Where to go at the end: polylexicalization and polygrammaticalization of KAZ "edge" in Korean
The main connection of semantic changes of lexemes of nominal type with various tendencies of conceptualization, indicating the development of essential aspects of the language. The use of derivation and word formation in word-formation processes.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 21.05.2023 |
| Размер файла | 1,5 M |
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An `edge' may be conceptualized, from an entity-external perspective, in relation to other surrounding areas, in which case the edge is the object's boundary that separates it from the environment. In this entity-external conceptualization, the edge is the beginning, i.e., the surface of the mass of the entity. Thus, the conceptualization leads to the emergence of such senses as `barely', `freshly', `only just now', etc., all implying that some movement, be it physical or imaginary, has not sufficiently advanced toward the center of the referenced entity. If a word- formation operation recruits a negative word (e.g., eps- `not exist'), the newly formed word denotes the absence of the minimum, thus complete absence (e.g., cami kAcang epsun `with no taste at all', (6b)). Furthermore, from this entity- external perspective, the edge may be the object itself because the boundary may represent the whole entity in this macroscopic conceptualization. Thus, the grammatical marker -kkaci with the Allative, Terminative, Inclusive, Additive functions may denote reaching the referent, e.g., `a plane going to Paris' (in (18a)). In other words, in this conceptualization, reaching the edge of an object is tantamount to reaching the object.
On the other hand, an `edge' may be conceptualized from an entity-internal perspective, i.e., in relation to the `center', in which case the edge is the periphery. In this entity-internal conceptualization, the edge is the end. Thus, the conceptualization leads to the emergence of such senses as `limit', `margin', `end', `extreme', `outskirts', `brim', etc. When the word-formation operation recruits a negative word (e.g., eps- `not exist'), the newly formed word denotes the absence of such `limit' or `end', thus `limitless' `endless', etc. This entity-internal conceptualization may be further subjectified by involving the speaker's evaluative- epistemic judgment such as likelihood of an occurrence of an event. Thus, the `extreme' on a scale of likelihood engenders the subjective, counter-expectation meaning `even' (Mirative). This is an excellent exemplar of `subjectification' (Traugott & Dasher 2002).
In this regard, the diverse meanings of kAz can be said to be the results of variable conceptualizations of the `edge' on different kinds of continua, as in (21b) through (21d):
(21) a. objective, physical configuration (`edge', `shore')
on the degree continuum (`very' `most')
on the path continuum (`to')
on the likelihood continuum (`even')
Further, the results of the multi-linear development form a conceptual network, by virtue of the development's gradual nature, which can be shown as Figure 2.
Figure 2. Conceptual network of kAz 'edge' in lexicalization and grammaticalization
The Korean situation can be briefly reviewed from a crosslinguistic perspective. The documentation of grammaticalization of `edge' is not extensive. The lexicon by Kuteva et al. (2019) shows that the source lexeme EDGE tends to grammaticalize into Locative signaling a (proximal) location, e.g., Welsh prep. yn ymyl `near to'; Kpelle postp. da: `at, in front of; Italian prep. accantoa `beside'; Colonial Quiche adp. ch(i) `in', `within', `into', `at the edge of; Medieval Chinese bian `nearby, surrounding'; Basque postp. bazterrean `at the side of; Albanian prep. ones `at', etc. (for illustration and original data sources, see Kuteva et al. 2019). All these documented cases seem to be based on the conceptualization of the edge from an entity-external viewpoint, thus an edge of an entity is either the location close to the center of an entity (as in `near' `beside') or the entity itself (as in `at' `in'). Kuteva et al. (2019: 154) analyze this development as an instance of a more general process whereby relational nouns (e.g., BOTTOM, BOUNDARY, HOME, SIDE, TOP, etc.), give rise to relational (typically spatial or temporal) grammatical markers. Kuteva et al. (2019: 266), citing Luraghi (2016: 361), report another case in which the Turkish multifunctional postposition igin (Benefactive and other case functions) grammaticalized from ug `edge' or ig `interior'. Since benefaction is a highly subjective notion, this development is clearly an instance of subjectification. However, as Luraghi (2016) characterizes it as an `unpredicted trend' in semantic change, this type of grammaticalization does not seem to have been frequently observed across languages.
From a crosslinguistic perspective, the development of kAz `edge' exhibits a particularly extensive grammaticalization (and possibly lexicalization) and shows a wide range of conceptualizations that has brought about diverse meanings and functions.
Summary and conclusion
This paper addressed polylexicalization and polygrammaticalization of the LMK lexeme kAz `edge'. The nominal lexeme kAz `edge' has undergone extensive development in the lexical as well as grammatical domains. A diachronic investigation shows that there emerged many forms from the lexeme in history and some of them have fallen into disuse. Through lexicalization processes, such as conversion, derivation, and compounding, new words are formed in the word classes of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. In contemporary Korean, however, there is no surviving verb, and the adverb formerly carrying the Elative (intensifier) function has changed into a Superlative marker. Through grammaticalization processes, such grammatical forms as prefix, suffix, and postpositions have emerged. The grammaticalized functions all survive in contemporary Korean.
The meanings of kAz `edge' are diverse, partly because of the semantics of the participating forms in derivation (e.g., with a diminutive suffix) and compounding (e.g., with a verb of non-existence), but more crucially because of differential conceptualizations of the source meaning `edge', i.e., entity-internal and entity- external conceptualizations; mapping the `edge' onto different continua, e.g., degree, path, likelihood; and the involvement of subjectification, e.g., evaluative- epistemic judgment such as counter-expectation. This paper also showed that due to the gradient and gradual nature, diverse meanings form a conceptually motivated network.
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