"Grammar of emotions": English affixal morphemes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs as a means of verbalization of emotions

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“Grammar of emotions”: english affixal morphemes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliaryverbs as a means of verbalization of emotions

Vira Slipetska, Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor at the Germanic Languages and Translation Studies Department Institute of Foreign Languages of Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University

The article focuses on the analysis of linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction. It has been elucidated that linguistics ofemotions is formed on the border of different sciences: linguo-philosophy, taking into account semantics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, linguo-culturology, linguo-conceptology, ethno-linguistics, gender linguistics, etc. It has been highlighted that linguistics of emotions fixates the expression of an ethnic and individual emotionality, it takes into account the auto-interpretation of emotions and feelings, which is manifested in different speech styles or the system of discursive practices. Linguistics of emotions aims at understanding the world of emotions through the language, not simply as the phenomena and facts accumulation, but as the very understanding of these facts and phenomena. Singling out linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction is a consequence of the real processes of differentiation and integration of the humanities.

The Russian linguist V. Shakhovsky states that emotions are a kind of human passions. Thus, not only the vocabulary system of the language, but also Grammar, Phonetics “imbued” with emotional overtones.

Sharing V. Shakhovsky's point of view, O. Filimonova, a Russian researcher, defines the category of emotionality as polystatal, due to the expression of emotions at different levels of the language system - phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Each language level is represented by its units: a phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence. “Grammar of emotions” develops the issues of “emotional syntax” and “emotional morphology” (affixation, grammatical forms of words in the text). At the morphological level emotions are expressed by means of derivative words whose emotional attitude to an object or phenomenon is determined by grammatical means and special affixes. Diminutive suffixes -іе, -у, -ette, -ling function in English verbalizing positive evaluation, which in turn serves as a basis for the formation of positive evaluation emotions of love, admiration, affection. English suffix -ish causes a negative evaluation, and hence, a negative emotion, which is facilitated by adding this suffix to the Adjective stem or the Noun stem. Adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs are the means of verbalization of emotions in the English language.

Key words: linguistics of emotions, independent scientific direction, “Grammar of emotions”, derivative words, affixes, diminutive suffixes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs.

«Граматика емоцій»: англійські афіксальні морфеми, прислівники, порядок слів, допоміжні дієслова як засоби вербалізації емоцій

У статті йдеться про лінгвістику емоцій (лінгвоемоціологія) як окремий науковий напрям. Лінгвоемоціологія формується на межі різних наук: лінгвофілософії, ураховуючи семантику, синтактику й прагматику, психолінгвістики, лінгвокультурології, лінгвокогнітології, лінгвоконцептології, етнолінгвістики, гендерної лінгвістики, теорії та історії мовознавства, зіставної та порівняльно-типологічної лінгвістики. Вона інтегрує знання низки лінгвістичних напрямів у цілісну систему, форми чи уявлення про сутність, функції, структуру й динаміку вер- балізованих у мові емоцій та почуттів, моделюючи в цьому ракурсі культурні конфігурації різних епох, народів, конфесій, укладів, виявляючи й систематизуючи риси своєрідності емоцій та почуттів різних культурних світів.

Слідом за В. Шаховським російська дослідниця О. Філімонова визначає категорію емоційності як полістатальну, зумовлену вираженням емоцій на різних рівнях мовної системи - фонетичному, морфологічному, лексичному, синтаксичному. Кожен рівень мови представлений своїми одиницями: фонемою, морфемою, словом і реченням. «Граматика емоцій» розробляє питання «емоційного синтаксису» та «емоційної морфології» (афіксація, граматичні форми слів у тексті). На морфологічному рівні емоції виражаються за допомогою похідних слів, емоційне ставлення яких до предмета чи явища визначається граматичними засобами та спеціальними афіксами. Демінутивні суфікси -іе, -у, -ette, -ling функціонують в англійській мові, вербалізуючи позитивну оцінку, що в свою чергу слугує основою для формування позитивних оцінних емоцій любові, захоплення, прихильності. Англійський суфікс -ish викликає негативну оцінку, а отже, і негативну емоцію, чому сприяє додавання цього суфікса до основи прикметника або основи іменника. Прислівники, порядок слів, допоміжні дієслова також слугують засобами вербалізаціх емоцій в англійській мові.

