pro- in the sense of location in front of something, for example, proestrus - проеструс - the period preceding estrus in animals; ad- in the meaning of joining something, when, to, for example, adhesion - адгезія, прилипання, злипання; de- in the meaning of deleting, removing, eliminating, from, decrease, for example, dehydration - дегідратація, зневоднення; hyper- in the meaning of above, higher, for example, hypercapnia - гіперкапнія, increased carbon dioxide content in the blood; hypo- in the meaning of below, beneath, under, for example, hypoalgesia - гіпоалгезія, reduced pain sensitivity; post-, meta- in the meaning of location behind something, after something, for example, postoperative - післяопераційний, metastasis - метастаз, distant from the primary, secondary focus of the pathological process [8].

In addition, we often see the use of prefixes: con- indicates a combination, a compatible action, for example, consilium - консиліум - joint meeting of doctors; de- (des- ) indicates a deterioration, for example, degeneration - переродження or denial; desinfection - знезараження; dis- indicates distribution, for example, dissemination - розсіювання; epi- indicates the location on top, for example, epicatdium - епікард, the outer layer of the heart wall; extra- indicates a location outside of something, for example, extracapsular - екстракапсулярний, позакапсулярний; inter- indicates the location between, for example, intercostal - інтеркостальний, міжкістковий; intra indicates the location inside, for example, intravenosus - внутрішньовенний; perindicates movement through, for example, perforation - прорив, прокол; re- indicates reversibility, repetition, for example, reinfection - повторне зараження; subindicates a lower degree, for example, subacutus - підгострий; super- indicates an increase in something larger than normal, for example, superficial - поверхневий; supraindicates an increase in something larger than normal, for example, suprarenal - наднирковий; trans- indicates movement, for example transfusion - переливання; ultraindicates a decrease in something less than the norm, for example, ultrasound - ультразвук, acoustic vibrations that perform diagnostic tests in veterinary medicine.

Numerals can also act as prefixes: mono- in the meaning of one, for example, monoplegia - paralysis of one limb; bi- in the meaning of two, for example, bigeminia/bigeminy - a form of cardiac allorhythmia in which an extrasystole appears behind every normal heartbeat; oligo- in the meaning insufficient, for example, oligocytaemia - reduction of the total number of shaped elements in the peripheral blood.

However, some prefixes of veterinary terminology have acquired an additional terminological meaning. For example, the prefix para- (in the meaning of location near, close) acquired the figurative meaning of "deviation from the norm": paracystitis - парацистит (inflammation of the fiber near the bladder), paranephritis (паранефрит, inflammation of the parotid tissue).

Another common way to form clinical veterinary terms is to use a suffix that attaches to a simple or compound word stem. Suffixes can indicate an action, a doer of the action, or an object that performs the action; the type or place of occupation, the result of the action, or give words a diminutive meaning. Suffixes play an important role in term formation, because, having a fixed meaning, they form terms of certain meaningful classes. Using suffixes, each term is compared with a specific terminological concept.

J. Romish notes that most of the suffixes used in the formation of clinical veterinary terminology can be grouped into categories [13].

Common suffixes: -ac - cardiac - серцевий; -al - renal - нирковий; -an - ovarian - яєчниковий; -ar - lumbar - поперековий; -ary - alimentary - травний; - eal - laryngeal - гортанний; -ic - enteric - кишковий; -ine - uterine - матковий; -ous - cutaneous - шкірний; -tic - nephrotic - нефротичний.

Surgical suffixes: -ectomy - mastectomy - мастектомія, surgical removal of the mammary glands; -pexy - gastropexy, гастропексія -xsurgical stabilization of the stomach to the abdominal wall; -plasty - rhinoplasty - ринопластика, surgical restoration of the nose; -stomy - colostomy - колоностома, surgical formation of an opening between the rectum and the body; - tomy - laparotomy - лапаротомія, abdominal incision.

Suffixes indicating procedures: - centesis - cystocentesis - цистоцентез, surgical puncture of the bladder for the purpose of urine sampling; -gram - electrocardiogram - електрокардіограма, a graphical record of the electrical activity of the heart; -graph - electrocardiograph - електрокардіограф, a device for graphically recording the electrical activity of the heart; - graphy - electrocardiography - a procedure that is performed to determine the electrical activity of the heart; -lysis - urinalysis - уринолізис, breakdown of urine components; -scope - endoscope - ендоскоп, a tool for performing visual examination inside the body; -scopy - endoscopy - ендоскопія, procedure, visual examination inside the body; -therapy - chemotherapy - хіміотерапія, treatment with chemicals or medications.

