Aspect dictionaries as a reflection of modern lexicographic technologies of the description of the lingual of the idiom

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Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian state university

Aspect dictionaries as a reflection of modern lexicographic technologies of the description of the lingual of the idiom

Hromko T.V.

Annotation

The article compares the traditional usage of the differential principle for the lexicographic description of dialectal formations with a complete scientific description of the dialect. The article presents a study of the linguistics of a particular locality using the Thesaurus, which will help to reflect all representations of linguistic expression within the object under study and model the terminological system of the subject cluster, and a number of aspect dictionaries as a new lexicographic technology that helps to provide a complete dictionary of the idiom, the depth of discourse of the semantic relationships of its elements. Such a set of descriptions as a complete idiom dictionary constitutes a monolingual lexicographic complex.

The author defines the textual corpus as its source base, aimed at the conceptual notion of polysystemicity, the main property of the text and the word. The monolingual thesaurus is part of the minimum program of idiomatic lexicography and can be used to compile various types of dictionaries, such as phraseological, ideographic, thematic, socially labeled, etc. They record and describe all linguistic units in their systemic connections and relations to the lexicon of the dialect as a language system and as a fragment of the dialect system of the language, which reveals the metalinguistic aspects of the idiom. The principles of lexicography and methods of compiling aspectual dictionaries aimed at ensuring the quality and completeness of linguistic information are described. With the definition of lexicographic technologies that form the system of knowledge about language and are an important tool in the study of language data and the development of aspect dictionaries, which include macro- and microstructure, typology and lexicographic parameterization, the ability of the mono-idiomatic linguistic system to reveal various metalinguistic aspects of the dialect as a language system is proved, since aspect dictionaries are a reflection of modern lexicographic technologies for describing the linguistic system.

At the time of great potential and new technological possibilities of linguistic studies, it is the mono-dialect lexicographic complex of the dictionaries in question that can become the most complete source and indispensable tool for scientific research - from the completeness of fixing the lexicon to the monographic description of the dialect as a language system, because it has obvious advantages over the traditional differential lexicographic approach.

Key words: linguistics, dialectology, lexicography, thesaurus, dialect, idiom, language system, aspectual dictionary, lingual.

Анотація

Громко Т.В. Аспектні словники як відображення сучасних лексикографічних технологій опису лінгварію говірки

У статті порівнюється традиційне використання диференційного принципу для лексикографічного опису діалектних утворень з повним науковим описом говірки. Презентується дослідження лінгварію окремого населеного пункту з використанням Тезаурусу, який допоможе відобразити усі репрезентації мовного вираження в межах досліджуваного об'єкта та моделювати термінологічну систему предметного кластеру, та ряду аспектних словників як нову лексикографічну технологію, яка допомагає забезпечити повний словник говірки, глибину розкриття семантичних взаємозв'язків його елементів. Така сукупність описів як повний словник ідіому становить моноговірковий лексикографічний комплекс.

Автор визначає текстовий корпус як його джерельну базу, спрямовану на концептуальне поняття полісистемності - основної властивості тексту і слова. Моноговірковий тезаурус входить до програми-мінімум ідіомної лексикографії і може бути використаний для укладання різних типів словників, таких як фразеологічний, ідеографічний, тематичний, соціально-маркований тощо. У них фіксуються та описуються всі мовні одиниці в їх системних зв'язках та відношеннях до лексикону говірки як мовної системи та як фрагмента діалектної системи мови, що виявляє металінгвістичні аспекти ідіому.

Описано принципи лексикографії та методів укладання аспектних словників, спрямованих на забезпечення якості та повноти мовної інформації. З означенням лексикографічних технологій, що формують систему знань про мову і є важливим інструментом у вивченні мовних даних та розробці аспектних словників, які включають макро- і мікроструктуру, типологізацію та лексикографічну параметризацію, доводиться спроможність моноідіомної лінгвографічної системи виявляти різні металінгвістичні аспекти говірки як мовної системи, адже аспектні словники є відображенням сучасних лексикографічних технологій опису лінгварію. У час величезного потенціалу і нових технологічних можливостей студій лінгварію саме моноговірковий лексикографічний комплекс означуваних словників може стати найповнішим джерелом і незамінним інструментом наукових досліджень - від повноти фіксації лексикону до монографічного опису говірки як мовної системи, адже має очевидні переваги перед традиційним диференційним лексикографічним підходом.

Ключові слова: лінгвістика, діалектологія, лексикографія, тезаурус, говірка, ідіом, мовна система, аспектний словник, лінгварій.

