Place names in the Azerbaijani and English newspaper texts

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Baku Slavic University of the Republic of Azerbaijan

PLACE NAMES IN THE AZERBAIJANI AND ENGLISH NEWSPAPER TEXTS

Ibragimova Benovshe,

candidate of Sciences

Baku

Annotation

english azerbaijani press toponyme

The name is one of the socio-cultural and social achievements of people. It emerged in the process of historical development in order to meet social needs in the society. That's why historical signs and traces still exist in each name. It is a well-known fact that in ancient times, during the primitive community period, there were very few proper names. They gradually increased and became richer due to the development of society. This process continued until modern times.

Toponyms are intensively used in a colloquial language, and also artistic, scientific, journalistic style, in short, in all functional styles of the language. Toponyms are not just linguistic units, they are directly related to the history, geography, ethnography of the people to which they belong. Toponyms in the Azerbaijani and English languages are more extensive and studied than other onomastic word groups. Therefore, the article tried to create a clear view of the toponyms in both languages. The attention of the reader of the article is directed to the names of places and countries used in the English and Azerbaijani press. Different groups of toponyms are focused on in the article. However, as it is not possible to examine all types in one article, toponyms are viewed from a general perspective in modern newspaper materials.

As a result, the realization of the toponyms in a journalistic style in both languages has been highlighted and clarifies the fact that the journalistic style is a form of speech expressing national and public thinking, its functionalization in the press and the reflection of very different positions and interests intensify the processing of toponyms in this style.

Keywords: media texts, toponyms, onomastics, oykonyms, komonyms, place names, antrotoponyms, ethnotoponyms, zootoponyms, phytotoponyms, cosmotoponym, descriptive toponyms

Анотація

ТОПОНІМИ В АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКИХ ТА АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ГАЗЕТНИХ ТЕКСТАХ

Ібрагімова Беновше, кандидат наук Бакинського слов'янського університету Азербайджанської Республіки (Азербайджан, Баку)

Ім'я є одним із соціокультурних і соціальних досягнень людей. Вона виникла в процесі історичного розвитку з метою задоволення соціальних потреб у суспільстві. Тому в кожній назві досі є історичні ознаки та сліди. Загальновідомо, що в давнину, в первіснообщинний період, власних імен було дуже мало. Вони поступово збільшувалися і збагачувались завдяки розвитку суспільства. Цей процес тривав до сучасності.

Топоніми інтенсивно вживаються в розмовній мові, а також у художньому, науковому, публіцистичному стилях, словом, у всіх функціональних стилях мови. Топоніми - це не просто мовні одиниці, вони безпосередньо пов'язані з історією, географією, етнографією народу, до якого належать. Топоніми в азербайджанській та англійській мовах більш обширні та вивчені, ніж інші ономастичні групи слів. Тому в статті намагалися створити чітке уявлення про топоніми в обох мовах. Увага читача статті спрямована на назви місць і країн, які вживаються в англійській та азербайджанській пресі. У статті розглядаються різні групи топонімів. Однак, оскільки неможливо розглянути всі типи в одній статті, у сучасних газетних матеріалах топоніми розглядаються в загальному ракурсі.

У підсумку висвітлюється реалізація топонімів у публіцистичному стилі в обох мовах і з'ясовується той факт, що публіцистичний стиль є формою мовлення, яка виражає національне та громадське мислення, його функціоналізацію в пресі та відображення дуже різних позицій. та інтереси активізують опрацювання топонімів у цьому стилі.

Ключові слова: медіатексти, топоніми, ономастика, ойконіми, комоніми, топоніми, антротопоніми, етнотопоніми, зоотопоніми, фітотопоніми, космотопоніми, описові топоніми.

The main text

The study of figurative and expressive means of language in media texts is a manifestation of the close attention of linguists to the study of press language as a means of mass information.

