Semantic motivation binary names of poisonous plants

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Semantic motivation binary names of poisonous plants

Teleky Mariia Mykhailivna

Ph. D. in Philology, Associate professor,

Associate professor of foreign languages Department Bukovinian State Medical University, Ukraine

Modern cognitive linguistics puts forward a position about the activity nature of language, the representation of human consciousness of different types of cognition (linguistic and extralinguistic) in the language. A person reproduces the results of the knowledge of the living nature in the process of nominative activity. The surrounding world is reflected through the semantics of a certain language, the inner form of the word. The analysis and description of special nominations in order to provide new perspectives on their understanding and explanation also sparks the interest.

The purpose of the study: to analyze the semantic motivation of the components of binary names of poisonous plants simultaneously used as medicinal plants using the material of the Latin language. To do this, it is essential to identify the initial forms and meanings of the components of binomial combinations and the signs that motivate the names of poisonous plants.

In the process of long-term cognitive and transformative activity a person studied the organic and inorganic material world, accumulated information about the quality inherent in the object of cognition and the possibilities of its application. As a result of knowledge of living organisms - plants (Latin plantae), their characteristic features, medicinal and poisonous properties were recorded in the structure and name of plants. Poisonous plants is a conditionally isolated, artificially limited group of plants that produces toxic substances. They cause diseases, injuries, and pose a potential danger to the human body and animals. Today, more than ten thousand species of poisonous plants are known on the globe [1]. Many species are at the same time medicinal plants and in small doses poisonous substances have a therapeutic effect. In the 17th century Swedish naturalist, botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Liney (Swedish Carl von Linne, 1707-1778) created a scientific plant naming system. The name of plants consists of two words - a word-combination, a two-component structure based on the grammatical forms of the Latin language. Binary names consist of a genus name and a species name (the epithet determining a species within the genus) and hinge on the semantic motivation of the name. The motivation of each component consists in the choice of a specific attribute and the result of creating a motivated form based on the motivational attribute (the semantic component that formed the basis of the name).

The analysis of plant names reflects different lexical and grammatical structures of the components of word-combinations: simple, derived and composite ones. The name of the genus is denoted by a noun, the species - mainly by an adjective. Thus, the reasoning for naming the genus Aconite, i n (Greek OKOVLTOV) of white-mouthed aconite (Aconitum leucostomum Worosch.) - is based on the sign of the influence of the poisonous substance of the plant aconite, containing an alkaloid - aconitine. Another version of the semantics of the word is the poisonous effect of the juice of the plant, with which the ancient Greeks smeared a metal spear (Greek '6KUV akon spear, dart) during hunting [3]. The epithet-composite leucostomum (Greek Лєикбр leucos white + Greek отбра stoma mouth) is formed on the basis of the color white and the shape of a flower with a protruding thick straight helmet resembling a pharynx, its white part of the entrance from the oral cavity to the pharynx. Raw materials from the herb of white-mouthed aconite (Latin herba Aconiti leucostumi) are used to manufacture the drug called Allapininum.

The structure of the composite name of the genus Dryopteris, idis f, a poisonous plant of the male fern, consists of two components: the first is Greek. noun 5pup drys oak); the second is Greek. nispov pteron: 1) feather; 2) wing (bird) [2]. Onomasiological motivation is based on the rational type of knowledge about one plant and the transfer of its features to another due to the similarity of external form-building properties. Pliny (Plinius Maior, 22-24-79 AD) in his encyclopedia "Natural History" (Latin "Historia naturalis") mentioned the plant Dryopteris, parasitizing on oaks and extremely reminiscent of a fern. Doubly pinnate leaves of Dryopteris fflix-mas (L.) Schott. associated with the wing of a bird. The etymology of the descriptor filix, icis f (fern) has not been established. The Latin lexeme mas, maris has two meanings: 1) male; 2) fig. courageous, strong, powerful. Probably, the evaluative adjective is based on the tactile perception of a strong stem and the shape of the plant's rhizome. The pharmaceutical industry makes an effective remedy for tapeworms Filixanum from the raw material of the rhizome of the stink bug.

All the parts of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), are poisonous for humans and animals and contain the protein ricin and the alkaloid ricinin. Probably, a feature of the similarity of the shape of castor bean seeds with the shape of the solid body of a tick - a small arthropod animal of the Arachnida class - is used in the name of the genus Ricinus, m (lat. ricinus, i m tick). There is also an assumption that the reasoning for the naming is the characteristic round (Hebrew rikar round), which characterizes the shape of the fruit. Latin adjective communis, e means simple, ordinary. Castor bean seeds (Latin semina Ricini) are used to produce castor oil (Latin oleum Ricini), a classic laxative. In addition, oleum Ricini is a part of complex preparations Latin Urolesanum, Essenciale, linimentum Wischnevsky, linimentum A^s, and is also used for the treatment of trophic ulcers after hair loss. binary name poisonous plant

The modus type of motivation is observed in the name of the spotted hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Conium, i n is the latinized Greek name of the genus (Greek KUVELOV koneion is the juice of hemlock, which was used to poison those sentenced to death in Athens [3]). In the Middle Ages, the lexeme conium was associated with the ancient Greek Kovp to kill. A dose of 0.5-1.0 g of Coniinum alkaloid is lethal. For medicinal purposes, the herb (Latin herba Conii maculati) and seeds (Latin semina Conii maculati) are used. The blotches on the furrowed stem look like numerous reddish-brown spots. The Latin adjective maculatus, a, um spotted (< Latin macula, ae f spot) reflects a motivational feature with spots of a plant color other than the main color.

Cardiac glucosides of medicinal raw materials of common lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis L.) are contained in Cardiophytum, Convaflavinum, Marelinum, Valocormidum preparations. Its orange-red globular berries are poisonous. The Latin composite Convallaria, ae f is based on the Latin word. convallis, is f meaning valley + Greek word Aeipiov leirion meaning white lily. The motivation for naming is the location (the place where the species grows in depressions on the surfaces of the interfluvial plains) and the association of the lily of the valley inflorescence with the color of white lily. Species descriptor majalis, e meaning May (Latin majus, i m May) [4] is an indication of the time of flowering.

Conclusions. Therefore, it can be argued that the binary names of poisonous plants function as a single lexical unit, including motivational features of the genus and species names. Word-forming elements of predominantly Latin and Greek origin are the primary sources of semantic-structural components that determine plant names.

References:

[1] Poisonous plants. URL: https://www.pharmencyclopedia.com.ua/article/ 3144/otrujniroslini

[2] Svetlichnaya, E.I., Tolok, I.A. (2003). Etymological dictionary of Latin botanical names of medicinal plants. [Etimologicheskiy slovar1 latinskikh botanicheskikh nazvaniy lekarstvennykh rasteniy]. Khar'kov: Izd-vo NFaU: Zolotyye stranitsy. [in Latin-Russian]

[3] Dvoreckyi, I. Kh. (1958). Ancient Greek-Russian Dictionary I. I. Sobolevsky (Ed.). [Drevnegrechesko-russkiy slovar' / pod red. I. I. Sobolevskogo (Vol. 1 A-L; Vol. 2. M-Q.)]. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo inostrannyh i nacional'nyh slovarej. [in Ancient Greek-Russian]

[4] Dvoretskyi, I. Kh. (2008). Latin-Russian dictionary 11th edition, stereotyped. [Latinsko- russkiy slovar'. 11-e izd., stereotip.]. Moskva: Russ. yaz. Media. [in Latin-Russian]

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