On the comparative analysis of the presence of aspectual forms in English and Azerbaijani languages

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Baku State University

ON THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENCE OF ASPECTUAL FORMS IN ENGLISH AND AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES

Asadova R.M.

Annotation

The tense category of the verb is chosen according to the way of expression, just as it differs in meaning from the aspects. The aspectual forms of verb are expressed analytically. The tense forms of the verb are word-changing, and the aspectualforms are word building-word changing. In general, word changingforms express different grammatical relations between words in a sentence by covering all the words in the parts of speech they belong to, and do not create new meaningful words. When we compare the English and Azerbaijani languages, we see that the category of aspect is formed in different ways in both languages. In the Azerbaijani language, the category of aspect can be expressed analytically and synthetically. There are no specific formal elements that make up verb aspects in English. Only the same formal elements that create the tense category of the verb can also create an aspect. As a result, the category of aspect of the verb is formed as a grammatical-morphological category in our language, and the means of expression of this category can be mentioned only after accepting this category as a grammatical-morphological category. In the Azerbaijani and English languages, there are no pairs due to aspectuality, and therefore the category of aspectuality is manifested in the delivery and perception of information. As aspectual forms are expressed in different ways, as we mentioned, there are serious differences between the languages we mentioned when comparing Azerbaijani and English languages, and when we compare the concept of aspect, its peculiarities are clearly manifested in each specific language. In addition, only the lexical or grammatical point of view does not give full clarity to the aspectual forms as a grammatical category. In the Azerbaijani language, each of the auxiliary verbs expressing the meaning of aspect does not have the ability to be used with all the main verbs. For this reason, unlike the English language, the aspectual forms in the Azerbaijani language cannot be combined under the name of category of aspect as an independent grammatical category. Aspectual verbs created by either synthetic or analytical method do not express a new lexical-semantic meaning, but add a new lexical-grammatical shade to the meaning.

Key words: the category of aspect, verbs, continuous, perfect, tense, the category of tense, analytical form, synthetic form.

Анотація

Асадова Р. М. ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ НАЯВНОСТІ ВИДОВИХ ФОРМ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ ТА АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКІЙ МОВАХ

Часова категорія дієслова вибирається за способом вираження, як і вона відрізняється за значенням від видів. Видові форми дієслова виражені аналітично. Тимчасові форми дієслова є словозмінними, а видові форми - словотворчими-змінними. Загалом, форми зміни слів висловлюють різні граматичні відносини між словами у реченні, охоплюючи всі слова тих частинах промови, яких вони належать, і створюють нових значущих слів. Коли ми порівнюємо англійську та азербайджанську мови, ми бачимо, що категорія виду в обох мовах формується по-різному. В азербайджанській мові категорія виду може виражатися аналітично та синтетично. В англійській немає певних формальних елементів, що становлять аспекти дієслова. Тільки самі формальні елементи, які створюють тимчасову категорію дієслова, можуть також створювати вид. В результаті в нашій мові категорія виду дієслова формується як граматико-морфологічна категорія, а про засоби вираження цієї категорії можна говорити лише після прийняття цієї категорії як граматико-морфологічна категорія. В азербайджанській та англійській мовах пари по аспектуальності відсутні, тому категорія аспектуальності проявляється у подачі та сприйнятті інформації. Оскільки видові форми виражаються по-різному, як ми вже згадували, між згаданими нами мовами існують серйозні відмінності при порівнянні азербайджанської та англійської мов, а коли ми порівнюємо поняття виду, його особливості чітко виявляються у кожній конкретній мові. З іншого боку, лише лексична чи граматична думка не дає повної ясності видовим формам як граматичної категорії. У азербайджанському мові кожен із допоміжних дієслів, які виражають значення виду, немає можливості вживатися з усіма основними дієсловами. З цієї причини, на відміну від англійської мови, видові форми в азербайджанській мові не можуть об'єднуватися під назвою категорії виду як самостійна граматична категорія. Видові дієслова, створені синтетичним чи аналітичним методом, не виражають нового лексико-семантичного значення, а надають значення нового лексико-граматичний відтінок.

Ключові слова: категорія виду, дієслова, тривалий час, категорія часу, аналітична форма, синтетична форма.

Introduction

Recently, there has been an increased interest in the comparative and typological research of parts of speech in different language systems. The comparison of language units in nonrelated languages and their typological research is of interest. When language units are studied in a comparative way that more positive results are obtained in their understanding. With typological research, we can also clarify the similarities and differences that exist in different language systems. Thus, during the comparative-typological analysis of languages, we determine the features of related languages, to what extent they are genetically related, and at the same time clarify the individual characteristics and qualities of each of them.

