Legislation of Canada

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Table of contents

• Introduction
• 1. The meaning of law
• 2. History of law
• 2.1 Ancient World
• 2.2 Southern Asia

2.3 Eastern Asia

2.4 Islamic law

2.5 Roman Empire

2.6 Middle ages

2.7 Modern European law

2.8 United states

3. Canadian law system

3.1 Constitution of Canada

3.2 Legislation

3.3 Common law

3.4 Quebec's civil law system

3.5 Criminal law

3.6 Civil law

3.7 Procedural law

3.8 Courts in Canada

3.9 How Canadian Government works today?

4. Strange laws

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

People live on the Earth for a long time. Our ancestors learnt environment, they created a lot of things, that helped them in their life and activity. But time went so quickly; different problems appeared faster and faster. These problems became the main reason of state creation. The life developed in such a manner, that people required in law. Occurrence of law became soon. History of state and history of law are directly connected.

The name of my work is «Canadian law system. Strange laws». It is not so simple. The theme of my work is directly connected with my future job. I want to be a lawyer of international law. I think, that it is very interesting. Other reason, which has helped me with a theme choice of my work, was my acquaintance with Canadian girl. She told me a lot of interesting facts about her country, and I decided to make my work probably about this country.

The problem, which I found amazing for my project was revealing different strange laws not only in Canada, but in other countries too.

To find the answer on this question, I learnt the law system and the political system of Canada. First of all, I considered the history of law. Then I described in details Canadian law and its kinds. And in the end I revealed really strange laws in Canada and in different countries.

The purpose of my work is learning the law system in Canada and finding some strange laws.

The main tasks are:

1) to formulate the meaning of law

2) to learn the history of law

3) to learn the law system in Canada

4) to find strange laws in legislation of countries

5) to make the analysis on the executed work

1. The meaning of law

law legislation сanada

Law is a system of rules, enforced through a set of institutions, used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience, politics, economics and society. Law serves as the foremost social mediator in relations between people. Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, "The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual."

Law consists a wide variety of separate disciplines. Contract law regulates binding agreements which may relate to everything from civil purchase to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal and real property. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, while Tort law allows claims for compensation if an individual or their property is injured or harmed. If the harm is criminalized in penal code, criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law regulates the activities the administrative agencies of government, while International law governs affairs between sovereign nation states in activities ranging from trade, environmental regulation or military action.

Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A basic distinction is generally made between civil law jurisdictions and systems using common law. In some countries, religion informs the law. Scholars investigate the nature of law through many perspectives, including legal history and philosophy, or social sciences such as economics and sociology. The study of law raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, liberty and justice. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread." The central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.

2. History of law

Legal history or the history of law is the study of how law has evolved and why it changed. Legal history is closely connected to the development of civilizations and is set in the wider context of social history. Among certain jurists and historians of legal process it has been seen as the recording of the evolution of laws and the technical explanation of how these laws have evolved with the view of better understanding the origins of various legal concepts, some consider it a branch of intellectual history.

Twentieth century historians have viewed legal history in a more contextualized manner more in line with the thinking of social historians. They have looked at legal institutions as complex systems of rules, players and symbols and have seen these elements interact with society to change, adapt, resist or promote certain aspects of civil society. Such legal historians have tended to analyze case histories from the parameters of social science inquiry, using statistical methods, analyzing class distinctions among litigants, petitioners and other players in various legal processes. By analyzing case outcomes, transaction costs, number of settled cases they have begun an analysis of legal institutions, practices, procedures and briefs that give us a more complex picture of law and society than the study of jurisprudence, case law and civil codes can achieve.

2.1 Ancient World

Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BCE, had a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books. It was based on the concept of Ma'at, characterised by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality. By the 22nd century BCE, Ur-Nammu, an ancient Sumerian ruler, formulated the first law code, consisting of casuistic statements ("if... then..."). Around 1760 BCE, King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages, including English, German, and French. The Torah from the Old Testament is probably the oldest body of law still relevant for modern legal systems, dating back to 1280 BCE. It takes the form of moral imperatives, like the Ten Commandments and the Noahide Laws, as recommendations for a good society. Ancient Athens, the small Greek city-state, was the first society based on broad inclusion of the citizenry, excluding women and the slave class. Athens had no legal science, and Ancient Greek has no word for "law" as an abstract concept. Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy.

