Dictionary V.I. Dalya in human life and in school practice

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Dictionary V.I. Dalya in human life and in school practice

Petrashova A.O.

Annotation

dal dictionary language verbal

The article considers the dictionary of V.I. Dalya as an important source of knowledge about the language and the world. Particular attention is paid to the history of the creation of the dictionary, its reprints and ways of using it in Russian language lessons. The latter is closely related to the actual problem of using the electronic version of the dictionary.

Keywords: dictionary, Dal', edition, lesson, electronic version.

Петрашова А.О.

Словарь В.И. Даля в жизни человека и в школьной практике

Аннотация

В статье рассмотрен словарь В.И. Даля как важный источник знаний о языке и мире. Особое внимание уделяется истории создания словаря, его переизданиям и способам применения на уроках русского языка. С последними тесно связана актуальная проблема использования электронной версии словаря.

Ключевые слова: словарь, Даль, издание, урок, электронная версия.

Explanatory dictionaries are significant books in the life of any person. With their help, the younger generation learns the world, replenishes the vocabulary with new words. The older generation continues to make discoveries for themselves with the help of explanatory dictionaries, clarifies the meanings of words, and relies on dictionaries in the study of the language.

For many years, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I. Dal'. The dictionary differs from all previous ones in that it contains the most widely represented vocabulary that characterizes the life of a Russian person - craft, traditions, objects of material and spiritual culture. Dal's dictionary can be called a treasury of moral, worldly, folklore experience, a verbal reflection of the long history of the living Great Russian language. Dictionary entries include a variety of facts from the life of the people, so this dictionary is also called the encyclopedia of folk life in the 19th century. An outstanding domestic linguist V.V. Vinogradov noted: “As a treasure trove of a well-aimed folk word, Dal's dictionary is a companion not only of a philologist, writer, but also of any educated person interested in the Russian language” [2 с. 14].

The author himself explained the essence of the dictionary he created as follows: “The dictionary is called explanatory because it not only translates one word to another, but interprets, explains the details of the meaning of words and concepts subordinate to them. The words of the living Great Russian language indicate the volume and direction of the entire work” [3 с. 2].

Not every one of us who use dictionaries has thought about how difficult it is to compile an explanatory dictionary, to explain the meanings of a colossal number of words. This seemingly simple work is actually a philological work of immense volume. It is amazing that a dictionary of about 200 thousand words was given to the world not by a research institute, but only by one person who devoted 53 years to his work! From the age of 17 until the last days of his life, Dal' painstakingly worked on his main brainchild. It all started with the word “zamolazhivat'”, which Dahl heard from the coachman and whose meaning was incomprehensible. And now we can find this word in the dictionary: Zamolazhivat', `impersonal. eagle tul. and east. cloudy, cloudy, tend to bad weather. After the first recording, Dal' no longer parted with the notebook, collecting words, which soon accumulated hundreds, then thousands. In travels and campaigns, during the Russian -Turkish war, in everyday life, Dal' found interesting material, wrote down, interpreted, united.

In addition to collecting material, the history of editions of the dictionary is also interesting. From 1863 to 1866 with long breaks (which caused the complete dictionary to become a bibliographic rarity), the first, lifetime edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language was published. It included about 200 thousand words, of which the author collected 80 thousand independently throughout his conscious life. In 1882, a second edition was published with the subtitle "Corrected and significantly increased from the author's manuscript."

Before proceeding to the consideration of a special, third edition, it must be said that the dictionary of V.I. Dal' has an original structure: the compiler abandoned the alphabetical order of words and opted for word-derived nests. The compiler thought that such an arrangement of words more clearly demonstrates the laws of the formation of derivative words and contributes to the comprehension of the spirit of the language. But Dal' sometimes nests words with a similar root base, but a different meaning. For example, in one nest are the words act, action, actor; simple and spacious, etc. For this reason, the main drawback of the nested arrangement of words turned out to be the difficulty of finding the right word, which can be so far hidden that its search becomes difficult even for a philologist.

The third edition of the dictionary, edited by I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay comes out in 1903-1909. Here, the editor made significant changes that were marked with conventional signs, so that the original source has not been changed. Firstly, the editor changes the alphabetical order of words to nested, noting which nest Dahl had a particular word in. Secondly, due to the scientific interests of Baudouin de Courtenay, the dictionary entries about the letters of the Russian alphabet were changed, and the concepts of letter and sound were also distinguished. Thirdly, the material collected by V.I. Dalem, but not yet published. The editor also adds profanity to the dictionary, which caused controversy among contemporary critics.