Suffixes with double r: -rrhagia or - rrhage - hemorrhage - геморагія, blood outlet through a damaged vessel; -rrhaphy - enterorrhaphy - ентерографія - recording the work of the intestines; -rrhea - diarrhea - діарея, intestinal disorders; -rrhexis - myorrhexis - міорексис, muscle rupture.

Structural suffixes: -algia and -dynia - arthralgia - артралгія, or synonym arthrodynia - артродинія, joint pain; -itis indicates inflammation, for example, hepatitis

- гепатит, inflammation of the liver, sinusitis

- синусит, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses; suffix - malacia indicates pathological softening, for example, osteomalacia - остеомаляція, pathological softening of bones; suffix - megaly indicates an increase, for example, cardiomegaly - кардіомегалія, enlargement of the heart; -osis indicates a disease, for example, miocardosis - міокардоз, dystrophic myocardial infarction; suffix -oma indicates tumor diseases, for example, lymphangioma - лімфангіома, benign tumor localized in the lymphatic vessels; -pathy indicates a disease, for example, enteropathy - ентеропатія, diseases of the small intestine; -sclerosis - indicates pathological hardening (sclerosis), for example, arteriosclerosis, indicates pathological gardening (sclerosis), for example, suffix -um - indicates the structure, for example, pericardium - перикард, heart sac, a structural component of the heart.

Knowledge of word-forming roots and finite term elements is no less important than knowledge of the basic suffixes used in clinical term formation.

When forming clinical terms with the help of root terminological elements, terms can be formed from the basis of the nominative case or from the basis of the genitive case of nouns. For example: derm- / dermat-, haem- / haemat- (dermatosis, but epidermis; haemapoesis, but haematuria).

When combining term elements in complex terms at the junction of two consonants, connecting vowels or interfixes are used. Usually, it is -o- in words of Greek and -i- in words of Latin origin. For example, cardiology, cardiolysis, cardiogram, osteopathy, osteoplasia, osteogenesis,

laryngoscopy, laryngospasm, laryngostenosis and the like. Although in artificially formed terms, this correspondence is not always maintained.

The vast majority of term elements can be used both at the beginning and end of the term, such as cardiopathia, but stenocardia.

Some self-meaning terms are also used as finite term elements. Moreover, the place of the term element in the word structure does not affect its meaning. But it should be borne in mind that, depending on the location of the term element in a complex word, there may be some additional shades of meaning that affect the overall meaning of the term.

For example, the thermocouple-therapy means "treatment with something". For example, phytotherapy - herbal treatment, balneotherapia - bath treatment, chemotherapy - chemical treatment, haemotherapy - blood treatment, radiotherapy - x-ray treatment, aromotherapy - odor treatment, physiotherapy - treatment with natural and artificial physical factors - cryotherapy cold.

It should be noted that in clinical veterinary terminology, the same as in medical terminology, there are terms and terminological elements that have a variety of meanings, due to their use in various fields of medicine. For example, a terminological element -lysis in pathology indicates the decomposition of tissues (osteolysis - остеоліз, decomposition of bone tissue), and in surgery - for the operation of freeing the organ from splices (cardiolysis - кардіолізис, surgical dissection of fused pericardia layers); haemostasis in pathology indicates a stop in blood flow on some part of the body, and in surgery - stop of bleeding [2].

Along with the complexity of clinical terminology, grammatical features of specialized veterinary texts are long sentences with a cumbersome structure; multicomponent phrases; definitions, passive constructions, and clauses; omissions of some auxiliary verbs; non-personal verb forms [1, 12]. The specifics of translating such texts are that the translator should have a perfect knowledge of grammar, avoid comments and additions to the text, and be guided in the field of highly specialized terminology.