Ключові слова: лінгвістика емоцій, самостійний науковий напрямок, «Граматика емоцій», похідні слова, афікси, демінутивні суфікси, прислівники, порядок слів, допоміжні дієслова.

Emotions and feelings of a human being, of course, are reflected in the language consciousness, conceptualized and verbalized and grammaticalized, accumulating emotional experience of a language personality, collective life of people in general, which is reproduced in the discursive practice of each language culture and a language in particular. Linguistics of emotions is formed on the border of different sciences: linguo-philosophy, taking into account semantics, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, linguo-culturology, linguo-conceptology, ethno- linguistics, gender linguistics, etc. It integrates the knowledge of a number of linguistic tendencies into a coherent system.

Linguistics of emotions is the science about the past and modern emotional linguo-culture. Linguistics of emotions investigates the systemic object - emotions and feelings as a sophisticated form of existence of a human being experience, a consequence of a symbolic and practical human activity, a particular modus of a social and historical being.

Linguistics of emotions fixates the expression of an ethnic and individual emotionality, it takes into account the auto-interpretation of emotions and feelings, which is manifested in different speech styles or system of discursive practices. Linguistics of emotions, like any science, consists of theory, that is, based on the relevant theoretical principles, methodology, and history, that reflects its formation.

History of Linguistics of emotions explores the past: the formation and development of the expression of linguistic forms of emotions and feelings, their peculiar fixation in the language image of the world and discursive human practices, texts, after all, their grammaticalization.

The question what emotions or feelings of a person are, how they are verbalized can be resolved from the standpoint of a holistic understanding of the history of emotions expression, that is, a philosophical understanding of their meaning and nature. Linguistics of emotions cannot be limited to the study of the individual forms of emotions and feelings verbalization of one linguo-culture. It seeks for a universal synthetic generalization, including all the individual (fixation of the expression of emotions of a particular linguistic personality is projected on the parameter the “emotional competence” (V. Shakhovsky, T Kosmeda) - an emotional stratum of a linguistic personality structure, the so-called Homo sentis) and the linguo-cultural forms as the generalization of the specific emotions expression in a certain linguo-culture (Shakhovsky, 2010; Kosmeda, 2012).

Linguistics of emotions aims at understanding the world of emotions through the language, not simply as an accumulation of phenomena and facts, but as an understanding of these facts and phenomena.

Singling out linguistics of emotions as an independent scientific direction is a consequence of the real processes of differentiation and integration of the humanities. Its task is to uncover the nature of the interconnection of the human emotions and feelings, their dynamics, the structure and functions, the content and significance, which is recorded in a human speech, communication and language in general.

The Russian linguist V. Shakhovsky states that emotions are a kind of human passions that permeate all spheres of a human life and are reflected at all levels of a language (Shakhovsky, 1987: 21), so not only the vocabulary system of the language, but also Grammar, Phonetics “imbued” with emotional overtones. Nation identification is known to occur through a language and national intonations. Emotions are the motivational basis of a human consciousness and speech behaviour (Shakhovsky, 1987: 25). V. Shakhovsky defines emotionality as the semantic quality inherent in a language to express emotionality by the system of its means as a fact of the psyche. The scholar claims that emotionality is realized at all levels of a language (Shakhovsky, 1987: 24).

Following V. Shakhovsky, O. Filimonova, a Russian researcher, defines the category of emotionality as polystatal, due to the expression of emotions at different levels of the language system - phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic (Филимонова, 2001: 7). Each language level is represented by its units: a phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence.

“Grammar of emotions” develops issues of “emotional syntax” and “emotional morphology” (affixation, grammatical forms of words in the text) (Shakhovsky, 1987). At the morphological level emotions are expressed by means of derivative words whose emotional attitude to an object or phenomenon is determined by grammatical means and special affixes. It is common knowledge that a morpheme is a unit of language that contains not only the form but also its own meaning. Compared to a phoneme, this unit makes an even more significant contribution to the creation of content. As the main component of word formation, a morpheme interacts with the contact units of its level.

