Old English composita with Leod, Liud in structural and chronological terms (against germanic background)

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Odessa South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky

Old English composita with leod, liud in structural and chronological terms (against germanic background)

Alexander I. Iliadi, Doctor of philological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation, Theoretical and Applied Linguistics

Odessa



Summary

The paper focuses on the study of historical-linguistic research of OE anthroponyms-composites with Anglo-Saxon leod, liud. The topicality of this paper is determined by a lack of attention to research in field of Old English historical anthroponymy. The purpose of study is the description of structural types of anthroponymic composites with component leod, liud. The objeet of the research is Nomina Personalia nouns, taken from Anglo-Saxon monuments of V-X cent. AD, which are formed by the way of compounding. Morphological and lexical-semantic peculiarities of OE proper nouns, and their common nouns counterparts, as well as reconstructed proto-germanic prototypes constitute the subject of the investigation. As a result of our research, structural types of Anlo-Saxon anthroponyms with liud / leod are described; Relative Chronology of analysed compound proper names is defined, which determined reconstruction of Proto-Germanic prototypes for oldest anthroponymic compounds; morphological and semantical peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon dithematic anthroponyms are highlighted. Conclusions. Old English reflexes of Proto-Germanic *leudi- in anthroponymic composites are attested only as prepositive determinatives with a postpositive defined word. *Leudi- belongs to the nuclear components in the Proto-Germanic system of creating dithematic names. Old English testifies to the loss of reflexes *leudi- the ability to be a definable member in innovative anthroponymic composites and, possibly, the loss of the Proto-Germanic anthroponymic heritage with traces of their post-positive usage. The ratio in the pair «Old English innovation VS Proto-Germanic archaism» for names with liud/leod is 4 : 28 units. According to the morphological classification of Old English and Old Sahson composites, their oldest layer shows the determinative and possessive specificity of the combination of parts with a small number of cases of coordination of exponents. Perspectives for further research is to uncover the system of structurally and etymologically identical dithematical anthroponyms in onomastic vocabulary of Slavic and Baltic languages and comparative analyses of their cultural semantics.

Key words: Old English, Old Saxon, anthroponym, composite, lexeme, prototype, morphology.



Анотація

ІЛІАДІ Олександр Іванович,

доктор філологічних наук, доцент кафедри перекладу і теоретичної та прикладної лінгвістики факультету іноземних мов Південноукраїнського національного педагогічного університету імені К. Д. Ушинського; вул. Старопортофранківська, 34, 65020, Одеса, Україна

ДАВНЬОАНГЛІЙСЬКІ COMPOSITA З LEOD, LIUD У СТРУКТУРНОМУ ТА ХРОНОЛОГІЧНОМУ АСПЕКТАХ (НА ГЕРМАНСЬКОМУ ТЛІ)

Стаття присвячена історико-мовному дослідженню давньоанглійських двочленних антропонімів із англосакським leod, liud. Актуальність студії зумовлена стрімким згасанням уваги до такої важливої галузі лексикології давньоанглійської мови, як історична антропонімія. Мета розвідки -- опис структурних типів антропонімічних композитів із експонентом leod, liud. Об'єкт -- вилучені з англо-сакських документів V-X ст. дитематичні Nomina Personalia. Предмет-- морфологічні та лексико-семантичні характеристики давньоанглійських особових імен і їхніх апелятивних відповідників, а також реконструйовані прагерманські прототипи. Результати дослідження: опис структурних типів англо-сакських антропонімів із liud / leod; установлення відносної хронології двочленних антропонімів, що зумовило реконструкцію прагерманських архетипів для найдавніших із них; опис морфологічних і семантичних характеристик аналізованих двоосновних особових імен. Висновки. Давньоанглійські рефлекси прагерманського * leu6i- в антропонімічних композитах засвідчені лише як препозитивні детермінативи з постпозитивним означуваним словом. Прагерм. * leudi- належить до ядерних компонентів прагерманської системи творення дитематичних імен. Давньоанглійська свідчить про втрату здатності рефлексів * leudi- бути означуваним членом в інноваційних антропонімічних композитах і, можливо, про втрату прагерманської антропонімічної спадщини зі слідами їх постпозитивного використання. Співвідношення в парі «давньоанглійська інновація VS прагерманський архаїзм» для імен із liud / leod становить 4 : 28 одиниць. Відповідно до морфологічної класифікації давньоанглійських і давньосакських композитів, їхній найдавніший прошарок демонструє означальну та присвійну специфіку поєднання частин із невеликою кількістю випадків координації експонентів. Перспективою подальших досліджень є виявлення системи структурно та етимологічно ідентичних дитематичних антропонімів в ономастичній лексиці слов'янських і балтійських мов та порівняльний аналіз їхньої культурної семантики.

