The role of synonymy in ecological terminology

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The role of synonymy in ecological terminology

Zhala Mammadova, PhD student, Baku Slavic University

The article deals with the role of learning and investigating ecological terminology which is increasing day by day. Today the main goal of the research of the field terminology is connected with continuous global development of technology and environment all over the world. This rapid growth leads to establishment and progress of ecological terminology. The process defining and naming of concepts related to the development of civilizations enriches the terminology. Ecological terms are language units created to express concepts related to the environment surrounding people. The aim of the article is to study the systematization and structure of ecological terms in English and Azerbaijani.

The implementation of this goal involves solving a number of tasks, such as: 1) definition of grammatical features of ecological terms in a multi-system language; 2) disclosure of the role of synonymy in ecological terminology. Scientific novelty - for the first time an attempt is made to comprehensively study the synonymy of ecological terms in a comparative aspect on the material of the Azerbaijani and English languages. In conclusion, we note that several disputable matters of synonymy in Azerbaijani and English languages terminology based on a rich tradition of semasiological researches as well as the relation to semasiological problems like boundary of synonym rows, polysemy, antonyms and so on. When talking about field terms in the creation of ecological science and the foundation of terms, we note that the terminological system is related to science as a whole. The formation and development of the terminological system takes place after the emergence and appearance of sciences, and the process of terminological base formation of individual fields into a systematic form. In different languages, this systematization occurs at different times.

Key words: synonymy, ecological terms, structure, system, semasiological studies, polysemy.

Роль синонімії в екологічній термінології

Жаля МАМЕДОВА, аспірант, Бакінський слов'янський університет

Ключові слова: синонімія, екологічні терміни, структура, система, семасіологічні дослідження, полісемія.

The topicality of the problem

Worldwide climate change and global ecology are one of the main problems that concern humanity in the XXI century. Universal ecology is a necessary scientific struggle for the protection of not only people, but all living things. Conservation of genetic stock and biological diversity is more important today than ever. At the global level, water and air pollution, deterioration of the atmosphere and ecological situation have always been the focus of people's attention. It is clear that the environment is a complex phenomenon and always affects a person, his worldview, behavior and way of thinking. Naming concepts related to the development of civilizations enriches the terminology. In order to have a scientific approach to natural phenomena, it is necessary to study the terminological system that has emerged in connection with the development of ecological science.

Determination of the aim of the study

The aim of the article is to study the systematization and structure of ecological terms in English and Azerbaijani. The implementation of this goal involves solving a number of tasks, such as: 1) definition of grammatical features of ecological terms in a multisystem language; 2) disclosure of the role of synonymy in ecological terminology.

Analysis of recent research and publications

Studies of the research of ecological terminology are now being actualized domestic and foreign linguistic works by Gak V.G., Leichik V.M., Seydaliyev N.F., Bragina A.A. and others.

ecological term azerbaijani synonymy

Presentation of the main research material

In particular, field terms form a special layer of the vocabulary of the language. The study of the terminological lexical system for linguistics has a particular importance in terms of determining the scientific level of this or that field, as well as in terms of the linguistic analysis. Ecological terms form an important part of the terminological vocabulary of English and Azerbaijani languages. It is necessary to study the ecological terminology, which can be considered as a basis of the specific scientific language, from the structural, lexical- semantic and grammatical aspects.