2.2 Southern Asia

Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law, and had historically independent schools of legal theory and practice. The Arthashastra, dating from the 400 BCE, and the Manusmriti from 100 CE were influential treatises in India, texts that were considered authoritative legal guidance. Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism, and was cited across South East Asia. But this Hindu tradition, along with Islamic law, was supplanted by the common law when India became part of the British Empire. Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore and Hong Kong also adopted the common law.

2.3 Eastern Asia

The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. Japan was the first country to begin modernizing its legal system along western lines, by importing bits of the French, but mostly the German Civil Code. This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late nineteenth century. Similarly, traditional Chinese law gave way to westernization towards the final years of the Ch'ing dynasty in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law.

Today Taiwanese law retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists, who fled there, and Mao Zedong's communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by soviet Socialist law, which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights.[ Today, however, because of rapid industrialization China has been reforming, at least in terms of economic (if not social and political) rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a turn away from administrative domination. Furthermore, after negotiations lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization.

2.4. Islamic law

One of the major legal systems developed during the Middle Ages was Islamic law and jurisprudence, now the third most common legal system after the civil law and common law systems. The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas) used in early Islamic law was similar to that of the later common law system. According to Justice Gamal Moursi Badr, Islamic law is like common law in that it "is not a written law" based entirely on the Qur'an but that the "provisions of Islamic law are to be sought first and foremost in the teachings of the authoritative jurists" (Ulema), hence Islamic law may "be called a lawyer's law if common law is a judge's law." This was particularly the case for the Maliki school of Islamic law active in North Africa, Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily.

A number of important legal institutions were developed by Islamic jurists during the classical period of Islamic law and jurisprudence, known as the Islamic Golden Age, dated from the 7th to 13th centuries. One such institution was the Hawala, an early informal value transfer system, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century. Hawala itself later influenced the development of the Aval in French civil law and the Avallo in Italian law. The "European commenda" limited partnerships (Islamic Qirad) used in civil law as well as the civil law conception of res judicata may also have origins in Islamic law.

Several fundamental common law institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in Islamic law and jurisprudence, and introduced to England after the Norman conquest of England by the Normans, who conquered and inherited the Islamic legal administration of the Emirate of Sicily, and also by Crusaders during the Crusades. In particular, the "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic Aqd, the English assize of novel disseisin is identified with the Islamic Istihqaq, and the English jury is identified with the Islamic Lafif" in Maliki law. The English trust and agency institutions in common law were also most likely adapted from the Islamic Waqf and Hawala institutions respectively during the Crusades.

Other English legal institutions such as "the scholastic method, the license to teach," the "law schools known as Inns of Court in England and Madrasas in Islam" and the "European commenda" (Islamic Qirad) may have also originated from Islamic law. The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. These similarities and influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for "the common law as an integrated whole".

2.5 Roman Empire

Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek teachings. It forms the bridge to the modern legal world, over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire. Roman law, in the days of the Roman republic and Empire, was heavily procedural and there was no professional legal class. Instead a lay person, iudex, was chosen to adjudicate. Precedents were not reported, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognized. Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the state, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. During the 6th century AD in the Eastern Roman Empire, the Emperor Justinian codified and consolidated the laws that had existed in Rome so that what remained was one twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before. This became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before."

2.6 Middle Ages

Roman law was lost through the Dark Ages, but in the eleventh century AD scholars in the University of Bologna rediscovered the texts and were the first to use them to interpret their own laws. Medieval European legal scholars began researching the Roman law and they began using its concepts and prepared the way for the partial resurrection of Roman law as the modern civil law in a large part of the world. After the Norman conquest of England which introduced Norman and Islamic legal concepts into medieval England, the English King's powerful judges developed a body of precedent which became the common law. But also, a Europe wide lex mercatoria was formed, so that merchants could trade using familiar standards, rather than the many splintered types of local law. A precursor to modern commercial law, the lex mercatoria emphasised the freedom of contract and alienability of property.

2.7 Modern European law

The two main traditions of modern European law are the codified legal systems of most of continental Europe, and the English tradition based on case law.

As nationalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, lex mercatoria was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. Of these, the French Napoleonic Code and the German Bьrgerliches Gesetzbuch became the most influential. As opposed to English common law, which consists of massive tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. European Union law is codified in treaties, but develops through the precedent laid down by the European Court of Justice.

