Theoretical and methodological analysis of Anglo-American borrowings according to modern German dictionaries

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THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO MODERN GERMAN DICTIONARIES

Magherramova Malakhat,

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of German Grammar Azerbaijan State University of Foreign Languages

This article deals with the study of the influence of the English language on the German language. Any language is a complex, dynamic system, a permanently developing living organism. The borrowed vocabulary, entering the language, allows to establish changes and features in its development. The article deals with the main linguistic characteristics of the borrowed units of the modern German language. The thematic distribution of Anglo-American borrowings in the vocabulary of the modern German language has been carried out. The theoretical and methodological analysis of works devoted to this topic made it possible to trace the occurrence of Anglicisms and Americanisms, to determine the historical and social reasons for their introduction into the German language. A review of the theoretical material is made, the central concept of the notion of borrowing is determined. It turns out that the definition is neither simple nor uniform. Categories of borrowed words are described. The article provides a historical overview of foreign influence on the German language. The main attention is focused on the influence of the English language, more precisely on Anglicisms and Americanism. The question of the history of the purist desire for the purity of the language and the possibility of integrating anglicisms into German sat. Empirical research has generated a hypothesis. Anglicisms are divided into different categories and analyzed. The frequency of most anglicisms and their distribution in the semantic field, the most common thematic groups, and areas of activity where they are most often found have been established. The purpose of the work is to determine which borrowed words prevail. In conclusion, the study presents thematic groups of the most common Anglicisms and Americanisms. In addition, the article raises the question of the causes and consequences of the borrowing process. Historical course, the impact of the global pandemic, gender issues, scientific and technological progress.

The Duden dictionaries are analyzed as a source of presenting the modern German language. The results of the work showed that the process of borrowing vocabulary in German from English is the most intensive for the entire period of borrowing.

Key words: languages interaction, lexicon, boundaries of influence, hybrid borrowing, pseudo-anglicisms.

linguistic characteristics borrowed units anglicisms americanisms german language

Problem statement. Since the Middle Ages, Latin has had a major influence on the German language. Over time, French, a very important language in terms of culture and politics in the 17th century had a strong influence on German. In the second half of the 17th century, England came to the fore. The country became the political and economic model for all of Europe. Consequently, it was in economics that many words were borrowed from the English language [1]. It should be noted that in Germany there have always been efforts against the influence of foreign languages. In the 17th century resistance first emerged, mainly against the French language. The efforts of the purists were aimed at preserving the self-identity of the German language. According to Gurley Math [2, p. 125], the emergence of aggressive purism was more of a political than a linguistic nature. Today, the fight against foreign words in German today is very moderate. According to the degree of integration, we distinguish: “integrated”, “partially integrated” and “non-integrated” borrowings. In the process of integration of borrowings, a very important role is given to phonology, orthography, and morphology. Only some words are introduced into the German language unchanged, for example, words like sexy or easy. The rest of the loanwords are adapted. This article analyzes the graphical and morphological adaptations of Anglicisms and Americanisms in Germany and their thematic groups.

Analysis of recent research and publications. Many linguists have already tried to define the term “Anglicism”. For example, Wikipedia [3] refers to this phenomenon as a borrowed word from the English Dagmar Schutte. Many authors analyze neologisms and pseudo-Anglicisms, stressing that a word is considered an Anglicism regardless of whether it occurs in English [4]. Onisco A. believes that Anglicism is a borrowed word from British or American English, or an unusual compound inherent in the British or American language [5]. It should be noted at once that the definition of a loanword is extremely complex. Hunt J., for example, writes about the blurred boundaries between the influences of language and culture, as well as about the transformations of the host languages [6, p. 26]. Many linguists do not distinguish between British and American English. In this perspective, Schaefer S. holds the view that the most recent borrowings have come from American English. Since almost all languages succumb to the direct influence of English, thus many hybrid languages have emerged, such as Jer- mish, Danglish, or Spanglish [7, p. 81]. A separate place is given to works describing the reasons for the integration of Anglicisms. The reasons for their integration are divided into “extra-linguistic factors” and “intralinguistic factors”. Extra-linguistic factors include, for example, the development of the economy, technology, and culture of the United States. Colipulu M. in his works refers to the phenomenon of the “American way of life”. He speaks of the “American boom” because the English language is associated with freedom, progress, and modernity [8, p. 207].

Intralingual factors include accuracy since it is sometimes impossible to completely replace English expressions with German ones. In addition, the desire to avoid taboo words, which scientists call the “softening effect” [9, с. 590]. Another reason for borrowing is the linguistic economy. It is not very difficult to distinguish a foreign word from a borrowed one to describe the problem of lexemic integration. Foreign words are used without phonological, orthographic, and semantic changes. Therefore, the foreign origin is well known, e.g., Jeans und Make-up. The borrowed word is adapted phonologically and/or orthographically and/or morphologically [10]. No less relevant is the issue of pseudo-Anglicisms in German. These are words which are composed according to the English type, but which are not used in English-speaking countries, for example, Pullover, bequem, Torhuter [11]. Borrowed words also include hybrid composites, that is, words that have both German and English parts, such as Feier-Guide. Occurrence in the German language has always been a topic of controversy and this scientific question is still open.

Task statement. The task of the work is to analyze English and American borrowings; divide them into separate thematic groups; classify borrowings into spheres and identify the main thematic groups of borrowed vocabulary.