Introduction

It is an axiomatic statement that any linguistic description is preceded by a certain documentation of language units. This position has been, is and will continue to develop lexicographic science in the direction of developing a meta-language and unifying the theory of lexicography in accordance with the times, introducing technologies for compiling lexicographic corpora relevant to their time and orienting a certain lexicographic product for processing by narrow specialists or the general public, etc. Therefore, it is not only the historical and temporal loss of linguistic phenomena, elements of language grammar, and cultural achievements of mankind that prompts linguists to look for ways and means to improve lexicographic technologies, but also the general professionalization of scientific knowledge that is progressing in linguistic thought and the pragmatics of linguistic research.

Lexicographic technologies are currently undergoing a rethinking in accordance with the reflection of different stratum of the language. When lexicographically completing dialectal units recorded in oral speech, the views on lexical, phraseological and other linguistic units as an object of lexicographic description are clarified, the reproduction of their communicative qualification is improved, the grammatical aspect of displaying speech contexts is improved (for more details see [4, p. 13]) on the basis of scientific and pragmatic orientation to further research.

When compiling dictionaries, author's approaches to lexicographic work in general are also relevant, which are formed in accordance with the goals of scientific research. Dialectological lexicography both maintains its traditions and uses new technologies for creating dictionaries to conduct the latest research, for example, a monographic description of a particular idiom (dialect) as a language system. Such lexicographic technologies as the basis for a comprehensive study of the idiom have their own specificity, which is expressed in the implementation of a number of principles and aspects that orient the process of lexicography, on the one hand, to the textual base of empirical material and complete dictionaries, and on the other hand, to the unification of this process of explication of mono-idiomatic material in all its diversity.

The description of a language system - the lingual of a certain idiom [6] is traditionally reduced to a complete lexicographic fixation of language units, taking into account the provisions and standards of linguistic science of the corresponding period. Nowadays, aspectual dictionaries are being actualized as a way of reflecting modern lexicographic technologies for describing a language or a particular language system.

Aspectual dictionaries are a new form of dictionaries that reflect not only the vocabulary of a language, but also its linguistic variation and parameterization [3]. These dictionaries are created using modern lexicographic technologies, in particular computer corpus analysis, which allows collecting and systematizing a large amount of linguistic data from various sources. This is the source base of the national language. As for a particular language system, for example, a subdialect of a group of speakers in one locality, the main source of its linguistic vocabulary is the idiom text corpus. The first lexicographic collection of all linguistic units (as well as speech units, according to the ontological status of this object of the dialectal stratum) is the thesaurus.

Aspectual dictionaries are additional to this global lexicographic description, but they are based on the textual corpus. Their significance lies in the interpretation of the variability of the language system, its grammatical system, lexical-semantic and phraseological representations in their entirety, which is important for linguistic science. On the one hand, they are in the realm of linguistic research (they provide useful information for linguistic analysis and comparison of different language variants), and on the other hand, they are extralinguistic elements (ethnography, culture and history of a certain geographically defined language formation, etc.) Therefore, the article will focus on the importance of aspectual dictionaries in reflecting modern lexicographic technologies and their role in describing the variability of linguistic units in a dialect.

Analysis of recent research and publications. The theory of dialectal lexicography in the context of foreign and domestic dialectography has its achievements, in particular, in terms of practical experience in compiling dictionaries, which is recognized as the oldest way of fixing language units (see in the context of “lexicography theory” [11, p. 33]), in the development of lexicographic meta-language and categorical features (parameters) of dialectal dictionaries organization, as well as in the typologization of dictionaries (see for L.V. Shcherba [17, p. 305]) based on various categorical features - parameters. The dialectological dictionary theory is qualified by V.V. Morkovkin and V.V. Dubychynskyi as scientia lexicographica (lexicography as a science of creating, studying and using dictionaries) [7, p. 9].

A new impetus for the development of modern national dialectological lexicography was given in the scientific research of A.A. Moskalenko [12], S.P. Bevzenko [1], as well as in numerous qualified dictionaries by M.V. Nikonchuk [13; 14; 15], І.V. Sabadosh [16] and many other lexicographic studies [8, pp. 12-25]. At the same time, lexicographic technologies for describing an idiom remain at the stage of the author's initial experience [6].

A retrospective consideration of Ukrainian mono-dialect lexicography [6, pp. 68-81], taking into account the insufficiency, incompleteness of the empirical base of dialectological science, leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to compile a methodology and unify the description of the dialect as a language system, including lexicographic technologies for its study for monographic descriptive purposes. The ideologeme “complete dictionary”, which has been discussed from time to time in academic circles [16, p. 5], reflects the compilation of a complete list of all words existing in the language, along with their meanings and usage. Earlier, when the collection and systematization of linguistic information was carried out mainly manually, the creation of a complete dictionary was a difficult task, often considered unrealistic and implausible. However, with the development of computer technologies and corpus research, which make it possible to collect, process and analyze a huge volume of texts, this idea of a complete dictionary has become more realistic [9; 8], because corpus technologies can identify and systematize the use of words in texts, as well as collect the meaning and usage of words from different sources.

