Medical terminology in Kyrgyz and Turkish languages

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Kyrgyz-Uzbek International University named after B. Sydykov

Medical terminology in Kyrgyz and Turkish languages

Mataeva O.

Osh, Kyrgyzstan

Abstract

In this paper, the subject of the study was the study of medical terms in Kyrgyz linguistics as the etymology of the Turkic language. The aim of the study is to analyse the use of medical terms in the context of the Turkish language and compare them with the Kyrgyz language. The study used methods of comparison, analysis and generalization. The relevance of the article lies in the need to study medical terms in Kyrgyz linguistics and analyse their relationship with the Turkish language. As a result of the study, medical terms from Diwan Lughat at-Turk Dictionary by Mahmud Kashari were analysed and it was confirmed that the terms used in the modern Kyrgyz language are the etymology of the Turkic language. The article also presents the contribution of Kyrgyz scientists to the creation of the first terminological dictionaries. The result of the study is recommended to be used in the development of introductory courses in sociolinguistics, comparative typology, linguoculture, to represent the linguistic image of terms.

Keywords: medical terms, etymology, Turkish language, Kyrgyz language.

Аннотация

Медицинская терминология в кыргызском и турецком языках

Матаева О.Н., Кыргызско-Узбекский международный университет им. Б. Сыдыкова, г. Ош, Кыргызстан

Предметом исследования стало изучение медицинских терминов в кыргызском языкознании как этимологии тюркского языка. Целью исследования является анализ использования медицинских терминов в контексте турецкого языка и сравнение их с кыргызским языком. В исследовании использовались методы сравнения, анализа и обобщения.

Актуальность статьи заключается в необходимости изучения медицинских терминов в кыргызском языкознании и анализа их родства с турецким языком. В результате исследования были проанализированы медицинские термины из словаря Махмуда Кашкари «Диван лугат ат-тюрк» и подтверждено, что термины, используемые в современном кыргызском языке, являются этимологией тюркского языка. Также в статье представлен вклад кыргызских ученых в создание первых терминологических словарей. Результат исследования рекомендуется использовать при освоении вводных курсов по социолингвистике, сравнительной типологии, лингвокультуре, для представления языкового образа терминов.

Ключевые слова: медицинские термины, этимология, турецкий язык, кыргызский язык.

When learning medical terms, we start by asking what words are terms and what functions they serve. The term is a special word, word list used to carry out the professional activity of people in various fields of science, technology, and production. These are individual, unique names of concepts in science, technology, and industry. The term comes from Latin and means “limit”.

Terms are defined as words or phrases used to specify specific concepts and are distinguished from professional words by the following feature:

1. Absence of multiple importance, transitory importance, expressiveness in the terms, namely, one term in the field of one science or technology should express only one concept and have only one meaning;

2. The terms are adapted to the linguistic laws and rules to accurately name this or that concept, are specially developed on the basis of lexical models and are officially adopted by state or scientific institutions.

Basically, medical terms in Kyrgyz linguistics are divided into two groups:

a) Terms obtained through translation (боль-оору, больница-оорукана, бейтапкана; больное место-ооруган жер);

b) Terms from the mother tongue (болезнь-оору, кесел, илдет, дарт, сыркоо, тумоо, ноокастоо, ылац жана башкалар).

It is a pity that dictionaries of medical terms, although created by a group of scientists, are not actually used in the state language. Of course, learning the terms takes a lot of time.

Scientists who studied Kyrgyz terminology for the first time K. Tynystanov, I. Arabaev, Zh. Shukurbekov, K.K. Yudakhin, B.M. Yunusaliev. Among them, Ishenaaly Arabaev and Kasym Tynystanov were the first teachers to scientifically study this term. After that, academician Kuseyin Karasaev and especially Japar Shukurov studied the issue of terms of Kyrgyz linguistics and developed their rules and features. It is very important to study the terms that are the language of science at that time, it is one of the most important practical and theoretical issues, such as the further development of this scientific direction, the development and creation of the theoretical foundations of scientific terms, the preparation of translation, explanation, terminological dictionaries, and the precise development of their rules [1].

In 1936, according to the instructions of the scientific research institute of language and writing under the People's Commissariat of the Kyrgyz SSR, "Kyrgyz and Russian Dictionary of Anatomy and Physiology Terms" was planned to be adapted for Kyrgyz secondary schools. This dictionary was published in Kazan in 1939 by D.J. Cholponkulov [2].

Before the October Revolution, the Kyrgyz language served only as a tool for oral communication, but now it is the state language; has its own writing, has become a literary language, is used in all fields of production: in science, technology and other areas, and is enriching its vocabulary. We can also say that the main goal of enriching the Kyrgyz vocabulary is to bring medical terms to the Kyrgyz audience and use them in our mother tongue, in activities, and everyday life. Unfortunately, with the expansion of the medical field, most of the terms are used in the Kyrgyz language through the Russian language. Examples of this include: акушер, ангина, аптека, больница, врач, гигиена, гинеколог, глюкоза, госпиталь, грелка, диагноз, диета, диспансер, донор, инфекция, клизма, клиника, кодеин, коклюш, массаж, медицина, медпункт, микроб, окулист, прививка, санаторий, санитар, сестра, терапия, укол, фельдшер, хирург, шприц, экзема жана башкалар [3].