The issues of different means of verbalization of the evaluation category and means of verbalization of negative emotions are analyzed in the works of the Ukrainian researchers T. Kosmeda (Kosmeda, 2000), V. Slipetska (Slipetska, 2017).

The goal of the article is to characterize means of verbalization of emotions on a morphological language level: English affixal morphemes.

The problem of emotionality at the morphological level was analyzed in the works of O. Jesperson, I. Arnold and the others. At the morphological level, affixes can be one of the means of expressing positive or negative evaluative emotions. Analyzing the emotionality issue caused by word-formation means O. Jesperson emphasized that suffix -ish caused a negative evaluation, and hence, a negative emotion, which is facilitated by adding this suffix to the Adjective stem or the Noun stem, for example: in the Adjectives greenish (LD, 2003: 710) (green but not enough), greyish (LD, 2003: 711) (grey but not enough), yellowish (yellow but not enough) we observe some deficiency in colour; womanish (LD, 2003: 1898) (womanish is used to characterize men), a negative characteristics of men, hence, a negative emotion of disgust; mannish (LD, 2003: 1002) (mannish is used to characterize women) a negative characteristics of women, hence, a negative emotion of disgust, etc. Suffix -ish is of a native English origin. Its semantic characteristics is expressing some deficiency.

Diminutive suffixes function in English: -іе, -у, -ette, -ling, for example: an auntie (LD, 2003: 84), a birdie (LD, 2003: 139), an oldie (LD, 2003: 1144), a dinette (LD, 2003: 437), a ducky (LD, 2003: 486), a duckling (LD, 2003: 486), a girly (LD, 2003: 680), а giftling (LD, 2003: 679), a kitchenette (LD, 2003: 889), a lordling (LD, 2003: 959), a nestling (LD, 2003: 1102), a roomette (LD, 2003: 1429), a roomie (LD, 2003: 1429), a weekling (LD, 2003: 1871), and etc., verbalizing positive evaluation, which in turn serves as a basis for the formation of positive evaluation emotions of love, admiration, affection.

Thus, in English, at the morphological level affixal morphemes are the means of verbalization of positive and negative evaluative emotions. Suffix -ish is of a native English origin. Its semantic characteristics is expressing some deficiency.

In English, “Grammar of emotions” is traced by the use of verb tense forms, in particular: the Continuous / Progressive Tense: Present, Past with the adverb always instead of the Indefinite / Present Simple Tense to denote an action that happens too often. Using adverbs of frequency always, constantly, forever with Continuous Tenses serves as a means of expressing negatively evaluative emotions of anger, rage, irritation, for example:

Tom is always inviting friends here. (= He invites them very often) (Eastwood,: 12);

Rita: Yes, and he is always talking about football (Eastwood,: 13);

You can't believe a word he says. He is always lying (Alexander,: 124);

He is always upsetting people by asking personal questions (Alexander, p. 124).

“Grammar of emotions” is traced in the word order in the sentence. In English, the direct word order in a sentence involves the use of an adverb after the verb at the end of the sentence. Thus, in the sentence:

She slammed the door angrily, the adverb angrily (angry) in the function of the circumstances of the mode of action is placed at the end of the sentence. But in the sentence:

She angrily slammed the door, we observe an indirect word order. The adverb angrily is used before the verb. This adverb emphasizes a person's emotional state, his emotion of anger.

In English, one of the means of expressing emotions is the use of auxiliary verbs (do / does, did) in declarative sentences. Auxiliary verbs perform an emphatic function and serve as a means of verbalizing positive or negative evaluative emotions, for example: I am getting fed up with those dogs. They do make such a noise (Eastwood,: 82);

Do hurry up, or will be late [Eastwood, p. 82]; Oh, do be quiet. I'm trying to concentrate (Eastwood,: 82).

Thus, under the term “Grammar of emotions” we mean the ways of verbalization of emotions, in particular: affixal morphemes, adverbs of frequency, word-order, auxiliary verbs.

linguistics emotion morphological language

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