Ключові слова: давньоанглійський, давньосакський, антропонім, композит, лексема, прототип, морфологія.



Introduction

Formulation of the problem. The paradigm of dithematic (two-component) personal names is a significant part of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) onomasticon (to avoid terminological confusion Saxon (саксонський) & Sahson (сакський), the term Sahson is used here as the name of the language of the Germans, who, together with the Angles and the Jutes, took part in the English ethnogenesis). Being an archaic lexical group, formed during the existence of moral, legal and religious norms, different from modern ones, composite anthroponyms reproduce semantic and ideological cliches, according to which wishful and protective (defensive) Nomina Personalia were «constructed» in the Old English and earlier periods, which is important to study the history of the language. And even more: each of them represents a compactification of the corresponding word combination, so the determination or reconstruction of basic (generating) for such composites of microtexts with a certain ideological load seem to be scientifically justified. Cultural and linguistic information condensed or preserved in the composition of two-base names is a linguistic object that is difficult to overestimate, therefore any studies aimed at its description and analysis will be relevant, especially since modern domestic and foreign linguistics does not pay due attention to this line of work, which is an urgent problem of comparative-historical linguistics and language history studies. For example, there are still no monographic descriptions of a number of Old English two-basic anthroponyms with exponents-carriers of cultural (ethical, legal, social, religious and mythological, magical) semantics, such as hred/hrod, wdele/edele, [e]alh/healh, wulf, tir, god, etc., the use of which for the creation of personal names was regulated by a set of rules: 1) the position (prae- VS post-) of the exponent, which determined its status as an attributive or nuclear (main) part of the composite; 2) combinatorial properties (valence, semantic conjugation) of the nuclear exponent; 3) the grammatical semantics of the syntactic unit (phrase or sentence), on the basis of which a two-component personal name was formed; 4) semantic and ideological cliches.

As in many other units of this structural category, the nuclear component here is capable of occupying both a pre- and a postposition in regard to another lexical base that is involved in creating a certain cultural meaning (cf. the experience of describing another component in: [2, p. 84-91]). And since we are talking about a very archaic layer of the English namelist, a significant part of which is inherited from the Proto-Germanic era, such cultural meanings are not always clearly recognized, including due to the vagueness of grammatical connections, grammatical homonymy, which cannot be avoided due to the combination of two bases (this problem is particularly relevant in the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic anthroponymy, cf: [4, p. 88]). Only the reconstruction of the microtext (phrase or short sentence reproduced in the language of law or poetic language; see, e.g., in: [24]), which is the basis of the an- throponym, can shed light on the semantics of the composite.



Aims and objectives

The purpose of our study is to describe the structural types of anthroponymic Old English composites with the exponent liud/leod `people, nation', `one of the people', which involves determination of syntactic correlates for binomial personal names, chronological stratification of composites and their morphological characteristics. The object of the research is Old English two-base anthroponyms with the indicated exponent, extracted from the texts written in Old English and Latin from the Heptarchy era (around 500 -- mid IXth century AD). The morphological features of the Anglo-Saxon Nomina Propria, their full-lexical counterparts from other Germanic languages, and the lexical and semantic features of the appellatives (common names) involved for their explanation are directly analyzed. anthroponymic composite lexical semantic

Reference to previous studies

Some Old Germanic anthroponymic composites from Proto-Germanic *leudi- were the object of consideration in R. Ferguson's [11, p. 330-331] and T. V. Toporova [4] monographs. Currently, there are no special studies focused on highlighting the structural and semantic features of binomial personal names with Anglo-Saxon leod, liud or their equivalents in other Germanic languages, but there are studies in etymology and comparative-historical linguistics, which homogeneous lexemes from the vocabulary of Slavic and Baltic languages are analyzed, including composites from Proto-Slavic *l'ud- [5, p. 190-206], Baltic *leud- [29, p. 71, 72].

Analysis of the latest research and publications

Due to the lack of systematic professional descriptions of the paradigm of personal names mentioned above, the attempt to cover the history of the issue seems hopeless. Separate conclusions (variants of reconstruction, interpretation of the semantics of composites, comparison of words) of other monographic works related to our study are included to the analysis as necessary in the process of working with the material.