2.8 United States

The United States legal system developed primarily out of the English common law system (with the exception of the state of Louisiana, which continued to follow the French civilian system after being admitted to statehood). Some concepts which originate in Spanish law, such as the prior appropriation doctrine and community property, still persist in some U.S. states, particularly those which were part of the Mexican Cession in 1848.

Under the doctrine of federalism, each state has its own separate court system, and the ability to legislate within areas not reserved to the federal government.

3. Canadian law system

The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the British common law system, inherited from being a part of the Commonwealth. Quebec, however, still retains a civil system for issues of private law. Both legal systems are subject to the Constitution of Canada.

Contents

1 Constitution of Canada

2.Legislation

3. Common law

4. Quebec's civil law system

5. Areas of law :

Criminal law

Civil law

Procedural law

6. Courts in Canada

[edit]

3.1 Constitution of Canada

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. It is an amalgam of codified acts and uncodified traditions and conventions. The core parts are found in the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly the British North America Act), which outlines the system of government and the powers of the federal and provincial governments, among other matters. The Constitution also includes the Constitution Act, 1982, which contains the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, an entrenched bill of rights.

3.2 Legislation

Acts passed by the Parliament of Canada and by provincial legislatures are the primary sources of law in Canada. Sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 enumerate the subject matters upon which either level of government (federal and provincial) may legitimately enact legislation.

Laws passed by the federal government are initially announced in the Canada Gazette, a regularly published newspaper for new statutes and regulations. Federal bills that receive Royal Assent are subsequently published in the Annual Statutes of Canada. From time to time, the federal government will consolidate its current laws into a single consolidation of law known as the Revised Statutes of Canada. The most recent federal consolidation was in 1985.

Laws passed by the provinces follow a similar practice. The Acts are announced in a provincial gazette, published annually and consolidated from time to time.

3.3 Common law

All provinces and territories within Canada, excluding Quebec, follow the common law legal tradition. Equally, courts have power under the provincial Judicature Acts to apply equity.

As with all common law countries, Canadian law adheres to the doctrine of stare devises. Lower courts must follow the decisions of higher courts by which they are bound. For instance, all Ontario lower courts are bound by the decisions of the Ontario Court of Appeal and, all British Columbia lower courts are bound by the decisions of the British Columbia Court of Appeal. However, no Ontario court is bound by decisions of any British Columbia court and no British Columbia court is bound by decisions of any Ontario court. Nonetheless, decisions made by a province's highest court (provincial Courts of Appeal) are often considered as "persuasive" even though they are not binding on other provinces.

Only the Supreme Court of Canada has authority to bind all courts in the country with a single ruling. The busier courts, such as the Court of Appeal for Ontario, for example, are often looked to for guidance on many local matters of law outside the province, especially in matters such as evidence and criminal law.

When there is little or no existing Canadian decision on a particular legal issue and it becomes necessary to look to a non-Canadian legal authority for reference, decisions of English courts and American courts are often utilized. In light of the long standing history between English law and Canadian law, the English Court of Appeal and the House of Lords are often cited as and considered persuasive authority, and are often followed. If the legal question at issue relates to matters of constitutional or privacy law, however, decisions of United States courts are more likely to be utilized by Canadian lawyers because there is a much greater body of jurisprudence in U.S. law than English law in these areas.

Decisions from Commonwealth nations, aside from England, are also often treated as persuasive sources of law in Canada.

Due to Canada's historical connection with the United Kingdom, decisions of the House of Lords before 1867 are technically still binding on Canada unless they have been overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada, and Canada is still bound by the decisions of the Privy Council before the abolishment of appeals to that entity in 1949. In practice, however, no court in Canada has declared itself bound by any English court decision for decades, and it is highly unlikely that any Canadian court will do so in the future.

Criminal offences are found within the Criminal Code of Canada or other federal/provincial laws, with the exception that contempt of court is the only remaining common law offence in Canada.

3.4 Quebec's civil law system

For historical reasons, Quebec has a hybrid legal system. Private law follows the civil law tradition, originally expressed in the Coutume de Paris as it applied in what was then New France. Today, the jus commune of Quebec is codified in the Civil Code of Quebec. As for public law, it was made that of the conquering British nation after the fall of New France in 1760, that is the common law. It is important to note that the distinction between civil law and common law is not based on the division of powers set out in the Constitution Act, 1867. Therefore, legislation enacted by the provincial legislature in matters of public law, such as the Code of Penal Procedure, should be interpreted following the common law tradition. Likewise, legislation enacted by the federal Parliament in matters of private law, such as the Divorce Act, is to be interpreted following the civil law tradition and in harmony with the Civil Code of Quebec. Because of Quebec's unique legal system, lawyers trained in either common law or civil law may not practice in Quebec without undergoing further training in one or the other legal system.