The state of modern media is discussed in scientific forums where it is represented the most. Newspaper language is the main research material in monographs devoted to the description of the state of the language of the respective people. Modern media is a very dynamic research object. It “...reflects the movement of the linguistic field, as well as the social and ethnic changes in society, the new development trends of the language situation responding to the progress in the scientific and technical supply of information and communication relations” [3, p.78].

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, in the last works dedicated to the study of the active processes of the Azerbaijani and English languages, it is observed that special chapters are given to the pragmatic, conceptual, lexical-semantic aspects that characterize the language of the modern media. The fact that articles in encyclopedic dictionaries published in recent years are devoted to the language of modern mass media is a rather high indicator. Toponomics as a field of science is a very valuable source about the history, ethno genesis, language carriers of ancient clans, tribes and peoples. The types of connections between migrations and ethnoses are studied by this field of science. Toponyms are language units that are studied by the sciences of history, linguistics and geography. Place names are also politically significant language units. Political events occurring in the society and the state, territorial divisions and changes in social formations are reflected in toponyms and place names. There have been fundamental changes in the lexical units expressing our place names. Of course, these were also included in newspaper materials. Changes occurring in the society are realized primarily in publicist style. The reason for this is that publicist style is mass in nature.

It should be noted that toponyms are not ordinary words, they are words that are included in proper names while making lexical classifications of little divisions. But all this does not eliminate the nature of toponymy and the status of toponymy as a science. It can be confirmed quite legitimately that toponyms are not just a type of proper names, but a special type of proper names” [5, p. 56]. Therefore, toponyms are divided into certain semantic groups. Toponyms in the English and Azerbaijani languages are lexically-semantically very different and diverse. People chose those places for a permanent residence, which had a suitable climate and nature, as well as an abundance of water. In every part of the world - whether in Great Britain or in Azerbaijan - there is a rich toponomic system of the human's habitation area. The names of places are also related to the natural landscape. The geographical landscape of Azerbaijan differs from other countries in the fact that it has gone through the glaciation process itself. Twelve thousand years ago when the last glaciation appeared on the earth, Taghlar, Damcili, Dash Salahli caves had already existed in our country and the places like Gobustan, Urmiya lake, Delma hill etc.. had also developed enough. No matter how much toponyms are in the research object of history and geography, first and foremost, they are primarily language units and the subject matter of linguistics. Therefore, it is necessary to consider toponyms as specific language units. “In particular, toponomy can be imagined as a kind of the code of human history. Traditions, language forms and the language itself remain here, the level of understanding of the world is reflected, and the most important events permeate the life of the people” [2, p. 3]. V. A. Nikonov notes that onomastic units reflect a great deal of information about the language of their creators. The relevance of the names to a certain place gives the opportunity to restore the ancient language spread in that area, to determine the boundaries of the distribution area [10, p. 11]. Linguists, historians, and geographers look for elements in toponyms related to their fields, and analyze the characteristics of all three fields of science in them. Historians, geographers and linguists have contributed to the study of toponyms. But in our opinion, the biggest role are based on linguists. Therefore, the great benefits by linguists in the study of toponyms, the results obtained by them are so great that while thinking about the historical fate of a number of peoples, the migrations of individual ethnic groups, it is necessary to rely on the opinions of linguists. Philologists study toponyms on the basis of language rules, thereby enriching linguistics and creating a broader understanding of language units.

A large number of place names are used in the newspaper materials in the English and Azerbaijani languages. In linguistics, the branch of onomastics that studies place names is called toponymics. In toponomics, place names are studied, and they have different types. A very large part of place names - toponyms in newspaper materials in both languages are oikonyms. Oikonym is derived from the Greek words “oikos” which means settlement and “onim” in the meaning of name. It means “ the name of residential area”. Residential areas are divided into two groups as comonym and astionym, according to its scale and also number and occupation of the population. The oikonyms denoting the names of the city are called astionim, and the ones relating to the names of the village are called comonym” [1, p. 11]. Oikonyms are based on lexical units denoting tribe, person, plant, animal names, geographical terms, signs, color concepts, etc. Oikonyms are toponyms that denote the names of settlements. “Oikonyms (names of residential areas), which are the most interesting and functional part of toponyms based on the language laws and relevant models existing in the language according to the ways of their formation. While words in the English and Azerbaijani languages are formed by lexical, morphological and syntactic methods, only the syntactic method is used in the formation of oikonyms, as well as oronyms, adonyms and hydronyms. At first glance, a number of names of geographical objects that seem simple and correct are actually complex names created by means of terms that indicate the type of geographical object (district, city, settlement, village, etc.). Looking at statistical information, we see that more than 4,500 Azerbaijani toponyms are oikonyms. Oikonyms are divided into two groups as comonyms and astionyms according to the scale of the area they belong to.

