Tactics of the suspect interrogation in the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines

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Tactics of the suspect interrogation in the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines

Parfylo I.V., Postgraduate Student at the Department of Criminalistics

Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University

Annotation

The article is devoted to the research of actual problems of tactics of the suspect interrogation at investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines. A detailed analysis of modern scientific views on the definition of interrogation as an investigation (search) action, its most significant features and peculiarity of carrying out, which are debatable in criminalistics science, was performed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of forming a system of tactical methods of interrogation in the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines. It is substantiated that during the interrogation of the suspect it is necessary to take into account: the procedural status of the interrogated person (suspect); categories of interrogated persons due to the peculiarities of the investigative situation that has developed at a certain stage of the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings; interrogation situation (conflict, conflict-free); the nature of the information to be clarified, e. the subject of the interrogation.

It is noted that during the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines can identify three main categories of interrogated persons who have the suspect status, in particular, these are: the head or other official of a legal pharmaceutical enterprise where the falsified medicines were carried out; an worker of an clandestine production specially equipped for falsification of medicines in artisanal conditions; the head or other official of the pharmacy where the falsified medicines were found. With regard to these categories of interrogated persons, the subject of the interrogation, the list of issues that need to be clarified and the system of tactical methods considering the interrogation situations, have been determined. It is substantiated the importance of taking into account the possibility of conflict situations of interrogation related to the refusal of suspects to testify or giving false testimony, for which a system of tactical methods is proposed to induce the suspect to testify, as well as exposing untruths in testimony with full and partial denial of his guilt. Proved that, based on the specifics of this category of criminal offenses, an important problem is the need for further research, which will greatly contribute to the effectiveness of interrogation as an investigation (search) action, saving time and effort at the beginning of pretrial investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines.

Key words: interrogation of the suspect, subject of interrogation of the suspect, tactics of interrogation, situations of interrogation of the suspect, investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines.

Анотація

Тактика допиту підозрюваного при розслідуванні фальсифікації та обігу фальсифікованих лікарських засобів

Стаття присвячена дослідженню актуальних проблем тактики допиту підозрюваного під час розслідування фальсифікації та обігу фальсифікованих лікарських засобів. Проведено детальний аналіз сучасних наукових поглядів щодо визначення допиту як слідчої (розшукової) дії, його найістотніших ознак та особливостей проведення, які є дискусійними в криміналістиці. Особливу увагу приділено проблемам формування системи тактичних прийомів проведення допиту під час розслідування фальсифікації та обігу фальсифікованих лікарських засобів. Обґрунтовано, що під час допиту підозрюваного необхідно враховувати: процесуальний статус допитуваної особи (підозрюваного); категорії допитуваних осіб, зумовлених особливостями слідчої ситуації, яка склалася на певній стадії досудового роз слідування кримінального провадження; ситуацію допиту (конфліктну, безконфліктну); характер відомостей, які підлягають з'ясуванню, тобто предмет допиту.

Зазначається, що під час розслідування фальсифікації та обігу фальсифікованих лікарських засобів можна визначити три основні категорії допитуваних осіб, які мають статус підозрюваного, зокрема: керівник або інша посадова особа легального фармацевтичного підприємства, на якому здійснювалася фальсифікація лікарських засобів; робітник підпільного цеху, спеціально обладнаного для фальсифікації лікарських засобів у кустарних умовах; завідувач або інша посадова особа аптеки, в якій було виявлено фальсифіковані лікарські засоби. Стосовно зазначених категорій допитуваних осіб визначено предмет допиту, перелік питань, що потребують з'ясування, та систему тактичних прийомів з урахуванням ситуацій допиту. Обґрунтовано важливість урахування можливості виникнення конфліктних ситуацій допиту, які пов'язані з відмовою підозрюваних від надання показів або надання неправдивих показів, щодо яких запропоновано систему тактичних прийомів спонукання підозрюваного до надання показів, а також викриття неправди в його показах у разі повного й часткового заперечення вини. Доводиться, що виходячи зі специфіки зазначеної категорії кримінальних правопорушень, важливою постає проблема в необхідності проведення подальших наукових розробок, що значною мірою сприятиме ефективності проведення допиту як слідчої (розшукової) дії, економії сил і часу на початку кримінального провадження, що є необхідною передумовою успішного розслідування фальсифікації та обігу фальсифікованих лікарських засобів.