Each part of speech has a special place in grammar, where the verb cannot be compared with any part of speech, the verb belongs to systems with rich categories. The category of aspect is a category that indicates the modification of the quantitative picture of the movement. This category has complex logical and linguistic features. Expressions of that category appear in different languages with typological generality and a number of different aspects. While the phenomenon of aspect exists in one way or another and to some degree in all languages, we find its presence as a grammatical category in different forms in all languages. Aspects of the verb indicate the quantity and manner of performance of work, state and action. The methods of formation of aspect of verb forms are completely different in Azerbaijani and English languages. In addition, although we find the category of aspect in English in the works of linguists, the existence of the category of aspect in Azerbaijani is controversial.

The main goal is to show the characteristic features of aspectual forms of verbs in a comparative aspect.

The main problem

We find the first research on aspects of verb in the Azerbaijani language in Z.I. Aliyeva's 1953 candidate thesis "The category of aspect in the Azerbaijani language". "Z.I. Aliyeva examines two aspects and two types of expression of aspects of verb in the Azerbaijani language; Functional auxiliary verbs (the linguist uses the term "auxiliary") is the expression of analytical forms and verb tenses expressed by combining verbs (6, p. 5-6).

After Z.I. Aliyeva, we come across verb forms in the Azerbaijani language in Z.I. Budagova's book "Grammar of the Azerbaijani language" in the discussion of "Aspects of verb". In his work, the researcher shows that the meanings of the category of aspects of verbs are expressed by the tense forms of the verb. In his work, the author follows the expression of the meaning of aspect in the Azerbaijani language in the whole system of tense forms (6, p. 7-9).

Z. Taghizade also stated the existence of the category of the aspects of verb in the Azerbaijani language. According to him, “The category of aspect indicates the quantity of the situation and action, that is, whether the situation or action ends, continues, begins, once or more” (6, p. 7-9).

If we summarize the opinion of linguists, we can say that the formation of the aspect forms of the verb used in the Azerbaijani language is manifested in two ways: verb azerbaijani english language

- Synthetic form

- Analytical form

It is formed by adding special suffixes that created aspectsto verb roots using a synthetic method. We include in this method the expression of verb aspects with the tense forms of the verb. Since these suffixes cannot be added to all verbs, this method is not relevant and has not been confirmed in linguistics. In the Azerbaijani language, it is possible to create an aspect using a synthetic method with the help of suffixes that create a special aspect using a synthetic method. However, these suffixes are few in number. With the analytical method, we can create aspect with the help of combinations created by functional-auxiliary verbs.When comparing the existence of verb forms of Azerbaijani and English languages, we can give examples of the expression of most the aspect of verbs with verb tense forms. So Azerbaijani and English belong to different language groups, it is not easy to compare unrelated languages. At this time, we can only analyze the methods of formation of aspect in each language and make a comparison between the analyzed language materials.

There are three types of analytical methods:

- By combining the verb classified as a functionalauxiliary verb;

- Through the periphrastic forms of the verb;

- Through two infinitive verbs.

The existence of aspectual forms in English is also a controversial issue, and there are different opinions about the manifestation of these forms. We can find extensive information about English tenses in "Aspect" by Bernard Comrie. The linguist put forward serious ideas by giving examples about the concept of tense and aspect in the work:

“So far, we have been emphasising the diference between tense and aspect, particularly in so far as traditional grammatical terminology does not always rigorously distinguish the two parameters, which can lead to confusion in discussing either aspect or tense in its own right. However, at various points it has been noted that aspect and tense do sometimes impinge on one another, and it is now time to examine more systematically some of the relationships between aspect and tense in various languages” (1, p. 66).

In English, aspectual forms are formed by the synthetic and analytical method, as in Azerbaijani, that is, by adding suffixes to verb roots and by means of auxiliary verbs. There are four types of verb tenses in English:

1. Common aspect - the action is performed repeatedly.

2. Continuous aspect - the action continues.

3. Perfect aspect - the action is finished.

4. Perfect Continuous aspect - the action continued and ended.

When talking about aspects of verb in English, they mainly analyze the continuous and the finished form. There is a similarity in this form in the Azerbaijani language. In the Azerbaijani language, most of the tenses of the verbs are distinguished by ending and non-ending meanings. When we say the end of the action here, we mean not only the completion of the work, but a wider sense of immediacy and suddenness. We can say the same thing about the movement not ending. Non-stop action refers to the duration, intensity, continuity, etc. of the action. It is intended. B. Comrie in his work “Aspect” expressed the following ideas about the shades of ending and non-ending of the action in English:

“The distinction between perfectivity and imperfectivity: perfectiviy indicats the view of a situation as a single whole, without distinction of the various separate phases that make up that situation ; while the imperfective pas esential attention to the internal structure of the siuation” (1, p. 65-69).