A comonym means the name of a rural area whereas an astionim denotes any urban place. For example, Nakhchivan, Naftalan, Balakan, Gakh, Barda, etc. Astionyms themselves are divided into 2 parts: 1. A group of astionyms was previously formed as an independent astionym. For example, Sheki, Astara, Gazakh, Shusha, etc. 2. This group was created after Azerbaijan gained independence. For example, as Khojaly has been granted a city status since 1992, it is called a newly created astionym. In the Azerbaijani geographical name system, astionyms have a very ancient history. We can give examples of common names used in the Azerbaijani press: Two smart villages have already been settled in Agali [12, p. 11]. Sometimes common names are transferred to the names of mineral deposits found there. For example, the action of Azerbaijani ecologists and representatives of non-governmental organizations demanding the permission to conduct monitoring in the “Gizibulag” and “Demirli” fields has been going on for ten days [13, p. 3]. In the British press, sometimes village names can form the core of the news. For example, Tyburn is the name of a village in the kingdom of Middlesex, in the present-day Westminster part of London. From 1196 to 1783, this was the official place for the execution of convicts in the City of London; Boscastle is a village and fishing port in the civil parish of Forrabury and Minster, on the north coast of Cornwall, England [14, p. 12]. The following statements are examples to astionym:

An industrial park has already been established in Aghdam [15, p. 5].

“Three dead and `three injured' after gunman opens fire in Paris.; Liposuction In Mexico: Prices May Surprise You!” [5].

We can classify the place names used in the newspaper materials as followings:

1. Country names: Two athletes of Azerbaijan reached the finals of the “Grand Slam” tournament [16, p. 2].

She lived in Spain, Singapore, the Philippines, the United States and the Netherlands before coming to Berlin. The sentencing of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe to a year in prison and a year's travel ban by the Iranian state is a tragedy and a disgrace. “The Kurds of France have been the target of a heinous attack in the heart of Paris [22].

2. Settlement names:

At the end of the seventies of the last century, renovation works were carried out in Bayil-Neftchi Gurban street [17, p. 8].

3. Names of regions and states:

The processes in the South Caucasus region were discussed in the meeting [18, p. 11].

He made an international impact in 1998 by completing the first British ascent of El Capitan in Yosemite national park in California, which he describes as the Wembley Stadium of big walls [19, p. 3].

4. Continent names:

Houlding has since pursued the most beautiful `big walls' on earth, like Ulvetanna (Wolf's Fang) in Antarctica.

Along with differences in content and emergence characteristics, these language units are formed on the basis of different semantical words, as well. In this regard, Azerbaijani and English toponyms can be grouped as followsings:

Antrotoponym-toponyms with human names and Ethnotoponyms-toponyms based on tribal names in the onomastic system. The most complex part of the Azerbaijani toponomic system is ethnotoponyms. The origin is considered the oldest layer. The determination of the origin and the root of ethnotoponyms, attracts a great attention with its complexity. The smallest inaccurate idea about such kind of toponyms can create a huge historical mistake. For example, antrotoponyms as Mugan, Duvanny and so on are originally the names of ancient Turkic tribes. Some of the ethnotoponyms were created as a result of migration of tribes. Hydrotoponyms: This type of toponyms include the components of “spring, water, fountain, pond and river”. For example, Dashbulag (Shamkir), Ilisu (Gakh), etc.;

Zootoponyms: Cattle-breeding has historically played an important role in the life of the Azerbaijani people. Therefore, place names and toponyms were formed.with the participation of separate words relevant to cattle-breeding as Gazboluk (Balakan), Garghalig (Masalli) and so on. Zootoponyms are minority in the Azerbaijani language compared to other languages. However, the names of birds, domestic and wild animals are also reflected in both English and Azerbaijani languages in many places. For example, Inakboghan village (Gadabay), Garagoyunlu village (Kurdamir), Atbulag village (Shirvan) etc.