In 1995, in 2000 Baudouin's editions of the explanatory dictionary are published. Subsequently, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language was reprinted dozens of times. Now there are modern versions, corrected and supplemented with illustrative material.

If we talk about the relevance of the dictionary at school, then it is worth noting the leading role of the Dal' dictionary. At the lessons of the Russian language, usually from the dictionary of V.I. Dalia schoolchildren begin to study vocabulary. In the process of learning the language, lessons and extra-curricular activities dedicated to the personality of V.I. Dal' and his dictionary. To this day, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language is in demand and popular.

However, the use of Dal's dictionary in Russian language lessons is associated with a number of problems. Questions arise before the teacher: is it convenient, is it easy for children to read such a large 4-volume dictionary? Does it reflect current realities? Is there always a full version of the dictionary in the library? It seems to be much easier to navigate in the electronic version of the dictionary. The second issue can be resolved using modern reprints.

Nowadays, it is advisable to use the electronic version of the dictionary in the classroom, as this saves time and makes it easier to find the information you need. It should be noted that in modern society, it is electronic dictionaries that have gained great importance and began to meet the needs and demands of users. “Today, teachers of the Russian language face a new task to introduce schoolchildren to existing electronic dictionaries and reference books, including on the Internet, and also to teach them to work with such dictionaries more efficiently. It is necessary to develop appropriate exercises to consolidate the skills of working with electronic reference literature” [1 с. 62].

Next, we give examples of tasks using the electronic version of the explanatory dictionary by V.I. Da'l.

You can invite children to analyze the dictionary entry for the word "mess". Before completing the task, you must give the children a link to th e electronic version of the dictionary, or demonstrate this version of the dictionary to students using a projector. Using a search on the dictionary website (which is the advantage of the electronic version), the guys find the following information:

MUDDLE. chukha, nonsense, alien, game, nonsense, nonsense, absurdity, confusion, stupidity, nonsense, nonsense, roundabout, frost. This book is a mess, you won't understand anything. You are such a mess that your ears wither! Chaotic conversation, confusion. A tangler, a tangler, a tangler, a clerk, who usually lies, is talking nonsense. To confuse, to speak or do nonsense, nonsense.

After reading the article, the children count how many synonyms for the word V.I. Dal' used to convey its meaning (15 words!). Next, you should find out what words the guys heard for the first time (chukha, alien, nisenitnitsa, roundabout, frost).

You can compare the above article of the dictionary by V.I. Dal' with an article in the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov (show this dictionary on the screen or give a link to it):

MUDDLE. Extreme disorder, complete confusion. M. in business. M. in the head.

Students come to the following conclusion: the interpretation of the word "mess" in V.I. Dal' attracts us with imagery, a wealth of synonyms, many of which are dialect words and illustrate the beauty of the Russian language of ordinary people. Dictionary entry by S.I. Ozhegov is distinguished by conciseness and brevity.

It is easier and more convenient for children to work with electronic dictionaries, to search for the necessary information on the Internet. However, schoolchildren should be warned that they should use only trusted, reliable sources and be critical of information on the World Wide Web, subjecting it to analysis and comprehensive understanding.

Summing up, it should be noted that in the dictionary we will not see many words that reflect modern realities. The dictionary reflects the life, way of life, customs of the past, the terminology and phraseology of various professions and crafts is widely shown, many everyday words are explained. Probably, Dal's dictionary should be read not only as a reference book, but also as a literary text. One word pulls another, pushes to the third, next to the usual interpretat ion there is one that strikes with surprise, shows a familiar word from a different angle, and thanks to proverbs the word moves, awakens new pictures in the imagination.

In preparing for vocabulary work with children, the teacher should choose wisely what to rely on, in view of the many reprints of the dictionary. It should be taken into account that different publications may have different principles for the arrangement of words, there may be fewer words, or there may be profanity. The use of electronic dictionaries is becoming popular, and modern realities provide the opportunity to use the dictionary in Russian language lessons in any version, in any form - it all depends on the competence and methodological arsenal of the language teacher.

Sources used

1. Bezrukova, V.S. All about the modern lesson at school: work with dictionaries / V.S. Bezrukov; resp. ed. M.A. Ushakov. - Moscow: September, 2015. - 159 p.

2. Vinogradov, V.V. Russian science about the Russian literary language / Scientific notes of Moscow University. - Issue. 106., v. 4, book. 1 - Moscow, 1949. - 615 p.

3. Dal', V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 volumes - Moscow: Rus language, 1999. - Vol. 1 - 1999. - 699 p.

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