Formation of the purpose of the article. The purpose of the proposed article is to analyze a set of lexicographic technologies for describing an idiom as a language system. The aspect dictionaries which we define are a reflection of modem lexicographic technologies for describing the lingual of the idiom. On the example of the compiled mono-dialect lexicographic complex, which is specific in terms of the macro- and microstructure of its dictionaries, as well as typologization and lexicographic parameterization, which consist in the principles of structure and organization, from the thesaurus to the corresponding aspect dictionaries [5, p. 4], the experience of lexicographic extrapolation of empirical material of the Central Ukrainian subdialect of the steppe dialect is presented [6].

Results

According to the tradition of Ukrainian dialectography, regardless of the object of description (one dialect or idiom), the differential principle of distinguishing units (dialects) of the studied language grouping is the leading one. Therefore, in the lexicographic description of dialectal formations, the differentiation of the linguistic vocabulary is used: dialectisms that demonstrate certain dialectal phenomena are recorded, and the literary stratum of linguistic units of the literary stratum is delimited. Such a level of fixation of dialectal language calls into question the criteria for selecting dialectal units for lexicography, as well as the lack of completeness of empirical material for scientific description, for example, the genre of complete monographic description of an idiom, which is widespread in European dialectology today.

Scientific thought interprets the concept of “completeness of description” as a reflection of all representations of linguistic expression within the object under study. To conduct a complete scientific description of a dialect, it is necessary to present information about all its levels, and for this purpose the empirical material should include both dialectal and literary words used in the dialect. We propose to qualify such a description as monoidiom, i.e., a description of the language of a single locality. Its task is to study the idiom as a linguistic system, and the main source of it can be the Dialect Thesaurus, the concept of which is proposed as a reflection of modern lexicographic technologies for describing the lingual of the idiom [5]. lexicographic semantic dialect speech

The main function of the thesaurus as a new lexicographic technology for dialectology is to facilitate the search and selection of necessary information for dialect research. Its structure and principles of organization provide a complete vocabulary of the dialect and the depth of disclosure of the semantic relationships of its elements, and also allow the thesaurus to model the terminological system of the subject cluster in the most complete and systematic way. This is the theoretical comprehension of colloquial material. The practical value of a dialect thesaurus is determined by the double possibility of using it, firstly, for simultaneous analysis and construction of the lexical system, classification and storage of dialect material, and secondly, for searching and studying certain dialect words, formations and the system of their relations with other linguistic units. The thesaurus expands the linguistic competence of specialists, presents the factual basis for dialect descriptions as a scientific source of information about it, promotes in-depth study (up to a monographic description) of the dialect, etc.

Since a thesaurus is an effective way of presenting and systematizing knowledge of dialectology, it is important to explicate a dialectological thesaurus. The experience of compiling this specialized complete dictionary of the idiom as a language system, which contains a systematic and comprehensive description of more than 200 thousand words [6], demonstrates that it is important to explicate the knowledge of dialectology. Words, demonstrates that the description of the recorded units uses a rethinking of the postulates of dialect lexicology, clarifies the views on lexical, phraseological and other linguistic units as an object of lexicographic description, improves the reproduction of their communicative qualification, improves the grammatical aspect of displaying speech contexts on the basis of a scientific and pragmatic orientation to further research [5, p. 3-5]. This will allow, on the one hand, to highlight the specifics of idiom lexicography in complete dialect lexicographies, and on the other hand, to unify the presentation of mono-idiomatic (subdialect) material.

The completeness of a dialectographic or other lexicographic scientific description is not an absolute phenomenon. Nowadays, the scientific sphere can fully cover the dialectal data of a particular language system only at the synchronic level, and this is the only way to achieve completeness in lexicography of a particular language group. Aspect dictionaries are a continuation of the thesaurus as a modern lexicographic technology for describing the linguistic vocabulary of a dialect, because they are compiled on its basis.

While the principles of such a dictionary description are still controversial in the theory and practice of dialectography, the experience of compiling a thesaurus already offers a solution to these issues. If differential dictionaries are compiled on the basis of separate questionnaires and a selection of texts and have the purpose of partial representation of a dialect in a lexicographic publication, then the compiler of such a dictionary is, in principle, unable to describe all kinds of word combinations that are theoretically included in it, and therefore, striving for complete minimization of the object of description, offers only fragments of material that the consumer of this lexicographic product intuitively seeks.

