The comparative typology of syntactical functions of participle in english and azerbaijani

Компаративна типологія синтактичних функцій дієприкметників в англійській та азербайджанській мовах

Кенуль Бабаєва,

In modem times, the comparison of diferent languages is important. In addition, the comparative-typological analysis of the grammatical structure of languages belonging to different language families also helps to determine the teaching of each language and linguistic research in its grammatical structure. From this point of view, the comparative analysis of the non-finite forms of the verb in the Azerbaijani and English languages have a great interest. Up today, in grammar books and scientific researches written so far, the participle in the Azerbaijani language has been studied in detail, the opinions of prominent linguists such as Mirza Kazimbay, Hasan Mirzayev, Yusif Seyidov, Gazanfar Kazimov, Hadi Mirzazade, Abulfaz Guliyev have been referred to. Although the participle is widely studied in the Azerbaijani language, its lexical, grammatical and semantic features, as well as its syntactic functions and comparative analysis with the English language are less involved in the study.

“The present participle has its own place in the general paradigm of the verb, different from that of the past participle, being distinguished by the corresponding set of characterisation features.

Since it possesses some traits both of adjective and adverb, the present participle is not only dual, but triple by its lexico-grammatical properties, which is displayed in its combinability, as well as in its syntactic functions” (Блох, 1983: 111).

Main part

According to V. G. Admony`s opinion, `Participle is one of language phenomena, the language status of which continues being discussed. Double, `hybrid' Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles. On Simon C. Dik and Participle nature and its connection with verbs and adjectives make Participle interpret as the verb or as an independent, though `syncretic' part of speech (Admony, 1968a).

Participle is one of the grammar phenomenon which has no certain status among grammar categories. Some linguists consider that Participle is the main form of verb, which includes verbal and adjectival properties and denotes actions attributed to a person or object as their signs. Others consider, that Participle has an intermediate position between verb and adjective, the third consider that Participle is a separate part of speech giving it a special place among the other parts of speech. `English Participle is an adjective according to its origin. And such verbs were formed from verbs' (Jesperson, 1992: 96). The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or and adverbial character.

There are two participles in English - Participle I and Participle П, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle. Participles have some qualities of verbs and are used in the formation of the continuous, perfect and perfect continuous tenses (he is typing; he has written a letter) (Kaushanskaya, 1967: 120).

Participles have some qualities of adjectives and are used as attributes in a sentence (a smiling girl; surprised faces).

It is the same in Azerbaijani language also participle carries the characteristics features of adjectives derived from the verbs.

For example: raqs edan qiz - dancing girl.

Participles are also used in the function of adverbial modifiers (he opened the door, smiling; surprised, he didn't know what to say).

A participle construction, that is, a participle together with the words closely connected with it, can function as an attribute (the girl sitting at the table) or as an adverbial modifier (standing by the window, she watched the birds). Participle constructions (participial constructions) are usually called “participial phrases” or “participial clauses” in English grammar materials.

Participles are traditionally defined as adjectives derived from verbs. The following definition: Participle: “a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective” Participles can however differ in how much verbal structure they contain. For passive participles, a distinction has been made between verbal passive participles and adjectival passive participles.

The verbal character of participle I is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and perfect syntactically in its combinability. Thus, like the other non-finites, it may combine: a) with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object; b) with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier; c) with a noun or adjective as a predicative (Ilyish, 1971: 228).

Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect forms. translation english participle azerbaijani

The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manifested in its syntactical functions as an attribute and an adverbial modifier.

Arriving at the station, she saw him at once, leaning against the railing (adverbial modifier of time, detached attribute).

Participle I as an attribute: This function is peculiar to non-perfect participle I in its main sense, that of a process simultaneous with the action denoted by the main verb or with the moment of speech. It corresponds to the Azerbaijan imperfective participle, usually active: asking - soru§an, sleeping - yatan. The passive participle I corresponds to the Azerbaijan imperfective passive participle: being asked - soru§ulan, being translated - tarcuma edilan, being built - tikilmi§.

- I know the reporter covering the news.

- Xdbdrldri dhatd eddn mdlumatlari mdn bilirdm (Gunay Rafibayli, 2008: 76).

Generally participle is used in a sentence as an attribute in the Azerbaijan language.