Ключові слова: допит підозрюваного, предмет допиту підозрюваного, тактичні прийоми допиту, ситуації допиту підозрюваного, роз слідування фальсифікації та обігу фальсифікованих лікарських засобів.

тактичний розслідування

Formulation of research problem. One of the most common investigative (search) actions in the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines is the interrogation of the suspect. The effectiveness of conducting and achieving the purpose of this type of interrogation largely depends on understanding the specifics of its subject, the categories of interrogated persons, the current situation and professional training of the investigator, the ability to properly apply tactics and recommendations. Ignoring these requirements negatively affects the quality of the investigation process, slows it down and leads to conflict situations, which ultimately leads to the loss of evidence. Given the above, it is important to note that a necessary prerequisite for an effective investigation of this type of criminal offense is to take into account tactical recommendations for interrogation of the suspect, their proper application, considering the specifics of investigating specific circumstances, tactical tasks (tactical combinations) in certain situations.

Before proceeding to the direct development of tactical recommendations for interrogation the suspect during the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines, in our opinion, it is necessary to study the theoretical foundations of this issue, generalize the views of scientists on the most important features and peculiarities of this investigative (search) action.

In criminalistics, the question of interrogation tactics is covered quite fully. Nevertheless, during the preparation and conduct of the interrogation there are problems due to the current state of development of science. In particular, in the special literature there are different approaches to the definition of criminalistics signs of interrogation as an investigative (search) action. According to R.S. Belkin interrogation is a procedural (investigative or judicial) action, which consists in obtaining testimony (information) about the event that became the subject of criminal proceedings, persons involved in the case, the reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission and concealment of the crime [2, p. 62]. In the opinion of O.P. Vashchuk interrogation can be defined as an investigative (search) action or a judicial action aimed at obtaining by the investigator, prosecutor or court in accordance with the rules of procedural law information from the interrogated about the facts known to him that are important for the proper resolution of criminal proceedings [3, p. 291]. V Yu. Shepitko defines interrogation as a procedural investigative (search) or judicial action, which is regulated by criminal procedural rules, that is information and psychological process of communication of persons involved in it. The interrogation is aimed at obtaining information about the facts known to the interrogated, which are important for establishing the truth in criminal proceedings [7, p. 192].

Given these views, in our opinion, it is necessary to identify the features of interrogation as an investigative (search) action, which are decisive in the formation of its conduct tactics:

1) the interrogation is due to establish circumstances rel evant to establishing the truth in criminal proceedings, that is, the subject of interrogation;

2) interrogation is not just the information transfer that the interrogees know, but the interaction between the inter rogation participants (investigator, prosecutor and witness, suspect, victim), which necessitates the use of psychological techniques during its conduct.

According to V.O. Konovalova subject of interrogation covers the circumstances to be established during the investigation and is determined by two factors: a list of circum stances to be clarified in the proceedings, and data that must be known or known to persons involved in the crime. Thus, the subject of interrogation does not coincide in scope with the subject of witnesses and suspects testimony, as witnesses and suspects report only the circumstances known to them in connection with the crime, and the subject of interrogation is a wider range of circumstances to be established regardless of the knowledge of the interrogated about them [4, p. 6].

M.I. Porubov points out the importance of taking into account psychology during interrogation, emphasizing that knowledge in the field of psychology allows the investigator to understand the behavior of the suspect, or a false witness who hides the truth, to choose tactics that will help establish the goals and motives of the crime, to identify factors that prevent the interrogated person from telling the truth, deter mine the optimal line of behavior in relation to the interrogated person [5, p. 32]. As noted by V. Yu. Shepitko, the study of typical interrogation situations makes it possible to establish conflict-free and conflict situations. Conflict-free situations may include:

1) the interrogated person reports reliable testimony;

2) in the testimony of the interrogated there are distortions;

3) in the testimony of the interrogated there are contra dictions;

4) the impossibility of communicating certain information due to forgetting certain moments.

In turn, the conflict presupposes the existence of two situ ations:

1) refusal of the interrogated from the testimony;

2) reporting a lie in the testimony. In this case, the construc tion and use of tactical receptions of interrogation depends not only on the situational conditionality, but also on the pur pose of the interrogation, its type, the procedural position of the interrogated and other factors [8, p. 340].

Therefore, it should be agreed that the use of tactics in interrogation can be effective only if they are targeted, selected according to specific circumstances, if the investigator concludes that the use of certain tactical methods in this situa tion may contribute to an interrogation positive outcome. The use of recommendations in the interrogation of witnesses or suspects, without taking into account the specifics of the testimony, the identity of the interrogated and other circumstances, is usually ineffective [4, p. 11].