The main part

An interesting component of Anglo-Saxon anthroponymic composites is the lexeme OE leod, -es, OS liud masc. `man', (poet.) `prince', `people', `nation', `people of the country', `country', leod, -e fem. `people, ethnic group, race, territory occupied by people', `country', leoda, -an masc. `man', `one of the nation or country' [7, p. 629, 630; 19, p. 133; 31, p. 322; 8, p. 324]. It would seem that the possibilities of the lexeme with the meaning `people' are a priori significantly semantically limited in terms of creating personal names, but the spectrum of cultural concepts expressed by anthroponyms with our exponent is wider than previously expected. Thus, in anthroponymic word formation it turned out to be significantly less productive, e.g., than the already known (see [17]) wald, weald, whose ability to generate new nomens (add other components or join other words) has practically no analogues among lexemes, which participated in the creation of Old English two-root personal names (with some exceptions, such as, for example, adel (apel), berht, rad, wulf). However, as a lexical base for anthrop- onyms related to the field of words with the meaning `nation, ethnos', `people', OE leod, OS liud still shows significant word-forming activity, since the sum of composite derivatives from leod, liud (31 units) is actually equal to the number of appellative derivatives with this base (32 units), cf.: land-leoda, leod-bealu, leod-biscop (leod-bisceop), leod-burh (burh-leod, burg-leoda), leod-bygene, leod-cyning (leod- king), leod-fruma, leod-geard, leod-gebyrga, leod-geld, leod-gepyncp, leod-gewinn, leod-gryre, leod-hata, leod-hete, leod-hryre, leod-hwat, leod-mag, leod-magen, leod-mearc, leod-cwide (leod-quide), leod-riht, leod-rune, leod-scearu, leod-sceada, leod-scipe (leod-scype, leod bisceope), leod-stefn, leod-peaw, leod- weard, leod-wer, leod-werod, leod-wita (leod-witan, pl.), leod-wynn [7, p. 629, 630; 10, p. 266, 540, 612; 31, p. 51, 70, 71, 76, 89, 166, 322; 27, p. 38, 82, 84, 88, 133, 136, 143, 146, 196, 227; 19, p. 133]. By the way, almost all of them belong to either legal or social terminology, and this once again confirms the close connection of the category of composite personal names with the language of religion and law.

From the samples of poetic and legal microtexts, on the basis of which the following personal dithe- matic names were formed, we give:

«cw*6 ^*t he moste freolice 6a heofonlican lare his leode bodian» [28, p. 50] ~ Leod-bod, Le- ot-bod [25, p. 325];

«... blodig *tywan, ^am burh-leodum, huhyre^tbeaduwegespeow», «Nu ic gumena gehw^ne, ^yssa burg-leoda, biddan wylle ...» [27, p. 136] ~ Leod-burh [25, p. 325];

«Pvs que^ Alured englene frouer. wolde ye mi leode lusten eure louerde» [21, p. 147] ~ Leo- do-valdus [26, p. 565], liod-uald, liod-walding, IX century. [26, p. 170, 492] etc.

Composites with leod, liud in preposition

Liud-bald, Leod-beald: OE Leodbeald, OS Liutbald, Litpold [25, p. 325];

Liud-berht, Leod-beorht: OE Leod-beorht (liodberct), IX century. [26, p. 156, 157, 159, 163, 532, 623], OS liodbercht, IX century [26, p. 165], Liutpreht [25, p. 325];

Leod-boda: Leodbod, Leotbod [25, p. 325];

Liud-brand, Leod-brand: OE Leodbrand, OS Liutprand [25, p. 325];

Liud-burg, Leod-burh: OE Leodburh, OS Liutbirga [25, p. 325];

Leod-fl®d: Leoflad [10, p. 337], Leodflad, Letfled [25, p. 325];

Leod-frty: Leod-frip (liutfrith), liodfrith [26, p. 165, 501], Leodfrith, Leutfredus, Leufredus [25, p. 325];

Liud-gard, Leod-geard: OE «of readdan wille to Lydgeardes broge; of Lidgeardes beorge to Tat- monnes apoldre», Lidegeard, Lidgerd, Lidgeard [9: V, p. 103, 144, 145, 156, 157, 313], Liuthgerth, Leodgeard, OS Liudgardis [25, p. 325, 339];

Liud-ger, Leod-g®r: Leodegarius [16, p. 81], OE Leodgar, Lutegar, OS Liutgerus [25, p. 325];

Leod-glsel: Leodgisl, Leodegisillus [25, p. 325];

Leod-grim: Leodgrim [25, p. 325];

Liud-hard, Leod-heard: Leod-heard, liud-hardo, 736 («Vespasian Psalter», Mercia [26, p. 134, 486, 623]), Lethardus (Liudhard), Letardus [25, p. 337, 325, 337, 339, 566];