In addition, we observe a large number of eponyms in clinical veterinary terminology. It is believed that eponyms are formed by metonymic transfer. According to structural features, they are two- or more component, have a core (generic) word that reflects the general name: disease, reaction, test, syndrome, etc. and the name or surnames of scientists who semantically determine and specify the generic word. For example, Aujeszky's disease - хвороба Ауєскі, Babes- Negri bodies - тільця Бабеша-Негрі, Coombs' test - тест Кумбса, Gamboro disease - хвороба Гамборго, Jarisch- Herksheymer reaction - реакція Яриша- Герксгеймера, Lyme disease - хвороба Лайма, Meniere disease - хвороба Меньєра, Newcastle disease - хвороба Ньюкасла, Stevens-Johnson syndrome - синдром Стівенса-Джонсона, Teschen disease - хвороба Тешена, Yone's disease - хвороба Йоне [10].

In addition, in modern clinical veterinary terminology, synonyms are often observed, for example: "fusobacteriosis", "necrobacteriosis", "necrobacillus"; "Maltese fever", "infectious (epizootic) abortion".

The presence of paronyms in clinical terminology can often also lead to misuse. After all, the slight difference between the two clinical terms can cause difficulties in their assimilation and use. Among the terms of veterinary medicine are the following paronyms: "asthenia" - "astasia", "aphasia" - "aphakia", "gastrin" - "gastritis", "incubation" - "innervation", "stress" ”-“ shock ”, etc.

A common phenomenon in clinical veterinary terminology is the use of abbreviations (shortenings), which can mainly be represented by one-, two-, three-, four-, five- or multi-character designations. For example:

Single-character abbreviations: C (castrated) - кастрований, S (spayed) - стерилізований, T (temperature) - температура (in animals).

Two-character abbreviations: Ab (antibody) - антитіла; AI (artificial insemination) - штучне запліднення, BM (bone marrow) - кістковий мозок, BP (blood pressure) - кров'яний тиск, BT (blood test) - аналіз крові, ED (effective dose) - ефективна доза, EL (eosinophilic leukaemia) - еозинофільний лейкоз, IA (intraarterial) - внутрішньоартеріально, IC (intracardiac) - внутрішньосерцево, ID (intradermal) - внутрішньошкірно, IM (intramuscular) - внутрішньом'язово, IP (intraperitoneal) - внутрішньочеревно, PC (platelet concentrate) - вміст лейкоцитів; RP (retained placenta) - затримка плаценти.

Three-character abbreviations: AIN (anaemia of inflammation and neoplasia) - запальна анемія та новоутворення, ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) - гострий лімфобластний лейкоз, AML (acute myeloid leukaemia) - гострий мієлоїдний лейкоз, ATE (aortic thromboembolism) - тромбоемболія аорти, CBC (complete blood count) - повний аналіз крові, CEL (chronic eosinophilic leukaemia) - хронічний еозифільний лейкоз, CHF (congestive heart failure) - застійна серцева недостатність, CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) - хронічний лімфолейкоз, CME (canine monocytic ehrlichiosis) - моноцитарний ерліхіоз собак, DVT (deep vein thrombosis) - тромбоз глибоких вен, FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) - вірус імунодефіциту котів, HUS (haemolytic- uraemic syndrome) - гемолітично уремічний синдром, IDA (iron deficiency anaemia) - залізодефіцитна анемія, PTE (pulmonary thromboembolism) - легенева тромбоемболія, RBC (red blood cell) - еритроцити, RDA (right displaced abomasum) - зміщений праворуч сечуг, TPO (triple pelvic osteotomy) - потрійна тазова остеотомія, TPR (temperature, pulse, and respiration) - температура, пульс, дихання, TTA (transtracheal aspiration) - транстрахеальна аспірація, VSD (ventricular septal defect) - дефект міжшлуночкової перетинки.

Four-character abbreviations: AIHA (autoimmune haemolytic anaemia) - аутоімунна гемолітична анемія, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) - адренокортикотропний гормон, FeLV (feline leukaemia virus) - вірус лейкозу котів, IMHA (immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia) - імуно-опосередкована гемолітична анемія, SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) - важкий комбінований імунодефіцит.

Five-character abbreviations: GM- CSF (granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor) - гранулоцитарно- макрофагальний колонієстимулюючий фактор, DHLPP (distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, and parvovirus) - лихоманка, гепатит, лептоспіроз, парагрип і парвовірус.

