Hungarian literature in digital format: electronic, digital and hypertext

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Ukrainian-Hungarian educational institute of ”Uzhgorod National University”

Hungarian literature in digital format: electronic, digital and hypertext

Eleonora Berta

Candidate of Philological Sciences

Associate professor at the Department of Hungarian philology

Uzhgorod, Ukraine

Literature has become an integral part of the digital revolution, which began in the middle of the twentieth century. With the publication of the The Norton Anthology of American Literature in 1998 in addition to printed works, texts written in a hypertext environment were also included, so hypertext literature officially became part of the cultural canon.

Hypertext contains a fair number of opportunities that have opened up incredible prospects in literature so far. The direct connection between documents and their segments made writing free from the limitations of linearity: with links, you can easily implement narrative structures that printed texts would not be able to implement even with the most sophisticated writer's tricks. By embedding elements of non-text media (images, audio, video files, etc.), we are very close to implementing a kind of total Gesamtkunstwerk; the possibility of immediate feedback from the reader and text structures that stimulate an active reading position fill the gap existing in the literature between the "producer" and "user" of the text, its "owner" and "buyer", its author and reader [1], the reader turns from a simple "consumer" of the text into its creator and co-author.

In Hungarian routine, electronic text, digital text and hypertext are usually used as synonyms, but I would like to highlight these concepts. In the cognitive-linguistic approach, text is always a unit of communication of a linguistic or predominantly linguistic nature contained in a discourse, that is, a written or oral speech utterance. In human communication, the communicator shares certain knowledge with the recipient, wants to convince them of something, force them to act or express some emotion. Text is a well-defined part of communication space and time, which can be considered a relatively closed language product in terms of structure and meaning [9]. Thus, text is always a central component of a particular language interaction that the speaker creates and the listener understands. According to the listed characteristics, the electronic text is a linguistic communication unit in the discourse supported by ICT, mainly contained in written and oral statements. It is characterized by the fact that, although structurally and in content it can be interpreted as an independent language product, electronic text cannot be considered closed, since the properties associated with its elements (multimedia, the ability to manipulate, share, associativity) facilitate connection to the network of plaintext. The main feature of electronic text is its physical implementation, namely, the fact that it is displayed on the screen of an ICT device. All characters that appear on the screen are called digital text [5]. Although this is too broad concept to define the term of digital texts, I will continue to clearly interpret electronic text based on this definition.

I call digital text those electronic texts that use hypermedia or hypertext tools. Hypermedia is actually a broader concept than hypertext, although lots of do not distinguish between the two concepts. Hypermedia is a system capable of displaying and processing visual, audio, and text information together [6]. According to Michael Heim, this is the era of hypermedia: "the Internet is a media that requires non - linear creative and receptive behavior, allowing you to transmit images, play video, sound and animation, get instant access and connect many internet communications" [3]. Hypertext, according to the concept of Anna Gacs, in contrast to hypermedia, means exclusively systems consisting of text elements [4]. However, if we proceed from the above concept of text, it can be considered any communication product containing information of a linguistic nature, so hypermedia and hypertext can indeed be considered to be synonyms, so I will use the more commonly used term hypertext. According to Nelson's classic concept, hypertext means "nonsequential writing-text that branches and allows choices to the reader, best read at an interactive screen. ".

Some documents that make up hypertext have several terms in international and therefore Hungarian literature (workspace, page, etc.); I will use the term "lexia", borrowed from Roland Barthes. electronic text synonym communicative

Lexias, starting with the advent of graphical operating systems, contain other elements in addition to written text (images, audio, video files, animation, etc.), thereby opening the way to the world of multimedia. Their technical implementation may vary, but a common element of the technologies used is that they allow you to embed links in the text that are necessary for the "functioning" of hypertext. There is special software designed for writing hypertext literary texts (for example, Hypercard or Story Space programs), but hypertext can be written in almost any programming language. The vast majority of hypertexts available on the Internet are based on HTML (HyperText Markup Language), but with the development of internet applications, there are more and more opportunities for using other methods (DHTML, Javascript, XML, etc.).

With the advent of the computer in the literature, a fundamental turning point has come, which reflects the need for its use as an information carrier as the most important tool, since all information on an electronic medium is recorded in the same code, regardless not only of the original, but also of the display format, whether it is an image, music or text [8].

In my opinion, linear reading and writing will disappear soon. The text takes on a different dimension. Of course, in the Hungarian context, many people look at the "new technology" rather timidly, seeing it as a threat to printed literature and high- quality culture. But most researchers are inspired by new horizons, opportunities, and theoretical works about digital literature are born. Although the often contradictory and confusing presentation of these theories sometimes gives the impression that the practical implementation does not reflect the diversity (and quantity) that the theory implies, it is safe to say that hypertext is one of the most fascinating and, unfortunately, insufficiently studied areas of Hungarian literature and Literary Studies in recent years, which opens up a great potential for theoretical and practical study in further scientific researches.

References

1. Barthes, Roland. (1997). S/Z. Budapest. С. 22 - 35.

2. Beaugrande, Robert de, Dressler, Wolfgang. (2000). Bevezetes a szovegnyelveszetbe. Budapest. 110 с.

3. Bodi Zoltan. (2004). Az fras es a beszed viszonya az internetes kommunikacioban. Magyar Nyelvor 3, С. 286 - 294

4. Gacs Anna. (2014). Hipertext, hipermedia.

5. Jozsa Peter. (2002) Irodalom a digitalis kozegben.

6. Landow, George P. (1992). Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemproral Critical Theory and Technology. Baltimore.

7. Nelson, T. H. (1992). Opening Hypertext: A Memoir. Pittsburgh. С. 43-57

8. Szuts Zoltan. (2000). A Hypertext.

9. Tolcsvai Nagy Gabor. (2003). A magyar nyelvszovegtana. Budapest.

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