Аналіз кримінально-правової охорони земель в Україні

Ключові слова: землі, земельна ділянка, грунтовий покрив, самовільне зайняття, забруднення, псування, порушення спеціальних правил, безгосподарське використання земель, тяжкі наслідки, інші тяжкі наслідки, значна шкода.

Пенязькова О. А. Уголовно-правовая охрана земель в Украине. - На правах рукописи.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.08 - уголовное право и криминология, уголовно-исполнительное право. - Институт государства и права имени В.М. Корецкого НАН Украины, Киев, 2018.

Диссертация является комплексным научным исследованием проблем уголовно-правовой охраны земель в Украине. В диссертации исследованы общетеоретические и методологические положения уголовно-правовой охраны земель в Украине. Охарактеризованы объективные и субъективные признаки составов преступлений, предусмотренных в ч.ч. 1, 2 ст. 1971, ст.ст. 239, 2391, 2392, 254 УК Украины. Выделены существенные признаки и (или) предложены авторские дефиниции понятий «земельный участок», «загрязнение», «порча», «специальные правила», «тяжкие последствия», «иные тяжкие последствия» и других. Критически проанализированы теоретический и эмпирический материал по соответствующей проблематике, а также уголовное и регулятивное законодательство Украины в сфере уголовно-правовой охраны земель. На основе теоретического анализа признаков составов преступлений против порядка общественных отношений по охране земель в Украине предложены изменения в законодательные конструкции соответствующих составов преступлений.

Ключевые слова: земли, земельный участок, почвенный покров, самовольное занятие, загрязнения, порчи, нарушения специальных правил, бесхозяйственное использования земель, тяжкие последствия, иные тяжкие последствия, значительный ущерб.

Penyazkova О.О. Criminal legal protection of land in Ukraine.- The original manuscript.

Thesis is for the degree of Candidate of Juridical Sciences, according to specialty 12.00.08 - Criminal Law and Criminology, Penal Enforcement Law. - Institute of State and Law of V.M. Koretsky National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2018.

The dissertation focuses on the essential features of the concept of «crimes against land protection order in Ukraine». It is concluded that punitive land protection in post-Soviet countries differs from that in the European states. Taking into account foreign experience, a number of changes have been proposed to the criminal legislation of Ukraine. In particular, it is proposed to exclude the indication of violations of special rules from the disposition of Part 1 of Art. 239 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; unauthorized occupation of the land plot should be placed in Section XV «Crimes against the authority of state administration, citizens associations local self-government bodies and crimes against journalists» of a special section of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; to recognize land, the mass contamination of which can cause damage to the whole ecosystem of the state, life and health of people, and therefore result in environmental catastrophe as the subject of ecocid (Article 441 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine).

Describes the objective features of crimes against the procedure of land protection in Ukraine. The indications of land, land plots, land plots soil cover, land plots of the water fund are characterized. Arguments are put forward in favor of the fact that the concepts of «land» and «land plot» correlate as a whole and a part. The concept of «land» is an integral part of the crime subject, and «land» is an object of the crimes provided for in Art. 1971, 239, 2391, 2392, 254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

Socially dangerous acts of crimes against the order of relations of land protection in Ukraine such as unauthorized occupation, violation of special rules, pollution, damage, illegal possession, wasteful use are described.

The socially dangerous consequences that are constitutive or qualifying signs of environmental crime, expressed by evaluative (grave consequences, extremele grave consequences, mass disease of people, mass destruction of flora and fauna objects) and formalized (death of people) concepts are analyzed. Particularly, it is concluded that the content of the concept of «other grave consequences» in section 2 of Art. 239 and section 3 of Art. 2391 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine depends on the specified effects included in the relevant indicative open lists. The notion «other grave consequences» in section 2 of Art. 2391 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine includes the property damage as well. The notion «other grave consequences» in section 2 of Art. 239 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine covers only infliction of physical harm (death) to one victim. It is proposed to use the concept of «human death» in section 2 of Art. 239 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine instead of the notion «other grave consequences».

Describes the subjective features of crimes against the procedure of land protection relations in Ukraine (the person responsible for observing the special rules of handling substances, wastes or other materials that are harmful to people life, health or the environment (Article 239 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), the person who is the owner or user of land plots and is obliged to adhere to the rules of careful and rational use of land (Article 254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)). The variants of classification of the actions of an official who unilaterally occupied the land plot, as well as the actions in the case when the person involved other persons and (or) outsiders in the cultivation of the unauthorized agricultural land, were considered. The following pairs of adjacent offenses are separated: section 1 of Art. 1971 and section 1 of Art. 364, section 1 of Art. 3641; Art. 239 and 367 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

Crimes against the procedure of land protection in Ukraine are characterized only by guilt while other signs of the subjective side - the motive, purpose and emotional state - are not taken into account during the crimes сlassification. From the subjective side, the crimes that violate the procedure of lands protection in Ukraine, are characterized by the presence of direct or indirect intent as the only sign of guilt: (section 1 of Article 1971 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), direct intent (section 2 of Article 1971 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), complex guilt (Articles 239, 2391, 254 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine).

Therefore, in the light of the case law, the rules of classification of crimes against the procedure of land protection in Ukraine, as well as amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, were proposed.

Key words: lands, land plot, soil (surface layer), water fund land, unauthorized occupation, violations of special rules, pollution, damage, illegal possession, wasteful use, grave consequences, other grave consequences, massive disease of people, mass death of flora and fauna objects, death of people, classification.

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