Liud-heri, Leod-here: OS Liuthari [9: I, p. 14], OE Leodhere, Leotherus [25, p. 325], Loderus [25, p. 326];

Liud-hildi, Leod-hild: OE Leodhild, OS Liuthild [25, p. 326];

Leod-hr®fn: Leodrafen [25, p. 326] = *Leod-hrafn;

Liud-ketil, Leod-cytel: OS Ludichel, OE Leodcytel (?) [25, p. 340];

Leod-m®re: Leodmar, Ledmar, Letmarus [25, p. 326];

Liud-man, Leod-mann: OS Liutman, OE Leodman, Ledman [25, p. 326];

Liud-mod, Leod-mod: OE Leodmod, OS Liutmod [25, p. 326];

Leod-mund: Leodmund [25, p. 326];

Liud-no^, Leod-no^: OE Leodnoth, OS Liutnot [25, p. 326];

Leod-r®d: Leodridan [9: II, p. 112], Leodred, Laidredus [25, p. 326];

Liud-rlki, Leod-rlce: OE Leodric, OS Ludri [25, p. 326];

Liud-runa, Leod-run: OE Leodrun, OS Liutrun [25, p. 326];

Leod-swty: Leodswith [25, p. 326];

Liud-^ry^, Leod-^ry^: OE Leodthryth, OS Liutdruda [25, p. 326];

Liud-wald, Leod-weald: OE Leod-weald (liod-ald), lioduald, liodwalding, IX century. [26, p. 170, 492], Leodovaldus [26, p. 565], OS Liudweald [25, p. 566];

Liud-ward, Leod-weard: OS Liutwarth, Leduardus, OE Leodweard [25, p. 326, 565];

Liud-wlg, Leod-wlg: OE Leodwig, Ledwi, OS Ludi [25, p. 326];

Leod-wine: Leod-wine (lioduini) [26, p. 166, 507], Leodwine, Leodowinus, Ledwinus, Lodowinus, Ledwin [25, p. 326, 565];

Liud-wulf, Leod-wulf: Leodwulf, Leodulf, Ludolf, Ludolfus [25, p. 326], Leothulf [25, p. 565].

In addition to anthroponymic composites with leod, liud, the «pure» personal name Luda was used in Old English and Old Sahson nouns [10, p. 132], cf. Ludi nomen viri, Ludo nomen viri [25, p. 340] is quite likely abstracted from the composition of these composites, since this appellative is hardly possible by itself as a primary name due to specific semantics. Therefore, the probable direction of the evolution of the structure Luda, Ludi, Ludo is modeled as «composite-nomen with Leod-, Liud-» ^ «hypocoristic Lud(-a/-i/-o)» (hypocoristic is a shortened form of the full (official) name). This conclusion is supported by the reference («See») Ludi to Ludig, Leodwig in W. G. Searle's dictionary [25, p. 340].

Ancient Slavic personal names composites with Proto-Slavic *l'ud-, genetically identical to Proto-Germanic *leudiz, also underwent reduction, cf. hypocoristization of Proto-Slavic reflexes *Ludbmi- la, *L'udimila, *L'udbmila, *Ludomila = Людмила as Люда in the East Slavic onomasticon, as well as the Czech old personal name *Lid(a) < *L'ud(a), which is derivational base for the toponym Lid-ice ~ Lid-mir-ov, Polish Lud-mierz [20, p. 43].

Composites with leod, liud in postposition

The material collected today does not show cases of post-positive use of OS liud, OE leod in composites, but this does not mean that it is fundamentally impossible for liud, leod to complete their structure. The historical onomasticon of ancient Germanic monuments gives examples of dithematic personal names with reflexes of Proto-Germanic *leudiz in the second part, cf., e.g., OHG Adal-leod, Eo-liud, Wini-liut (?), Vulfo-leud, Ulf-leudis ([12, p. 857]: «In general, it is indisputable to OHG liut `people'»). Let's pay attention to the last two forms, which are correlated with OS Ludolf, OE Leodwulf according to the principle of varying the position of the reflexes *leudiz and *wulfaz in composites with a mirror arrangement of parts. So, when the Anglo-Saxon namelist had an active relation of the type Wald-olf VS Wulf-wold (and it is attested by many examples), there are no serious obstacles for the reconstruction of a similar Anglo-Saxon pair with *leudiz, i.e. -- Lud-olf, Leod-wulf VS *Wulf-liud, *Wulf-leod.