3.5 Criminal law

The enactment of criminal law is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government. The Canadian Criminal Code is applicable uniformly throughout the entire country. Provinces cannot enact criminal legislation and any attempt to do so will be deemed ultra vires (outside its jurisdiction) pursuant to sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1982.

The provinces, however, are responsible for the administration of courts, including criminal courts, within their respective provinces, despite their inability to enact criminal laws. So, even though there are provincial criminal courts, this is not to be confused with provincial criminal laws, which do not, in fact, exist.

Provinces do have the power to promulgate quasi-criminal or regulatory offences in a variety of administrative and other areas, and every province has done so with myriad rules and regulations across a broad spectrum.

Prior to the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, it was fairly common for a provincial law to be challenged on the grounds that it was a criminal statute.

3.6 Civil law

The area of civil law in Canada encompasses numerous areas of law that involve disputes between parties, which includes individuals, corporations, and government. Parties will seek remedies from the court in contractual matters, tort disputes, and property law cases, among others.

Administrative law is a growing area of Canadian law. This is the body of law dealing with federal and provincial administrative tribunals, including labour boards, human rights tribunals, and workers' compensation appeal tribunals. Decisions of these tribunals can be reviewed by superior courts (or, in the case of federal tribunals, the Federal Court Trial Division or the Federal Court of Appeal), but the courts tend to give at least some deference to the tribunals. The degree of deference will depend on factors such as the specialized nature and expertise of the tribunal.

Municipal law is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the provincial legislatures, and varies from province to province. The Supreme Court of Canada has established that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies to the activities of municipal governments.

3.7 Procedural law

Procedural law in Canada encompasses several aspects of the justice system. The laws of evidence regulate the admissibility of evidence in courts and tribunals. The level of government which sets these rules depends on who has jurisdiction over the particular area of law. The functioning of the Courts is regulated by the laws of civil procedure which are codified in each province's civil procedures rules.

3.8 Courts in Canada

The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system.

Prior to 1949, cases could be appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, and some cases bypassed the Supreme Court of Canada entirely.

Criminal trial courts (often called "superior" courts) and appellate courts are referred to as "Section 96" courts, in reference to the Constitution Act, 1867, s. 96, which grants the federal government the power to appoint the judges of these courts. By contrast, judges in courts that only exercise the jurisdiction of the province (sometimes called "inferior" courts and often called "provincial" courts) are appointed by the province. Typically, appeals from provincial courts go to the superior court of the province. Further appeals would go to the appeal court, and then in limited circumstances on to the Supreme Court of Canada. Provincial courts deal primarily with criminal matters. The most serious criminal matters, such as murder, are heard by superior courts. Civil litigation over contract and tort disputes, also begins in superior courts. Each province has an appellate court, as does each territory. While the judges in Section 96 courts are appointed through a federal process, the courts are administered (and paid for) by the provinces.

The Federal Court Trial Division and Federal Court of Appeal, unlike other superior courts, were created by statute and have jurisdiction over a small number of issues that fall under the federal constitutional scope (for example, immigration, admiralty (maritime law), patents and copyright). Notably, the bulk of the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal's work involves judicial review of federal tribunals, boards, and commissions. In some cases, the Federal Courts' jurisdiction is made exclusive by statute. In other areas, the superior courts may exercise concurrent jurisdiction over the underlying subject matter, and proceeding in either court may provide certain advantages to a party.

State structures are the most important for law. For example, Canadian Government.

3.9 How Canadian Government works today?

The complete transfer of constitutional power from Great Britain to Canada occurred in 1982 when Queen Elizabeth proclaimed the new constitution of Canada that replaced the British North American Act.

According to its constitution Canada is a federal parliamentary state. Unlike other federal states Canada has a Queen who is the head of state. Thus the country can also be defined as a constitutional monarchy. Canada and Great Britain share the same Monarch. The Queen is represented on the federal level by the Governor General, on the provincial level by Lieutenant-Governors. Very much like the Queen in Great Britain , the Governor General stands above politics and his position is mainly ceremonial. For Canada with its diverse population the Governor General symbolizes unity. Before 1952 all Governors were from great Britain. Since 1952 all Governors-General gave been Canadian.