All events of the surrounding reality take place in time, and this time is infinite and irreversible. We attribute the events to three tenses:

- present;

- past;

- future.

The tense forms we have mentioned - present, past, future overlapping verb forms give reason to assume that they have an additional meaning besides the time meaning. Here we can note that the meaning of aspect is expressed. Here we can consider aspect as a constant characteristic of the verb form, and tense as an absolute but variable quantity. In English, as in Azerbaijani, the meaning of aspect is necessarily accompanied by a reference to the time section in which the action takes place and, therefore, is expressed in a time frame.

In addition to present, past and future tenses, there are indefinite, continuous, perfect and perfect-continuous forms of these tenses in English. Although a number of linguists separate these forms from the time category, it has not found its scientific proof in linguistics. Because some linguists consider it a part of the time category. In English, we find the meanings of aspect most often in the continuous form. Therefore, when talking about the meaning of aspect, mainly continuous and perfect forms are distinguished. Here we cannot talk about indefinite form, indefinite form has no shades of aspectual features.

In addition, when we consider the verbs in English in terms of their meaning, it becomes clear that the lexical meanings of the verbs themselves have a sense of aspect. In English, verbs fall into two groups when they are grouped in terms of aspect:

1) terminative verbs;

2) non-terminative verbs.

Terminative verbsimply a limit beyond which the action cannot continue. For example: to open, to close, to bring, to recognize and so on.

Non-terminative verbs express continuous actions. For example: to carry, to live, to know, to see, to sleep, to have, to belong, to love, to possess.

The action expressed by each of the finite verbs is in terms of continuity is limited and they imply the limit of an action that cannot continue, whereas the action expressed by non-finite verbs does not have limit semantics, and the limit can be thought of as an action imposed from outside, conditioned by non-linguistic reality, but not derived from the semantics of the verb.

According to O. Korm, the division of verbs in English by categories is as follows:

1. Durative Aspect

2. Point-action aspect

Durative aspect means that the action continues. Point-action aspect - the form directs the speaker's attention to the beginning or end of the movement, not to the movement as a whole. O. Korm shows that the form of point-action aspect itself is manifested in the following forms:

1. Ingressive aspect

2. Effective aspect

3. Terminative aspect

4. Iterative aspect

Ingressive aspect - in this form, the focus is on the beginning of the action.

Effective aspect - in this form, attention is directed to the final stage of the action or situation.

1. Terminative aspect - the form of manner shows the action as a whole.

2. Iterative aspect - the style form indicates the repetition of the same type of actions an indefinite number of times (5, p. 102-106).

In our opinion, since this division of O. Korm cannot cover all the aspectual forms of the verb expressed in English, we can say that the four forms of the above-mentioned verbs can more accurately express the aspectual way of verbs in English. In addition, let's note that the category of tense and aspect is expressed in the English language, unlike the Azerbaijani language.

Conclusions

In addition to the indefinite form of the four main English tenses mentioned above, the other three forms are considered as tense types. That is, they distinguish three types of tenses - long-term, finished, finished-continuous. It can be noted that the indefinite type is considered to be an uncomplicated tense type with additional aspectual content. In the other three types, the meaning of aspect is conveyed in close connection with the content of tense, grouped around the three types, and they are a method of detailing the action in relation to it.

Bibliography

1. Bernard C. Aspect. Cambridge University Press, 1998. 142 p.

2. Brisard F. An account of English tense and aspect in cognitive grammar, June 2013, 235 p., Oxford scholarship online article series.

3. Jahangirov F.F. Perfect tense forms in English and their expression in Azerbaijani. Candidate thesis. Baku, 2000.

4. Jafarova B. Tense system of the verb in English and Azerbaijani languages. Baku, 2004. 156 p.

5. Musayev O. English grammar. Baku, Kismet, 2007. 608 p.

6. Rajabova R. Modes of the verb in the Azerbaijani language. Science and education, Baku, 2013.

7. Yunusov D. Comparative typology, Baku-Mutercim, 2012.

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