Structure of anthroponymic composites with leod, liud

from the point of view of chronology

Proto-Germanic stratum:

*Leu6i-batyaz: Leod-beald, Liut-bald, Lit-pold [25, p. 325], OHG Liut-bald, 1051, 1054, Lu- th-bald, 1056 [12, p. 860, 861] = «[With] the people he is brave».

*Leu6i-berhtaz: Leod-beorht (liodberct), IX c. [26, p. 156, 157, 159, 163, 532, 623], liodbercht, IX c. [26, p. 165], Liut-preht [25, p. 325], OHG Liud-berct, 806 [12, p. 862] = «[With] the people he is bright».

*Leu6i-bran6az: Leod-brand, Liut-prand [25, p. 325] ~ brand, brond `torch', `flame' and metaphorically -- ` sword' [7, p. 120], OHG Liut-brand, Liut-brant, Liut-prand, Liut-prant [12, p. 864], Old Danish Liuth-brand, (in documents of the 15th century) Lydha-brand, Lyda-brand [22, p. 61] = «[Which] the nation's sword [has]», cf. Proto-Germanic *Harja-brandaz `[Which] the army's sword [has]]' [4, p. 51].

*Leu6i-bu6on: Leod-bod, Leot-bod [25, p. 325] with OE boda, -an, OS bodo `envoy, ambassador', `messenger', `herald' [7, p. 114] in postposition. That is, «Messenger of the People».

*Leu6i-bur3[a]z: Leod-burh, Liut-birga [25, p. 325], OHG Liut-burg [12, p. 865] = «[Who] the protection of people [has]», cf. with a variant first part of Proto-Germanic *Peuda-burgo fem. `[Which] nation's protection [has]' [4, p. 62].

*Leu6i-fri^uz: Leod-frip (liutfrith), liodfrith [26, p. 165, 501], Leod-frith, Leut-fredus, Leu-fredus [25, p. 325], OHG Liut-frid, Liud-frid, Liut-frith, Liut-frit [12, p. 865], Goth Leude-fred ([6, p. 10]: liudi-friths) = «[Which] people's protection [has]», cf. *Peuda-friduz `т. с.' [4, p. 19].

*Leu6i-gar6az/*Leu6i-gar6iz: Leod-geard, Liuth-gerth, Liud-gardis [25, p. 325, 339] ~ OE geard `fence' [7, p. 367], OHG Liud-gardis, Liud-gard, Lut-gart [12, p. 867], Old Danish Liuth-gerth, Lyd- gerdis [22, p. 61] = «[Which] people's protection/fence [has]», cf. correlate with the variant prepositive part *Peuda-gardjo `[Which] fence of the people [has]' [4, p. 62].

*Leu6i-gastiz: OHG Liudi-gast, Leud-astes [12, p. 868] ~ OHG gast `stranger, foreigner', `guest' [14: IV, p. 268] = «Guest to the tribe», «[For] the people a stranger».

*Leu6i-gtslaz: Leod-gisl, Leode-gisillus [25, p. 325] ~ OE gisel, gysel `pledge', `hostage' [7, p. 478], OHG Leude-gisil, Leudo-ghisil, Leode-gisil [12, p. 868] ~ OHG gisal, gisil `hostage' [14: IV, p. 266267] = «Hostage of the people», cf. semantically close and identical in terms of the second component of Proto-Germanic *Peuda-geislaz `hostage of the people ' [4, p. 32].

*Leu6i-gremmaz: Leod-grim [25, p. 325], OHG Leut-grim, Liu-crim [12, p. 868] ~ OE, OS adj. grim `cruel, merciless', `fierce, wild', `terrible `frightful, dreadful' [7, p. 489], OHG grimm `rough, wild', `fierce', `cruel, pitiless', `harsh', `horrible' [14: IV, p. 323] = «[With] the people is fierce».

*Leu6i-har6uz: Leod-heard, liud-hardo, 736 («Psalter of Vespasian» or «Vespasian's Psalter», Mercia) -- a Frankish name [26, p. 134, 486, 623], Let-hardus (Liud-hard), Let-ardus [25, p. 337, 325, 337, 339, 566], OHG Liud-hard, Liut-hard, Liut-hart, the second part of which is etymological through OHG hart, Goth hardus `hard', `rigid' [12, p. 604, 868, 869], OE heard, OS hard `hard', `strict' [7, p. 521] = «[Who] has the severity of the people]».