Officially the Queen appoints the Governor General but in reality it is the Prime Minister who chooses the Governor-General and recommends him or her to the Queen. The Governor General usually holds office between five and seven years. It has been a practice to alternate the office between English-speaking and French-speaking governors.

The Governor General and the Lieutenant-Governors act on Ministers' advice.

The head of the government is Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party that wins the largest number of seats in the House of Commons.

The main legislative body of Canada is Parliament, consisting of the Queen , the Senate and the House of Commons. The Canadian Senate has 104 members: 24 from the Maritime provinces (10 from Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 4 from Prince Edward Island);24 from Quebec; 24 from Ontario; 24 from the Western provinces (six each from Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia); six from Newfoundland; and one each from the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories and the Nunavut.

The Prime Minister chooses the senators and recommends them to the Governor General who then appoints them. Senators stay on office until age 75. They may be dismissed from the office if they miss two consecutive sessions of Parliament. Senators must be at least 30 years old, and must have assets

of at least $4,000. They must live in the province or territory for which they are appointed . The Senate has three basic functions: to review government bills, to investigate major social and economic issues. No bill can become law unless it has been passed by the Senate.

In the last twenty years, the Senate has given special projects to the senators: they study public problems such as poverty, unemployment, inflation, the old people, and use, science policy, aboriginal affairs, etc. This work has turned out to be very valuable. On the basis of senators' reports some changes were made in legislation and in government policy.

The House of Commons is the main law-making body. Its main function is to introduce and discuss bills that can become laws. The members of the House of Commons are elected. There are 301 members of the House of Commons according to Canadian 301 electoral districts. The candidate who gets the largest number of votes is elected to the House of Commons, even if his or her vote is less than half the total.

The structure of provincial government is practically the same with some exceptions. In each province there is a Lieutenant-Governor representing the Queen. There is an appointed Legislative Council (Upper House) and an elected Legislative Assembly (Lower House). British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Alberta never had Upper Houses. Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Quebec have abolished their Upper Houses.

Like six other largest countries in the world (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, Russia and the United States) Canada is organized on a federal basis. In all the federal systems political power is divided between two groups of government - one federal and the other local.

The Governor-General (and Lieutenant-Governors in the provinces) officially represents executive power. He governs the country (or province) through a Cabinet. The Cabinet is headed by a Prime Minister or Premier. The Prime Minister is the leader of a political party which gets the largest number of seats in the House of Commons during the recent elections. The Prime Minister chooses his Ministers and then the Governor-General officially appoints them. If after the election none of major parties gets the majority of seats, the new members of the House of Commons decide if they want the previous Cabinet to stay in office or if they want to give the office to the opposition party. If the cabinet does not want to work with the new members of the House of Commons they can resign when their party did not win the majority of votes. If the members of the House of Commons can not decide which party they would like to form the Cabinet (in case neither party has a majority of votes), the Governor-General has the right to hold a new election or to refuse the request of the Parliament for a new election. In this case the Governor would serve as an arbiter who would work with the Parliament to help form a coalition government. The same is true for the Lieutenant-Governors of the provinces. Members of Canadian Parliament or of a provincial legislature are normally elected for not more than five years. The Cabinet has no «term». The Cabinet works with his Prime Minister until the party the Prime Minister represents has the majority in the House of Commons. The national Canadian Cabinet now was about 30 members. Provincial Cabinets have from 10 to 22 ministers. As everywhere the ministers are the heads of the departments such as Finance, Foreign Affairs, Environment, Health, etc. The Ministers are responsible and answerable to the House of Commons or the legislature for their particular departments. The Cabinet has the power to prepare and introduce bills for the expenditure of public money or to impose taxes. These bills must be introduced first in the House of Commons and then approved by the Senate and have Royal Assent. No federal or provincial bill becomes law until the Queen gives the Royal Assent. As a rule the assent is usually given by the Governor-General or by the Lieutenant-Governors. There are a lot of political parties in Canada that represent different views of the population. There are five political parties that are currently in the House of Commons. They are the Liberal Party (Grits), the Progressive Conservative Party (Tories), the New Democratic Party, the Reform Party , the Bloc Quebecois.

4. Strange laws

By the way, there are some extremely weird laws around. While we're on the subject of America, the Americans seem to be on passing strange animals laws.