Multi-character abbreviations:

DHLPP-CV (distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, parvovirus, and coronavirus) - лихоманка, гепатит, лептоспіроз, парагрип, парвовірус і коронавірус, FVRCP-C (feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia, and chlamydia) - вірусний ринотрахеїт котів, кальцивіроз, панлейкопенія та хламідіоз, NRIMHA (non-regenerative immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia) - нерегенеративна імунно-опосередкована гемолітична анемія, rHuG-CSF (recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor) - рекомбінантний людський гранулоцитарний колонієсти- мулюючий фактор.

The saturation of veterinary clinical terminology with abbreviations is one of the ways to optimize professional communication information. During translation, abbreviations can be transmitted in detailed terminological combinations (FeLV - feline leukemia virus); full equivalents (CHEMO - хіміотерапія); equivalent abbreviations (antigen - антиген); direct inclusion of a foreign abbreviation in the translation text (abbreviations EDTA, GMP, LD50, LD100); transliteration: GM-CSF- GM-CSF; creation of an abbreviation from equivalent terms: ELISA-ІФА. When translating abbreviations, it is necessary to take into account the ambiguity of the abbreviation's meaning in the context.

As S. Amelina points out, the most common methods of translating veterinary terms are transcoding, calquing, permutation, and descriptive translation, in particular [1]:

- transcoding (transcription, transliteration): antigen - антиген, genome - геном, glucose - глюкоза, central nervous system - центральна нервова система, cholesterol - холестерол, creatine - креатинін, cystoscopy - цистоскопія, plasma - плазма, tuberculin - туберкулін, etc.;

- calquing: allergic dermatitis - алергічний дерматит, adrenocorticotropic hormone - адренокортикотропний гормон, brachycephalic dogs - брахіцефалічні собаки, plasma substitute - замінник плазми, lymphatic system - лімфатична система, muscle dystrophy - дистрофія м'язів;

- descriptive translation: serosurveillance - спостереження за серологічною реакцією;

- permutation: blood pressure - тиск крові, canine adenovirus - аденовірус собак, blood transfusion - переливання крові, feed calculation - розрахунок раціону, bursal desease - хвороба Гамборо.

In order to adequately reproduce the original term in Ukrainian, it is necessary to pay attention to its structural and semantic features when translating. The equivalence of reproduction is determined by lexical, terminological, structural, and semantic features of clinical veterinary terminology. The difficulty of translating clinical terms of veterinary medicine is the presence of synonymous terms, neologism terms, polysemantic terms, homonymous terms and terms that do not have translation equivalents. When translating them, it should be borne in mind that veterinary terms are characterized by such features as the presence of definition, maximum

abstractness, monosemicity, lack of expression and emotional coloring, stylistic neutrality, correlation with special concepts and strict logic. It should be remembered that clinical veterinary terminology does not contain metaphors and other stylistic techniques, and the veterinary terminological lexicon is presented in different contexts, which makes translation difficult.

Translation problems include the presence in veterinary medicine of a large number of "false friends of the translator", who often, having a consonant origin in one language, have another version of the translation - in another, which creates a false impression for the translator who simply transliterates the term without suspecting about the availability of other options.

Translation of clinical veterinary vocabulary is a complex process that requires erudition, broad awareness of a particular field, and a high level of competence from the translator. Although a large number of veterinary terms are reproduced by equivalents, there are many terms that require translation solutions.

Summing up, we note that the translation of clinical veterinary terminology can be considered one of the most difficult, since veterinary medicine, as well as human medicine, is a science, and making mistakes when translating terms, approximate wording, and inaccuracy of terms are unacceptable.

Conclusions and future perspectives

So, clinical veterinary terminology is a specific scientific field that is actively developing, because methods for diagnosing diseases are being improved, new diseases are being identified, international protocols for treating diseases are being developed, etc. Accordingly, the terminology of clinical veterinary medicine is constantly replenished with new terms, improved, modified, enriched, and requires more thorough research in order to be systematized and adequately translated by the scientific veterinary community around the world.

The obtained results will be the basis for further linguistic research of clinical peculiarities of terminological system and the ways of teaching. Humanities and Social Sciences in Europe: Achievements and veterinary terminology, studied its lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical transformations. These results will be a prerequisite for a detailed study of the information materials provided by the translation to achieve the translation equivalence of veterinary terms.

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