*Leu6i-harjaz: Leod-here, Leot-herus, Liut-hari [25, p. 325], Lod-erus [25, p. 326], Old Danish Liut-ar [22, p. 62], Ost-Gothic Leut-eris, OHG Liut-hari ([4, p. 30]: *Leud-harjaz), Liud-har, Liut- heri, Liut-here [12, p. 869, 870] = «[Who] the army of the people [has]», cf. with variant first part of Proto-Germanic *Peuda-harjaz `the same' [4, p. 19].

*Leu6i-hel6iz: Leod-hild, Liut-hild [25, p. 326] ~ OE hild, gen. hilde fem. the poetic word `war, fight, battle' [7, p. 535], OS hildi `the same' [23, p. 168], OHG Liut-hilt, Leut-hildis ~ hilti `war', `fight' [12, p. 871; 14: IV, p. 912], Old Danish Liut-hild [22, p. 62] = «[Who] the battle of the people [has]». Cf. with the initial *peuda- Proto-Germanic *Peuda-heldjo fem. `[Which] the battle of the people [has]', as well as the ideologically identical to Proto-Germanic *Peuda-hapun «[Which] the battle of the people [has]» [4, p. 32, 62].

*Leu6i-hrabnaz: Leod-rafen [25, p. 326] = *Leod-hrafn ~ OE hrafn `raven' [7, p. 555] = «The raven of the people». The same name is preserved in Old High German, cf. OHG Liut-hram, Liut-heran- nus, Liut-ram, Liut-ran, Liut-hram, Leudo-chramnus, Leudo-cramnus, Leud-ramnus, fem. Leod-ram- na [12, p. 705-706, 871]. On the reconstruction of the prototype of the second part, see: [3: І, p. 239; 23, p. 182-183; 18, p. 240].

*Leu6i-mannz: Leod-man, Liut-man, Led-man [25, p. 326], OHG Liud-man, Liut-man, NHG Lie- de-mann, Litt-mann, Lude-mann [12, p. 872] = «Man of the people», cf. with an alternative initial component of Proto-Germanic *Peuda-mannz `the same' [4, p. 63].

*Leu6i-merjaz: Leod-mar, Led-mar, Let-marus [25, p. 326], Leod-m&r, Burg Leudo-marus, OHG Leut-mar ([4, p. 30]: *Leud-meris `glorious by the people'), Leudo-mar, Leud-mar [12, p. 872] = «[In] the people glorified, famous», cf. Proto-Germanic *Peuda-meris `glorious by the people' [4, p. 19, 30].

*Leu6i-mo6az: Leod-mod, Liut-mod [25, p. 326], OHG Liut-mod, Luith-mod, where -mod is identified with OHG mot, muot `spirit', `mind', `courage' [12, p. 872, 932] = «[Who] has the spirit of the people]».

*Leu6i-munduz: Leod-mund [25, p. 326], OHG Liut-mund, Leut-mund [12, p. 872] = «[Who] the protection of the people [has]», cf. variant Proto-Germanic *Peuda-mundus `the same' [4, p. 20].

*Leu6i-nan^az (?): Leod-noth, Liut-not [25, p. 326], OHG Liut-nand, NHG Leute-nant ([12, p. 872, 949]: -nand, -nanth ~ Goth nanpjan `to dare, to venture') ~ OE nop `audacity', `impudence', `courage', also as a component, often used in the composition of proper personal names ([7, p. 726]; also in the spelling OE nod, OS -nath, -noth), OHG -nand, Goth -nanp-s [15, p. 238; 3: II, p. 77-78]. Thus, «[That] courage of the people [has]», cf. *Peuda-nandas `т. с.' [4, p. 33].

Cf. also OE Mthel-nothus episcopus, Wig-nothus episcopus, Cel-nothus archiepiscopus Dorobornen- sis, the same Cal-noth [10, p. 61, 86, 106].

*Leu6i-re6az: Leod-red, Laid-redus [25, p. 326], OHG Liud-rad, Luid-rat, Liut-rad, Liute-rat, Liut-rat [12, p. 872] = «[That] advice of the people [has]», cf. with another prepositive component *Peuda-redas `the same' [4, p. 33].

*Leu6i-rIkjaz: Leod-ric, Lud-ri [25, p. 326], OHG Liuti-ric, Liud-ric, Liut-rih ~ OHG richi `strong, powerful', `rich' [12, p. 873, 1036] = «[With] the people potent is» with variant Proto-Germanic *Peu- da-rtkas `that is mighty by the people' [4, p. 20].