Presentation of the main material. The influence of English on German is a controversial topic. There is an opinion that Anglicism and Americanisms entering German have a negative impact on it. We can disagree with this opinion because based on previous scientific research we perceive anglicisms as structures that nourish and renew the language [11].

As a result of the analysis of modern Duden German dictionaries and theoretical review, we come to the conclusion that numerous Anglo-American loanwords in German should be divided into separate thematic groups. We distinguish the following thematic groups of borrowed vocabulary: aviation; informatics and electronics; commerce and advertising; mass media; art, modern trends in music and dance; sports. We adhere to the opinion that this classification of borrowings is not fully disclosed because today all kinds of activities are constantly transformed, respectively, borrowings come into German from almost every sphere of human life. A review of the theoretical material allowed us to identify the main thematic groups of Anglo-American loanwords in German:

Internet Vocabulary: Account, download, E-Mail, facebooken, Facebook, Gadget, Bias, Login, online, mailen, Password, Spam, Software, Help Center, Controller, Podcast [12].

Technical vocabulary: Android, Equipment, Camcorder, USB, USB-Stick, iPhone, Touchscreen, Laptop, Update, Button, App, Tool, Adapter, adc, Performance, Pixel, Port, WLAN-Router, Imager [12].

Socio-political vocabulary: Slogan, Apartment, Image, Kon- gres, Agreement, Lobbyorganisation, Lobbyarbeit, Community, adden, Advantage, Disadvantage, Add-On, armchair shopping/ online shopping [12].

Teenage Vocabulary: Hit, Event, Party, Entertainment, fashionable, shoppen, Outfit, favorit, Check, heavy, Outsider, Teamwork, best, break, happy, dick, Trend, Flop, Amusement, dancen, Digger, hip/hippig, soft, Wow, mega-in (megahip), mega-out, Hood, Lobi [12].

Professional Vocabulary: Broker, Hacker, Fan, Designer, Investor, Champion, Programmierer, Manager, Top-Star, Bookmaker, der Jober, Sponsor, Top-Manager, Blogger, Backpacker, User, Assistant [12].

Economics: Konzern, Holding, Advertisement, advertise, Know-how, Factoring, Leasing-Gesellschaft, Marketing-Firma, Exchange, Deadline, added value, Crash, Deflation [12].

Finance: Leasing, Covernote, Change, Floating, Tender, Dumping, Stock, Discount-Preis, Clearing, Preis, Cash, Bonus, sponsern, Damage, Investment, Claim, Performance [12].

Culture: Remix, Blockbuster, Techno, Bestseller, Dancefloor, Single, Japan-Style, Track, Hip-Hop, Headliner, Feng-Shui, Remake, Jazz, Release, Soundtrack, backstage, Halloween, Pub, It-Bag [12].

Sports: Aerobic, fitness, Worldcup, Transfer, Champions League, Snooker, Frame, kanu, wrestling, Beach-Volleyball, Cross, Dribbling, dribbeln, Jogging, Joggen, Team, Bowling, Skateboard Snowboard, Shaping, Skilanglauf Eishockey, American football [12].

Science: Slang, Prionen, Screening, Collider, Aids/AIDS, Spacer, Hurrikan, Deflation, Higgs-Boson [12].

Modern journalistic materials contain a number of new foreign-language words.

Graphically, nouns are easily borrowed. The analysis of the typology of borrowing linguistic units in Duden dictionaries, indicates the easy acceptance of the English vocabulary into the German language system. This can be explained by the fact that English and German are in the same language group [13]. Using Latin script, borrowing is easy. In 2020. 28 edition of the German Spelling Dictionary Duden, removed 300 archaisms, but, added 3,000 neologisms of German modern language [14]. Such transformations reflect the global pandemic of Covid-19, gender equality, and political, environmental issues: Lockdown, Geisterspiel, Herdenimmunitat, and so on [15].

The renewal of language through borrowing is a controversial issue in linguistics. The continuous transformation of society leads to the fact that it becomes the norm. Language, as a living organism, is constantly undergoing changes. Although these changes are sometimes ambiguous and contradictory, it is still important that the editors of the Duden Dictionaries have taken it upon themselves to record changes in language. Of course, Duden's dictionaries have still succumbed to criticism from dissenting purists who oppose the overuse of Anglicisms, and new terms related to the struggle for gender equality.

Purists unite to protect the German language above all from English loanwords and to preserve its self-identity. They develop programs aimed at drastically reducing the use of borrowings of Anglo-American origin in the German language, from the media to everyday communication.

Conclusions. Borrowings in modern German should not be seen as a negative phenomenon, because linguistic renewal, indicates the openness of the lexical system, its constant development, and improvement. Borrowing nominates a particular phenomenon, object, or concept and does not have a negative impact on the language. On the contrary, often the borrowed word gets a more precise and complete meaning than in the language from which it is borrowed. Borrowings in the vocabulary of modern German should be divided into several thematic groups depending on their use, necessarily paying attention to the possibility of many of them simultaneously belonging to several thematic groups. In conclusion, we should point out that Anglicisms constitute a large part of the German vocabulary, but still they do not create a hybrid language. And semantically enriched German sees Anglicisms as German words with a foreign heritage, rather than as borrowings that deprive German of its self-identity.

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Магеррамова Малахат