The concept of “term” and the explanation of its essence have always been approached from different points of view in linguistics. The variety we encounter in the explanation of terms, its determination according to separate parameters, and its approach from different prisms are continued even today. However, it should be noted that terms are not special words in the language, but words with a special function. The formation, systematization and development of scientific terminology in a certain language directly depends on the writing and existence of scientific literature in that language. The formation of ecological terms in any language, including English and Azerbaijani, is related to the history of the development of ecological science in these countries as a whole. The vocabulary of each language of different systems consists of countless words. Synonyms also play a big role in enriching the vocabulary of languages. Due to the wide development of various fields of science, the level of literary language of various languages is increasing. The availability of synonymy in such developed languages is also rich. Scientists have different attitudes towards the concept of synonymy. Some linguists consider synonym as a term to be of Latin origin. Later researchers proved that the word synonym used as a term first existed in the language of the ancient Greeks. Synonym in Greek means “cognominal”. They also called synonyms a group of words united by their logical relation. Although studies are conducted on the issue of synonymy in world philology, there are still conflicting opinions. Synonyms are a microsystem that combines semantic and syntactic aspects. Different definition of synonymy is due to some linguists approaching this concept from different aspects. We must not forget that synonyms are one of the means of artistic expression in the language. The primary definition of synonyms is recognition of similar words in meaning and function. It is clear that the concepts existing in the language do not remain unchanged. Current concepts are constantly changing. It is an undeniable fact that the development of the lexical composition of any language depends on the enrichment of new words. As in other fields, each word has its own function in ecological terminology. They consider the normative, that is, naming function to be one of them. When talking about the synonymy that exists in the terms of ecology, it is necessary to consider the reasons that give rise to this process. Commenting on the issue, V.G. Gak notes that “synonymy in each language is formed by contrasting 3 lines of synonyms - local words, words that have entered any language and gained the right of citizenship, and words taken from other languages” [1, p. 49].

When talking about ecology terms of English and Azerbaijani languages, it is necessary to take into account many features of lexical synonyms. At the same time, there is a need to determine the sources from which the synonymous terms come. The role of synonyms is also great in creating ambiguity in terms. Terms that are close and have the same meaning are referred to as lexical synonymy. Such lexical forms express concepts related to natural phenomena in different ways. But there are differences between them. These differences are either in differences in meaning, or in stylistic nuances, or they include both at the same time.

Dead land-foul land Crisp climate-fresh climate Blowing dust-eolian dust Airstream-airflow

It is clear from the examples that synonyms are the expressions of the same concept in different shades. As a result, any word with a sign of the concept can be used instead of other words (synonyms). Considering the issue of synonymy in ecological terms, it becomes clear that there are different approaches to the concepts of synonym and doublet. It is necessary to pay attention to the aspects that distinguish these two concepts from each other. In dictionaries, doublet is presented as a word of French origin and means a second copy of something. The difference between synonyms and doublets is that, unlike synonyms, doublets do not create any stylistic nuances. Doublets are enriched by international terms and cannot be used with all parts of speech like synonyms.

When talking about synonymy in ecology terms, it should be noted that doublets are very rare in this field. The formation of synonyms in field terminology has its own characteristics. Here, finding a more appropriate meaning and forming new meanings at the expense of the language's own means play a key role. One of the aspects that determines the emergence of synonymy in terms is the acquisition of ready-made terms from other languages. Two or more lexical synonyms expressing the same concept form a certain group in the language, as in science, technology and other fields of science. Terminologists call such a form a synonym row. The role of the synonym row in the formation of synonymy in ecological terms is undeniable. Words in this type of synonym row mean the same thing. Only one of the words that make up the synonym row is the main word, which is called the dominant word. The emergence of synonyms in languages with different systems is related to the historical development stages of those languages. If one of the words that make up the synonymous line is used in the language for one reason or another, then it is not a synonymous line either.

Surface layer Ground layer Bottom layer Surface air Ground air

It is evident that the synonyms formed in most of the languages with different systems create a richness of meaning with their potential possibilities. As with other field terms, the synonyms of ecology terms enrich the spoken language and increase its influence. In addition to strengthening the meaning, it creates emotion in the correct rendering of the meaning. It clarifies and at the same time helps clarify the meaning to convey the idea clearly to those who are not familiar with the terms of the field. By the way, it should be emphasized that all synonymous words used in the language differ in meaning and style. Considering these features, linguist N.F. Seyidaliyev groups them as ideographic (ie, semantic synonyms) and stylistic synonyms [6, p. 37].

Talking about the issue of synonymy and variation in the language, A.A. Bragina rightly writes that “Synonyms are used to make the form of speech flawless. Synonyms are also used to express ideas and concepts as precisely as possible or, on the contrary, to consciously hide them” [2, p. 48].

In recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted on the problem of synonymy in ecological terms, and their characteristics in different systematic languages, as well as the main principles of integration between synonyms and other units of the language, have been analyzed.

The relationship of synonymy in the terms not only shows its generality of meaning, but also determines the semantic differentiation and specialization of these synonyms, the difference of stylistic tonality. This is due to the diversity of their usage scale and their dependence on different speech contexts. Synonyms should be considered as tools that create a system of shades of meaning, and at the same time serves the process of splitting and expanding the semantic core of the word. In most cases, linguists mention stylistics as one of the areas where synonymy is concerned. Because stylistics is not the historical development of language phenomena, the elements of a whole language that are internally connected to each other, but the close, parallel and synonymous means of expression that mean more or less the same meaning in the functional division, relatedness and interaction, as well as the expressive and colors of different parts of speech.

A.M. Demirchizade notes that “Synonyms are words that are absolutely or relatively identical in terms of their main meaning, but differ in their form and additional meaning”. He shows that it is necessary to take into account the differences in the meaning of words, and he writes that words differ from each other both according to their stylistic meanings and according to their phraseological features. Sometimes it can happen that synonyms differ either only according to their stylistic meaning or only according to their phraseological features [5, p. 122]. It is necessary to highlight the fact that the synonyms differ according to the stylistic variety in order to clarify the meaning of the words. Studies show that synonyms have not been approached from a stylistic point of view in any of the languages with different systems. One thing is clear that the synonyms themselves are identical and similar to each other due to their stylistic variety. In most of the sources we refer to, it is noted that synonyms are mainly composed of words with close meanings. However, we must not forget that there are words in the language that are synonyms only within the context (text). In linguistics, this case is called text synonyms. For example, the mountain-valley-slope-deep soil landscape; ravine-gorge-canyon; ozonosphere- atmosphere layer-rays; cyclone-atmospheric vortex-tropical vortex.

The issue of stylistic synonymy remains relevant not only in languages of different systems, but also in the terminological system of related languages. It should be noted that the synonymous relationship in the terms not only indicates its common meaning, but also determines the semantic differentiation and specialization of these synonyms, the difference in stylistic tonality. This is due to the diversity of their use and their dependence on different speech contexts.

When we talk about synonyms, if we say that it has a stylistic character, in this case we must associate one aspect of the synonym with style and the importance of noting its stylistic role. It should be noted that there are a large number of synonyms in the terminological system of the English and Azerbaijani languages, which mainly arose due to stylistic needs. It is as if synonyms are created to meet the needs of language. In particular, it is the main criterion for the need for words, both in the artistic style and in the style of lively conversation. Since the richness of synonyms is one of the characteristics of any language, the problem of synonymy has been thought of not only by lexicologists, but also by linguists studying other areas of linguistics. Of course, the approach to synonyms has also been different according to its position in the language system. Sometimes stylistic synonyms are confused with lexical and grammatical synonyms. It is important to note here that grammatical and lexical synonymy is a historical category. Examining lexical synonyms as opposed to grammatical synonyms shows that, unlike other synonyms, they may not be very close to each other. They replace each о-tiler within the text. Such a situation mainly manifests itself in the ambiguity of words. It is rightly noted that lexical synonyms are closely related to the phenomenon of polysemy, because semantic identification or approximation does not always contain thefull meaning of the word. When talking about lexical synonyms, M.I Fomina evaluates them as ideographic, that is, semantic and stylistic synonyms according to the scope of development and differences in meaning [4, p. 78].

Fig. 1 Thus, when distinguishing synonym s according to their structure, their general scheme is as follows

As can be seen from the given scheme, stylistic synonyms arise from lexical synonyms. It becomes clear that the basis of lexical synonyms is ideographic and stylistic synonyms. Therefore, there are similarities as well as differences between lexical synonyms and stylistic synonyms. The similarity between them is that both are formed and enriched from the same source.