In both languages when a participial phrase is used as attribute it follows the modified noun. Its verbal character is evident from its verbal combinability and sometimes from the passive form itself. A participial phrase may be (a) non-detached or (b) detached:

a) I picked up the lying letter on the floor.

Mdn yerddki mdktublari qaldirdim.

Another factor concerns the formality of the language being taught.

b) Once a month Tommy, arriving separately, came in for a brief drink.

In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position and in post-position, i.e. it can precede the noun it modifies and follow it.

I saw a smiling child.

Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute. Participle I Perfect (Active and Passive) is not used as an attribute!

Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority; only an attributive clause is used.

- I've just talked to the students who have come back from their teaching practice.

Participle I as adverbial modifier: Participle constructions in the function of adverbial modifiers usually stand at the beginning of the sentence, but may sometimes stand in the middle or at the end of the sentence.

Since the action expressed by the participle in such constructions usually refers to the subject of the sentence, the participle in any position in the sentence should be clearly connected with the subject.

All the four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances, and sometimes condition, concession, comparison).

Very often to make the semantical relationship clearer, certain conjunctions are employed, such as: when, while, though, as if, as though, if.

a) Participle I as adverbial modifier of time may denote a simultaneous or a prior action.

Approaching him I saw gun.

Ona yaxinlasarkan man silahi gordum.

Having finished his work he left office.

Non-perfect participle I active, when used as an adverbial modifier of time, usually conveys the meaning of the motion or state. Most often it is a participle of the verbs of motion (come, walk, go), or position in space (sit, lie, stand).

- Returning to Baki, Ali had thrown himself into the work.

The Perfect Participle of the same verbs is used when there is an interval of time between the two actions.

Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again.

Having seen the girl long ago, I didn't recognize her.

It is also used when the first action covered a period of time.

Not having seen her for a long time I didn't recognize her.

Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders for another.

If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used.

While reading the text I noticed some mistakes.

When doing the exercises, look up the new words.

Note: Participle I Indefinite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. Clauses of the type “Bakida olanda,..”(being in Baki), “O usaq olanda,..(Being a child)“ are translated “When in London... ”, “When a child...”. It means “When he was in London,..”, “When he was a child...”

b) Participle I as adverbial modifier of reason can be expressed by all the four forms. The most frequently used non-perfect participles I are those of verbs denoting mental perception and emotions, for example, knowing, realizing, remembering, expecting, hoping, fearing; also the participles being and having.

- Feeling very tired, she went to bed early (She went to bed early because she was feeling very tired).

- Hoping to catch the plane, we took a taxi.

- Being in the wedding party I could see all.

Note: Participle I of the verb to be {being) when

used as an adverbial modifier will always be an adverbial modifier of cause.

Being a stranger in the town, he had to ask the way - As he was a stranger in the tow.

`Another characteristic feature of participles functioning as adverbials of reason consists in their combinability with negation (no matter what it is expressed by).

I turned back, not knowing where to go.

Even then he hadn't been able to watch her, not having eyes in the back of his head (Кобрина, 1999: 98).

c) The adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances is one of the most characteristic of participle I - it is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. In this case participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the finite verb.

d) Participle I as an adverbial modifier of manner is akin to an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. The difference consists in the fact that an adverbial modifier of manner characterizes the action of the finite verb, whereas that of attendant circumstances denotes a parallel action or event.

- Wait a minute, ' said Hassan, running through the door.

- Being so ill, he can't go back to work yet.

e) Occasionally participle I occurs as an adverbial modifier of comparison, concession or condition.

As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:

He said it as though thinking aloud.

When participle I is used as an adverbial modifier of concession the conjunction is not obligatory and then the idea of concession may be understood from the context. However the conjunction though will make the semantic relationship clearer.

Participle I as predicative: In the position of predicative only non-perfect participle I active occurs, its adjectival character being predominant. Although keeping the form of the participle, it is treated as an adjective, or a deverbal adjective in English.

In Azerbaijani the participle also has a function as simple verbal predicate in a sentence. But in this time sometimes participle loses its function and translated into Azerbaijani as verb.

A cold wind is whistling down the platform.

Soyuq kulak platformda viyildayir (Hasan Mirzayev, 2006: 324).

Participle I as part of the compound verbal predicate: Non-perfect participle I can be part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation. Within this type of predicate participle I follows verbs of sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, to catch, also some causative verbs, such as to keep, to leave in the passive voice.