Phytotoponyms. There are many toponyms in the English and Azerbaijani languages, in which plant names are one of the components of these lexical units. In this case, the name of residential area is named after the plant that is most popular and abundant in the related place. In the Azerbaijani language, the names of trees such as pine, elm, willow, poplar, walnut, cranberry, chestnut and so on are reflected in the place names. For example, the village of Goshagovagh (in Aghdash), the village of Karaghaj (in Barda).

Cosmotoponyms. Cosmonyms are often used as components in this type of toponyms.” Cosmonyms affect the anthroponyms and ethnonyms” [13, p. 236]. For example, Dawn, Shaft Shafag, Shafagli (Beylagan, Yardimli), Guneshli (Devechi, Khachmaz).

Descriptive toponyms. This type of toponyms was created by the naming of the residential area, an object with a certain sign, based on natural landscape. For example, Altiagaj (Absheron), Bolludara (Sheki), Galadarasi (Shamakhi), Garatorpag (Sheki), Baghchali (Guba), etc. [9, 60].

References

1. Adilov M. M., Pashayev A. M. Azerbaijan Onomastics. Baku-1987, 87 p.

2. Arkhangelsk N. P. Middle Asian problems of geographical terms / N. P. Arkhangelsky Tashkent: 1935, 190 p.

3. Bagirova F. D. S. A. Revimov's works on the stylistic features of toponyms in. AOP. № 4.1993.164 p.

4. Bayramov I. M. «Revival-XXI century». Baku 2008, №128-129, 99 p.

5. Bodnarsky M. S. Dictionary of geographical names / M. S. Bodnarsky.Moscow, State educational and pedagogical publishing house, 1954. 455 p.

6. Gurbanov A. M. Onomology of the Azerbaijani language, Baku: Education, 1988, 594 p.

7. Gurbanov A. M. General Linguistics. [In 3 volumes] -Baki: Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, V. 1., 2004, 455 p.

8. Ismayiloglu J. K. Historical-onomastic lexicons of the XI century [on the basis of Mahmud Kashgari's «Divani Dictionary-it Turk») / J. K. Ismayiloglu. Baki: Science and Education, 2008, 280 p.

9. Khalilova S. N. International terms / S. N. Khalilov. Baku: Education, -1991. 192 p.

10. Nikonov V. A. Brief Toponymic Dictionary / V A. Nikonov. Moscow, science, 1966. 142 p.

11. Popov A. I. Geographical names: Introduction to toponymy / A. I. Popov.Moscow-Leningrad, 1965.181 p.

12. The newspaper of “People”, December 21, 2022, p. 11

13. The newspaper of “Azerbaijan” December 21, 2022. p. 3

14. The newspaper of New York Times, 2021, December, p. 12.

15. The newspaper of “People”, December 21, 2022, p. 5

16. The newspaper of the newspaper of People, February 18, 2023, p. 2

17. The newspaper of “People”, December 21, 2022, p. 8.

18. The newspaper of “People”, December 21, 2022, p. 11

19. The newspaper of New times New York, 2022, 22 december

20. https://www.standard.co.uk/business/halloweenobr-data-will-confirm-Harsh-Creality-b1031516.html

21. https://aztc.gov.az/en/posts/id:1310

22. https://www.standard.co.uk/business/ halloween-obr-data-will-confirm-harsh - r e a l - ity-b1031516.html.

Размещено на Allbest.ru