The widest possible approach to the reflection of the expressive means of an idiom as a linguistic system (lexicographic based on the recording of linguistic data, according to the survey program and textual representation) is focused on the comprehensiveness of coverage of linguistic units in their linguistic realization. The latter, within the framework of an idiom, determine the scope and boundaries of the words included in the thesaurus and at the same time can serve as material for multidimensional dictionaries derived from it (or with a return to the corpus of texts).

For lexicographic pragmatics, the method of dictionary interpretations and the formation of meaning branches is based on the comparison of the interpretation of a word, which is deployed in an idiom, with its structural scheme, which is unified and typical for traditional lexicography, so that it is possible to establish the peculiarities of the co-functioning of linguistic expressions of dialect and literary stratum, for example, in terms of determining semantic variation or ideographic representation of a word [18, p. 74].

The complexity of the issue of word-phrase interaction (for example, in the form of collocations, which are widely represented in the corpus of texts) leads to a variety of ways of recording this type of phrase in dialect dictionaries. Phraseological units are usually given at the end of a dictionary entry and are linked to a vocabulary by their base word. In a thesaurus as a complete dictionary with the reflection of each word of an idiom that is isolated, tokenized from a certain way documented dialect speech, all linguistic units that are part of an established phrase are presented, so in a mono-idiomatic thesaurus it is acceptable to reflect the same established phrase in all dictionary entries containing its elements. In contrast to highly specialized phraseological dictionaries, a mono- idiomatic phraseological dictionary is compiled not as an aspect dictionary, based on a thesaurus, but by extracting phraseological words from a corpus of tests. Such criteria are important for the specifics of the thesaurus parameterization, which is based on the lack of uniformity in the choice of the core/core/grammatically dominant word, and therefore the speech material (language grammar) provides these opportunities by emphasizing the meaning of established phrases in contexts, demonstrating their frequency in speakers' use, as well as syntagmatic and prosodic moments of speech as a communicative process. In general, the determination of established phrases in dictionaries - codified or dialectal (and phraseological) - for both descriptive and prescriptive studies, in our opinion, should be determined purely pragmatically, formally, and not on the basis of general theoretical interpretations of the typology of interaction of the component parts of this linguistic unit, i.e., phraseology.

The complete dictionary is focused on the ontological concept of “polysystemicity” as a property of the text (at the text level) and as a property of a lexical unit (at the word level) [3, p. 115]. The dialect material collected in the subdialect must undergo lexicographic processing, moreover, polysystemic processing. Such processing of the lexical fund is replenished with new parameters, which allows for the compilation of new types of dictionaries - ideographic, motivational, frequency, figurative, etc. These, in turn, will prepare the ground for a monographic description of the dialect.

A monoidiom thesaurus with complex parameters of a dictionary entry (lexicon) is part of the minimum program of idiomatic lexicography and is a base, i.e., it can be used to compile lexical and phraseological aspect dictionaries depending on the purposes of linguistic research:

1) an alphabetical dictionary (vocabulary);

2) inversion dictionaries;

3) dictionaries of word variants (so-called semantic dictionaries - synonyms, antonyms);

4) a phraseological dictionary;

5) an ideographic dictionary;

6) a number of thematic dictionaries (of certain thematic groups of vocabulary - botanical, folk and industrial);

7) socially labeled dictionaries (children's vocabulary, archaic words), etc.

All subtypes of dictionaries belong to systemic sources, whose task is to record and describe linguistic units in their systemic connections and relations of the lexicon of the idiom as a language system and as a fragment of the dialect system of the language.

As another modern technology, the monoidiom corpus of texts can serve as a source for the so-called grammar dictionaries, which are currently relevant in the study of the communicative and speech aspect of dialect data:

1) a grammar dictionary (morphological, morphemic, syntactic);

2) a dictionary of phrases, collocations, and paremias.

In other words, when using lexicographic technologies in the methodology of descriptive idiom research, not only one method is used, but also their system, which should ultimately ensure the completeness, representativeness and validity of the primary information. These criteria contribute to the formation of specific scientific conclusions that will complement already known scientific theories or systems of scientific knowledge.