*Leu6i-runo: Leod-run, Liut-run [25, p. 326], OHG Liut-run ~ runa `secret' [12, p. 873, 1062] ~ OE run `secret', `rune', `letter', `whisper', `credit', `advice', OS runa `advice' [7, p. 804]. On the archetype of the postpositive part, see: [3: ІІ, p. 102; 23, p. 310]. In general -- «[Who] [keeps] the secret of the people]», cf. similar in terms of ideology, identical in terms of the second component *Peuda-runo > OHG Theode-runa ~ Goth piuda `tribe, people' [12, p. 1062, 1157].

*Leu6i-swin^az, *Leu6i-sun6az: Leod-swith [25, p. 326], OHG Liud-suind, Liut-swind, Liut-su- ind, Liut-swint ~ OHG suind `strong, frious', `cruel', `severe' [12, p. 873, 874] = «[With] the people is strong».

*Leu6i-waldaz: Leod-weald (liod-ald), lioduald, liodwalding IX c. [26, p. 170, 492], Leodo-valdus [26, p. 565], Liud-weald [25, p. 566], OHG Liudo-ald, Leudo-vald [12, p. 874] = «[Who] rules over the people», cf. analogous to another first component Proto-Germanic *Peuda-waldas `the same' [4, p. 63].

*Leu6i-war6az: Leod-weard, Liut-warth, Led-uardus [25, p. 326, 565], OHG Liud-ward, Liut- ward, Liut-wart ~ wart `guard', `keeper', `protector' [12, p. 874, 875, 1262], Old Icelandic Lid-vardr, Old Danish *Liut-warth [22, p. 62] ~ OE weard `guard', `protector', `sentry', `keeper', `custodian ', `ruler', `magnate', OS ward `вартовий', `опікун' [7, p. 1176]. About the archetype of the second part, see: [3: ІІ, p. 232; 23, p. 448; 18, p. 574]. So, «The people's protector/protector».

*Leu6i-weniz: Leod-wine (lioduini) [26, p. 166, 507], Leod-wine, Leodo-winus, Led-winus, Lo- do-winus, Led-win [25, p. 326, 565], OHG Liut-win, Leut-win, Leodo-win, NHG Leut-wein ~ OHG wini `friend' [12, p. 876, 1315] = «A friend of the people».

*Leu6i-wl3az: Leod-wig, Led-wi, Ludi [25, p. 326], OHG Liudo-wicus, Liud-wig, Liut-wig, Liut- wic ~ OHG wtg `battle' [12, p. 875, 1291], OFrank Liude-wig ([13, p. 34]: next to nouns with the preposition hlud = hlup, hlop) ~ OE, OS wtg `battle', `war', `fighting force' [7, p. 1219-1220] = «[Who] fights with the people».

*Leu6i-wulfaz: Leod-wulf, Leod-ulf, Lud-olf, Lud-olfus, Leoth-ulf [25, p. 326, 565], OHG Liud-ulf, NHG Lud-olff [12, p. 876, 877], Old Icelandic Ljot-olfr, Old Danish Liut-ulw, Lyd-ulf, OSwed. Suen Liuth-ulf sun [22, p. 61, 62] = «A wolf to the people», cf. *Peuda-wulbas `the same' [4, p. 20].

Later formations:

Leo-flad [10, p. 337], Leod-flad, Let-fled [25, p. 325] ~ -flwd `beauty' [15, p. 106]. *Leu6i-

fl*6az or *Leu6i-fle6az? Comparison with OHG flat `purity', `refinement', MHG vlat `beauty' see.: [11, p. 393; 30, p. 132], cf. other OE names-composites with the same exponent in postposition: Mdel-flad and variants Mpel-flad, Mpal-flad, 'pel-fled; Wyn-flad [10, p. 134, 136, 140, 153, 175, 282]. Old

Frankish anthroponym also shows the position of the second part for the named exponent Aude-fleda [30, p. 132]. So, «[That] the beauty of the people [has]»;

Leod-gar, Lute-gar, Leode-garius, Liut-gerus [25, p. 325] ~ gwr, gear, ger `year' [7, p. 357, 428] = «?» (Proto-Germanic *Leu6i-j*ran?);

Ludi-chel, Leod-cytel (?) [25, p. 340] ~ OE cytel, citel, cetel, OS ketil `cauldron', `bronze or copper cauldron, cauldron, copper' [7, p. 191]. Obviously, the name contains a reference to the practice of ritual use of cauldrons in the culture of ancient Germanic ethnic groups, examples of which are known from historical sources, mythology, for example, from the «Life of St. Columbanus», VII century (cauldron for sacrifices to the god Wodan in the Suevi tribe), «Songs about Hymir (Hymiskvi6a)» (cauldron that the aces took from Hymir), etc. The cult role of this reality is confirmed by personal names such as OE