Despite the fact that stylistic synonyms are given as a part of lexical synonyms, stylistic synonyms differ from each other in terms of their structure and semantics and the way they are developed from the point of view of semasiological research. They tend to be stylistic when they are used in different styles for a precise purpose in field terms. This trend occurs when working in different shades. During the study of stylistic synonyms, it becomes clear that the words are used for any purpose in figurative and figurative meanings and come close to each other in content and effectively depend on conditioned subjective factors. Stylistic synonyms are formed in the process of language development and acquire new meanings. In contrast, lexical synonyms remain limited since they exist, lexical synonyms are used to express any idea. Stylistic synonyms are used selectively, i.e., to more precisely express the idea with the subtlety of meaning corresponding to the creator's goal. When talking about lexical synonyms, it should be noted that any language unit can be a synonym, but stylistic synonyms cannot be, because stylistic synonyms are a product of individual creativity. Both have the characteristics of expressiveness and emotionality, but in stylistic synonyms, the words form unity and express the idea more precisely and more correctly.

When talking about the synonymy in ecological terms, it is necessary to pay attention to one issue, that as new words are borrowed from the English language, their own methods of assimilation also appear. On the one hand, these are related to the requirements of the language, on the other hand, they are related to the semantic understanding and structural features of the borrowed words themselves. In most cases, the process of word acquisition continues until new concepts emerge in the languages providing the information. So, the word acquisition process is always going on. Ecological terms are not forcibly introduced into the language, most of them are terms acquired as a result of necessity, which later have stylistic synonyms. The ecological terms accepted into our language adapt to the phonetic-grammatical rules of the language to such an extent that it is not determined at all that they are borrowings.

In ecological terms, a new multi-component complex terminological combination is created on the basis of the existing single-sided terms in connection with the change of the form of natural phenomena. Ecologists point out that complex words with three or more components cause difficulties in their usage. Since many of the compound words that make up the components are of European origin, they also create certain pronunciation differences. Linguists who take into account the mentioned signs point out that the issue of replacing complex terminological combinations with multiple components has become urgent. As a result, there is also a trend of increasing reductions in terms of this type. For this purpose, a large number of bilingual and monolingual dictionaries have been developed and published in languages with different systems. In most dictionaries of field terms, English is always used as the leading world language. English is preferred as a second language in bilingual dictionaries prepared in most languages of different systems. Bilingual dictionaries such as English-Russian, Russian- English, German-English, English-German are currently available in various fields. In the list of mentioned dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries related to ecology are rarely found. During the research, it becomes clear that in the majority of languages with different systems, unification works, which have the essence of forming the terms of various sciences, as well as ecological concepts on the basis of a single system and principles, are of great importance. Recording and comparative study of terms in bilingual dictionaries is of great importance in opening up the general picture of field terminology. Commenting on the issue, V.P. Danilenko shows that terminologists work with terminological dictionaries, they study the units included in the dictionary by field specialists. According to him, this is not enough. A wider scale should be taken into account during the unification of terminology [3, p. 174].

Conclusions and suggestions

Terminologists consider unification as one of the regularization methods. In the terminology system as a whole, the unification of the field terms into different languages and processing them in similar forms includes the use of the same terms by the field experts, the regulation of the emerging terminology based on the reasons that the scientific language is generally understandable for those engaged in this science, the definition of relevant field concepts and bringing them into a certain system. The development of field terms is directly related to the systematization of related concepts. In the process of grouping the concepts expressed by the terms, the term definition process takes place. As in other languages, there is a phenomenon of using the same terms in different languages. This process makes it easier for the speakers of different languages to use the scientific sources in other languages in the field, naming the field terms in the same form in different languages.

Bibliography

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References

1. Gak V.G., Lejchik V.M. (1981). Substitucziya terminov v sintagmaticheskom aspekte // Terminologiya i kul'tura rechi. Moskva. S. 47-57.

2. Bragina A.A. (1986). Sinonimy' v literaturnom yazy'ke / A.A. Bragina. M/: Nauka, 124 s.

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4. Fomina M.I. (1990). K voprosu o sushhnosti termina / M.I. Fomina. Moskva. S. 68.

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