Our proposed development of such a mono-idiomatic lexicographic system will allow us to identify various metalinguistic aspects of the dialect as a language system. Such characteristic approaches to lexicography of dialect data as “philologism, historicism, semantism, lexicographism and maximalism in the completeness of the analysis of linguistic facts” are fundamental in the field of dictionary science, as far back as the linguistic school of Professor B.A. Larin, who once defined the principles of lexicography:

1) lexicographic completeness (the principle that a dictionary should contain all words and phrases belonging to a particular language);

2) accurate certification of the material (the dictionary should contain accurate information about the word, such as its pronunciation, spelling, parts of speech, meaning, and examples of use);

3) temporal and spatial characterization of linguistic units (the dictionary should contain information about the time and place of use of the word in the context of synchronous description);

4) retrospective linguistic and cultural characterization (information about the linguistic and cultural history of the word);

5) comprehensive description of the vocabulary (complete information about all shades of meaning and functional expression of the word) (see for [10]).

The general principles of lexicography are naturally identical to the rules and methods used in compiling aspect dictionaries, as they are aimed at ensuring the quality and completeness of linguistic information.

The lexicographic technologies that form the general structure of dialect-specific dictionaries are generally similar. They contain an “Introduction” or “Preface”, a dictionary body containing dictionary entries arranged in alphabetical order, and a list of references, both dictionary and other genres (written texts, folklore publications, etc.). The definitions open with heading units, which are simple (single) and compound words expressed by full and service parts of speech, provided with grammatical and stylistic marks, etc. The illustration area provides contexts-demonstrations of the headword surrounded by other words in the speech, with links to the sources from which the words or illustrative examples were borrowed, if possible. Meaning branches can be interpreted by dialectologists-compilers from elementary one-word (e.g., literary equivalents) to full (e.g., ethnographic) descriptions of definitions described by dialect units with polysemantic transmission.

The theoretical foundations of aspectual dictionaries of a particular idiom consist in establishing their macro- and microstructure, as well as typologization and lexicographic parameterization. The solution of these significant lexicographic tasks at the level of a complete lexicographic mono- linguistic description depends on demonstrating the typicality of the dialectological macrostructure of a differential dialect dictionary, which includes a set of compositional components of a dictionary edition and at the same time the principles of arrangement of dictionary entries, the problem of selection of linguistic units, etc., as well as megastructures, which, in addition to the macrostructure, provide for a variety of research programs. In this respect, aspect dictionaries have their own metalinguistic orientation. In general, modern lexicographic technologies for processing dialect speech and compiling all of the above dictionaries involve compliance with the principle of linguistic normativity. The introduction of computer lexicography in the future will certainly expand the possibilities of lexicographic technologies, including for the comprehensive study of idiom.

The role of dictionaries in the birth of certain theories and concepts was succinctly and concisely described by Baudouin de Courtenay: “dictionaries remain forever an urgent need of our science, and without them, even the most ingenious theoretical conclusions will lack factual justification” [2, p. 265]. Thus, this capacious statement also refers to the importance of aspect dictionaries in science and their relationship with theories and concepts. Such lexicographic variations are the means of storing and transmitting linguistic knowledge, and they help to generalize and systematize information. When science develops new theories and concepts, it is important to have a clear and precise understanding of the terms used to describe them. Aspect dictionaries provide this precision by allowing researchers to establish commonly accepted definitions of words and their meanings.

Without dictionaries, one can face significant difficulties in scientific research, as the lack of a clear understanding of terms can lead to inaccuracies and incorrect conclusions. aspectual dictionaries are a reflection of modern lexicographic technologies for describing the linguistics of a dialect and are a necessary tool for scientific research and an important component for building theories and concepts, as they provide factual justification of linguistic data and their implementation in the lingual of a particular idiom.

Conclusions

The theoretical generalization about the importance of aspectual dictionaries in reflecting the description of the dialect lingual shows obvious advantages of modern lexicographic technologies over the traditional differential lexicographic approach to the analysis of dialectal language, in particular, dialect. The identified aspects are scientifically embodied in the author's project on the empirical material of the studied steppe dialect.

The development of such a mono-idiomatic lexicographic system will allow us to identify various metalinguistic aspects of the dialect as a language system. Such a lingual as part of a monoidiom lexicographic complex (thesaurus, other aspect dictionaries) as the main scientific resource will allow, on the one hand, to study various aspects of dialectology, and on the other hand, will provide empirical evidence for linguistic and non- linguistic scientific research both now and in the future. Aspect dictionaries are a reflection of modern lexicographic technologies for describing the lingual of the idiom. In the time of enormous potential and new technological possibilities of dialect linguistics as an important aspect of modern linguistics, such a monoidiom lexicographic complex can become the most complete source and indispensable tool for scientific research - from the completeness of lexicon fixation to monographic description of the dialect as a language system, because it has obvious advantages over the traditional differential lexicographic approach.

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