- They were kept waiting

Jane was heard playing the piano.

Paul was found working in the garden.

Participle I as independent element (parenthesis): In both languages participle has a function of parenthesis in a sentence.

Sozun duzu, mdn heg vaxt bu adami Naxgivanda gormdmi^dm.

As a result I want to noted that English participles are translated into Azerbaijan as participles, as adjectives, as adverbial participles, as verbs, as parenthesis, as a part of simple sentences, as a part of participle constructions.

Conclusion

Language is one of the best inventions of the Universe, which as living organism creates necessary elements by reproducing, modifying and transforming itself in order to express adequately the results of thinking process of human being into surface structure.

Gerund, Infinitive and Participle are important types of schools. grammar phenomena which carry out compensative, additional and duplicating functions concerning to verbs and nouns. The best example of it is Gerund, Infinitive and Participle which improve and strengthen the morphological properties and syntactical functions of the main parts of speech: verb, noun by compensating, adding and substituting the missing properties.

Bibliography

1. Admony, B., “Field nature of parts of speech Guestions of parts of speech.” On different language types of schools. 1968. 345 p.

2. Ilyish B.A. “The structure of modern English”. Moscow-Lenigrad, 1971. 365 p.

3. Gunay Rsfibsyli, ingilis vs Azsrbaycan dillsrinds feili tsrkiblsr, Baki, 2008. 200 p.

4. Hsssn Mirzsyev, “Azsrbaycan dilinds feili sifst vs tssirli-tssirsiz feillsr” Baki, 2006. 560 s.

5. Jesperson O., “The Philosophy of Grammar”. University of Chicago Press; New edition, 1992. 378 p.

6. Kaushanskaya V.L., Kovner, R.L., Kozhevnikova O.N. A grammar of the English language. 1967, 324 p.

7. Ganshina M. and Vasilevskaya N. “English Grammar” Foreign Languages publishing house, Moscow, 1951. 470 p.

8. Oruc Musayev “Ingilis dilinin qrammatikasi” Maarif ns§r. Baki 1986. 368 s.

9. Kazimov Q.§. Muasir Azsrbaycan dili, Morfologiya, [Modern Azerbaijan language, Morphology. Baki, 2010. 339 s.

10. Блох М. Я. “Theoretical grammar of the English language”. М.: Высшая школа, 1983. 383 с.

11. Кобрина Н. А., Корнеева Е. А., Оссовская М. И., Гузеева К. A Grammar of the English language: Morphology. Syntax. 1999. 496 с.

References

1. Admony, B., “Field nature of parts of speech Questions of parts of speech.” On different language types of schools. 1968. 345 p.

2. Ilyish B. A. “The structure of modern English”. Moscow-Lenigrad, 1971. 365 p.

3. Gunay Rsfibsyli, Ingilis vs Azsrbaycan dillsrinds feili tsrkiblsr, [Verbal constructions in English and Azerbaijani languages] Baki. 2008, 200 p. [in Azerbaijani]

4. Hsssn Mirzsyev, “Azsrbaycan dilinds feili sifst vs tssirli-tssirsiz feillsr” [Participles and Intransitive Verbs in the Azerbaijani Language] Baki, 2006, 560 s. [in Azerbaijani]

5. Jesperson O., “The Philosophy of Grammar”. University of Chicago Press; New edition, 1992. 378 p.

6. Kaushanskaya V. L., Kovner, R. L. , Kozhevnikova O. N. A grammar of the English language. 1967. 324 p.

7. Ganshina M. and Vasilevskaya N. “English Grammar” Foreign Languages publishing house. Moscow, 1951. 470 p.

8. Oruc Musayev “Ingilis dilinin qrammatikasi” [English grammar] Maarif ns§r. Baki, 1986. 368 s. [in Azerbaijani]

9. Kazimov Q. §. Muasir Azsrbaycan dili, Morfologiya, [Modern Azerbaijan language, Morphology. Baki, 2010. 339 s. [in Azerbaijani]

10. Blokh M. Ya. Theoretical grammar of the English language. М.: Vyissh. shkola, 1983. 383 p.

11. Kobrina N. A., Korneeva E. A., Ossovskaya M. I., Guzeeva K. A Grammar of the English language: Morphology. Syntax. 1999. 496 p.

Размещено на Allbest.ru