In Atlanta. It's illegal to tie a giraffe to a streetlight.

In Nevada , it's illegal to ride a camel on the highway.

In Barber, North Carolina, it's against the law for cats and dogs to fight!

It' s not just in Britain that these kind of laws exist. It's illegal for a woman to eat chocolate on public transport. You are not allowed to stand within 100 meters of the King or Queen if you're not wearing socks.

In Alabama, USA, it's crime to carry a comb in the pocket.

In France shops are not allowed to sell dolls that don't have a human face.

In Quebec, Canada, there's a law that says margarine must be a different colour to butter. There are laws forbidding the official use of English, for example in public signs. Quebec is the center of French Canadian culture.

Laws like these were passed hundreds of years ago and the things about laws is that they remain laws until someone change them.

1. It is illegal for a cab in the City of London to carry rabid dogs or corpses.

2. It is crime to die in the Houses of Parliament.

3. It is an act of treason to place a postage stamp bearing the British monarch upside down.

4. In France, it is forbidden to call a pig the name «Napoleon».

5. Under the UK's Tax Avoidance Schemes Regulations 2006, it is illegal not to tell the taxman anything you don't want him to know, though you don't have to tell him anything you don't mind him knowing.

6. In Alabama, it is illegal for a driver to be blindfolded while driving a vehicle.

7. In Ohio, it is against state law to get a fish drunk.

8. Royal Navy ships that enter the Port of London must provide a barrel of rum to the Constable of the Tower of London.

9. In Lancashire, no person is permitted after being asked to stop by a constable on the seashore to incite a dog to bark.

10. In Miami, Florida, it is illegal to skateboard in a police station.

11. In England, all men over the age of 14 must carry out two hours of longbow practice a day.

12. In San Salvador, drunk drivers can be punished by death before a firing squad.

13. In Florida, unmarried women who parachute on Sundays can be jailed.

14. In Kentucky, it is illegal to carry a concealed weapon more than six-feet long.

15. In Chester, Welshmen are banned from entering the city before sunrise and from staying after sunset.

16. In the city of York, it is legal to murder a Scotsman within the ancient city walls, but only if he is carrying a bow and arrow.

17. In Boulder, Colorado, it is illegal to kill a bird within the city limits and also to “own” a pet - the town's citizens, legally speaking, are merely “pet minders”.

18. In Vermont, women must obtain written permission from their husbands to wear false teeth.

19. In London, it is illegal to flag down a taxi if you are ill the plague.

These laws are really strange, but there are many unique laws in Canada.

For example:

1) You cannot wash or repair your car on the street.

2) On the Canadian radio every 5th song performed by Canadian singers.

3) It's crime to sell yellow margarine.

4) It's illegal to use blocks for playing game of dice.

5) You can't swear in French.

6) It's crime to dye your house more than in two colors.

7) Children can't walk on street with untied laces.

8) It's illegal to climb on trees.

9) The law regulates colour of garages and houses.

10) The linen cordages are forbidden.

It's not all list of strange Canadian laws, because there are so many weird establishments. I hope that in future I will found more different not ordinary laws.

Conclusion

I have done my research work and I can sum it up. In my opinion I have focused my attention on the strange laws in Canadian law system.

I've examined a lot of information and documents on Russian and English languages. Now I can say through the analysis about my work.

The law value is really great. For example, I can't imagine my life and life on our planet without law. We live in very severe and hard time. There is a lot of illegality in our world. And life in our «not ideal» society without support from state and law will be impossible. The law was forming for many centuries. The statements of ancient philosophers are actual nowadays. My project helped me to improve my knowledge in law. I have learnt many important things, books and facts for me and for my future job. I think that jurisprudence is very interesting branch. I hope, that's in further time I compare law systems of Canada, Russia and USA.

I believe, that my work will be interesting for those who learn English and law.

Literature

1. E.A. Istomina, «Profiles of Canada», Upper-Intermediate level, АСТ, Moscow 2003.

2. Macmillan Essential Dictionary, 2007.

3. USA&Canada, Collette vacations, 2004.

4. Speak out, Hot-Issues Glossa-press, 2006.

5. Speak out,Glossa-press,2006.

6. Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Longman, 2007.

7. Steve Taylore-Knowles,Laser Intermediate, Macmillan, 2007.

8. Steve Taylore-Knowles,Laser Pre-FCE, Macmillan, 2008.

9. Internet: www.Canada.com

www.law.com

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