Os-cytel, ON As-ketill, Thor-ketill, which denote a cauldron ritually dedicated to the gods (Aces) or to the god Thor himself. Further, cf. a nomen that is actually a designation of a mythological reality -- a cauldron, the sacred vessel of the god of thunder: OE Thur-kytel, Tur-ketulus, ON Thor-ketill [1, p. 209, 210, 217, 403, 409]. Regarding other examples, cf. Old Norse Nomina Personalia: Ketil-bjgrn, Ketil-ormr, Blund-ketill, Brun-ketill [30, p. 307]. So, our anthroponym is, in fact -- «[Who] the people's sacrificial cauldron [has, holds]»;

Leod-thryth, Liut-druda [25, p. 326] = «[Who] the power of the people [has]» (Proto-Germanic *Leu6i-fcrufciz?).

Morphology of dithematic anthroponyms

with leod, liud

Determinative composites

Composites with government (tatpurusa)

Them. subst. + subst.: *Leu6i-bu6on «Messenger of the people», *Leu6i-gastiz «Guest to the tribe», «[To] the people a stranger», *Leu6i-gIslaz «Hostage of the people», *Leu6i-mannz «Man of the people», *Leu6i-hrabnaz «Crow of the people», *Leu6i-war6az «The guardian/defender of the people», *Leu6i-wulfaz «The wolf of the people».

Them. subst. + adj.: *Leu6i-batyaz «[With] the people brave is», *Leu6i-berhtaz «[With] the people bright is», *Leu6i-gremmaz «[With] the people fierce is», *Leu6i-merjaz «[With] the people glorified, famous is», *Leu6i-rIkjaz «[With] the people powerful is», *Leu6i-swin^az, *Leu6i-sun6az «[With] the people strong is».

Them. subst. + Them. verb.: *Leu6i-waldaz «[Who] rules over the people», *Leu6i-wIgaz «[Who] fights with the people».

Possessive composites (bahuvrthi)

Possessive tatpurusa: *Leu6i-bran6az «[Which] people's sword [has]», *Leu6i-burg[a]z «[Who] the people's protection [has]», *Leu6i-fl*6az or *Leu6i-fle6az «[Who] the beauty of the people [has]», *Leu6i-fri^uz «[Which] people's protection [has]», *Leu6i-gar6az «[Which] the people's protection/ fence [has]», *Leu6i-har6uz «[Who] the people's harshness [has]», *Leu6i-harjaz «[Who] the people's army [has]», *Leu6i-hel6iz «[Who] the people's battle [has]», *Leu6i-mo6az «[Who] the people's spirit [has]», *Leu6i-munduz «[Who] the protection of the people [has]», *Leu6i-nan^az «[Which] the people's courage [has]», *Leu6i-re6az «[Which] the people's advice [has]», *Leu6i-runo «[Who] the people's secret [has = keeps]», *Leu6i-^ru^iz «[Who] the people's power/powers [has]».

Conclusions. Preliminary observations of the structural organization of the considered anthrop- onymic composites indicate a high degree of valence of liud/leod exponents, which resulted in the formation of a solid number of cultural meanings behind each name. Old English reflexes of Proto-Germanic *leudi- in anthroponymic composites are attested only as prepositive determinatives with a postpositive defined word. However, in view of the cases of postpositive use of *leudi- in two-part personal names of other Old Germanic languages, we have reason to assert that *leudi- belongs to the nuclear components in the Proto-Germanic system of creating dithematic names. Old English testifies to the loss of reflexes *leudi- the ability to be a definable member in innovative anthroponymic composites and, possibly, the loss of the Proto-Germanic anthroponymic heritage with traces of their post-positive usage.

The experience of chronological stratification of Old English personal names-composites with liud/ leod allows us to talk about the conservation among them of a significant layer of Proto-Germanic fully formed units. The ratio in the pair «Old English innovation VS Proto-Germanic archaism» for names with liud/leod is 4 : 28 units. So, in general, we can talk about the high level of preservation of the ancient Germanic namelist by the ancestors of modern Englishmen, which testifies to the strength of naming traditions in their society, the hereditary nature of cultural ideologemes, encoded in old names and formed by their example of new ones.

According to the morphological classification of Old English and Old Sahson composites, their oldest layer shows the determinative and possessive specificity of the combination of parts with a small number of cases of coordination of exponents.

Perspectives for further research. The perspective for further research is to uncover the system of structurally and etymologically identical dithematical anthroponyms in onomastic vocabulary of Slavic and Baltic languages and comparative analyses of their cultural semantics.



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