But we can note the fact that there are scientific papers that describe the condition of patients and the names of diseases in the true Kyrgyz language. For example, terms such as toxicosis, pregnancy [4, 7].

The largest work on medical terms in the Kyrgyz language is the "Health" encyclopedia. In this encyclopedia, a brief overview of disease-related words in the Kyrgyz language is given, and 1406 articles are written on the meaning of each term. It provides advice on maintaining and improving health, preventing various diseases, caring for children, maintaining personal hygiene, the importance of physical education, caring for the sick, providing first aid in life-threatening and other situations. This encyclopedia was created under the guidance of the terminological commission of the USSR and explained the meaning of international terms borrowed from the Russian language in the Kyrgyz language [5]. kyrgyz medical term etymology turkic

Each term is closely related to the development of world science. Since the beginning of the Soviet period, Kyrgyz medicine has been developing in a new scientific way. Along with medicine, medical terms also started introducing news to the society. It is difficult to imagine medical science without medical terms. Most of the terms used today have been adopted from foreign languages. In other words, it is the etymology of Latin, Greek, Iranian, German, English and Russian. The deep spread of medical terms in these languages is closely related to the high level of development of medical science nowadays.

The study of words related to disease in Turkish corresponds to the 40-50s of the last century. The development of medical terms in Turkic languages mainly included a plan for creating a lexicographic work. At first, dictionaries dedicated to this disease were published in Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Kazakh and Azerbaijani languages. Professor T. Tokoev analyzed names of medical terms and words in Mahmud Kashkari's dictionary in Turkish languages. It analyzes the words found in the dictionary, such as - узуз, кызламук, кезиг, сарыг, тубулгак, учгуг, исиклик, без, ириц, карт, чыпкан, емген [6].

Table

The name of medical terms from the dictionary Mahmud Kashgari's - "Divanu lugati at-Turk"

Etymology is a science that teaches the origin of words, their changes, and the relationship between them. The terms which used in Kyrgyz language are the etymology of the Turkish language, and it confirmed from the dictionary "Divan lugat at-turk" by Mahmud Kashkari.

Studying the terms of medicine, creating the first terminology and taking up the purpose of using them in the Kyrgyz audience, introduces the spread of the development of the state language.

References

1. Oruzbaeva, B.O. (1983). Kirgizskaya terminologiya. Frunze. (in Russian).

2. Akhunbaev, I.K. (1964). Russko-kirgizskii slovar' anatomo-fiziologicheskikh terminov. Frunze. (in Russian).

3. Dyikanov, K. (1980). Iz istorii kyrgyzskogo yazyka. Frunze. (in Russian).

4. Kadenova, Zh.T. (2017). Faktory, formiruyushchie manasa patriotom. Izvestiya Kyrgyzskoi akademii obrazovaniya, (1), 129-133. (in Russian).

5. Tokoev, T.T., & Zhodnikov, K.S. (2004). Makhmud Kashgari, Slovar' turetskikh yazykov - Divanu lugati at - Turetskii: T. 2. Bishkek. (in Kyrgyz).

6. Mirzakhidova, M.I., & Mataeva, O.N. (2023). Lingvodidakticheskii analiz termina “beremennost'”. Nauka. Obrazovanie. Tekhnika, (2). 161-168. (in Russian).

7. Kadenova, Zh.T. (2017). Ponyatie narodnoi pedagogiki na solntse baatyra. Izvestiya Kyrgyzskoi akademii obrazovaniya, (1(41)), 92-96. (in Russian).

8. Entsiklopediya (1984). Frunze. (in Russian).

Список литературы

1. Орузбаева Б.О. Киргизская терминология. Фрунзе: Школа, 1983.

2. Ахунбаев И.К. Русско-киргизский словарь анатомо-физиологических терминов. Фрунзе, 1964.

3. Дыйканов К. Из истории кыргызского языка. Фрунзе: Школа, 1980. С. 44.

4. Каденова Ж.Т Факторы, формирующие манаса патриотом // Известия Кыргызской академии образования. 2017. №1. С. 129-133.

5. Токоев Т.Т., Жодников К.С. Махмуд Кашгари, Словарь турецких языков - Divanu lugati at - Турецкий: Т. 2. Бишкек, 2004.

6. Мирзахидова М.И., Матаева О.Н. Лингводидактический анализ термина “беременность” // Наука. Образование. Техника. 2023. №2. С. 161-168.

7. Каденова Ж.Т Понятие народной педагогики на солнце баатыра // Известия Кыргызской академии образования. 2017. №1(41). С. 92-96.

8. Энциклопедия. Фрунзе: Кирг. Сов. Энцикл., 1984. 287 с. (in Russian).

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