In this regard, in our opinion, when investigating the falsification and turnover of falsified medicines to form a system of tactical methods of interrogation must take into account:

1) the procedural status of the interrogated person (suspect);

2) categories of interrogated persons due to the peculiarities of the investigative situation that has developed at a certain stage of the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings;

3) interrogation situation (conflict, conflict-free);

4) the nature of the information to be clarified, i.e. the sub ject of the interrogation.

It is seen that the tactics of the suspect interrogation has a pronounced situational nature, because depending on the method, circumstances of the crime and the identity of the offender changes both the list of circumstances included in the subject of interrogation and the list and sequence of questions to interrogate.

The results of compilation of investigative and judicial practice materials of investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines make it possible to distinguish three main categories of interrogated persons who have the status of suspects, in particular, they are:

1) the head or other official of a legal pharmaceutical enterprise where the falsified medicines were carried out;

2) a worker of a clandestine production specially equipped for falsification of medicines in artisanal conditions;

3) the head or other official of the pharmacy where the falsified medicines were found.

When interrogating suspects in the falsification and turn over of falsified medicines, it should be taken into account that they usually have technical education, are well-versed in the field of pharmaceuticals, know the peculiarities of the technological process of medical production, licensing conditions and instructions for quality control of medicines, often participated in inspections by regulatory authorities for the production of medicines, well aware of the circumstances of the event and the weight of the evidence possessed by the investigator. In addition, in view of the specifics of these pharmaceutical companies, it is difficult for the investigator to correctly and fully record the important circumstances due to lack of information about the interrogation subject and terminological features of the interrogated person testimony.

In addition, the interrogation of suspects in the falsification and turnover of falsified medicines is complicated by the possibility of distortion of information due to their knowledge of special terminology, the peculiarities of the production technological process and high level of mental abilities. This requires the investigator to prepare in more detail, in depth analysis of the existing evidence, as well as drawing up an interrogation plan, taking into account alternative ways in the event of a conflict situation of interrogation.

The process of preparation for interrogation in this case should include not only acquaintance with the materials of criminal proceedings, operational and investigative data and information about the identity of the interrogated, but also study the extensive system of licensing regulations of medicines production, wholesale and retail. The information obtained will help to predict the situation of interrogation, the reaction of the interrogated to a particular tactic, to choose the most effective way to establish psychological contact.

Given the need for rapid orientation of the investigator in a particular issue of pharmaceutical activity, the possibility of involving a specialist in the interrogation is considered relevant. At the same time, the position of scientists, who note that it is expedient to involve a specialist at all stages of the inter rogation (preparatory, working, final) should be supported. Involvement of specialists helps to solve the main purpose of the interrogation - to obtain from the interrogated person the maximum amount of information necessary to establish the truth of the case [6, p. 381].

The interrogation of the head or other official of a legal pharmaceutical enterprise where the falsification of medicines was carried out, usually, takes place in the following circumstances, which are decisive in the formation of inter rogation tactics:

1) inconsistency in accounting, which is that criminal activity is carried out by the means and resources of a legal enterprise, but is not reflected or incompletely reflected in the official accounting or reporting documents of the enter prise. Therefore, it is possible that there are contradictions in the testimony of the suspect in this regard, which should be used during interrogation;

2) the open nature of criminal activity, which is appeared in the fact that criminal activity is actually carried out with the participation of employees of a legal enterprise, who are either unaware of the illegal nature of certain activities or knowingly conceal their awareness of such nature. However, in any case, they are eyewitnesses of certain circumstances of the crime, and therefore their testimony is the basis for identifying inconsistencies with official accounting, reporting documents and the testimony of the suspect;

3) involvement of illegal workers, which is due to the need to formally exclude the official leadership from the structure of criminal activity (i.e., persons who manage criminal activity do not personally issue orders to commit illegal acts, do not appear in the manufacture). In addition to formal employment relationships, the enterprise may have an informal employment relationship or shadow management related to the production of falsified medicines. In this regard, it is important to find out the actual relationship in the enterprise.

Therefore, the subject of interrogation of head or other officials of the enterprise on which the falsification was carried out, the turnover of falsified medicines involves clarifying the following circumstances:

- name, organizational and legal form, form of ownership, founders, basic registration data, types of activity of the business entity, availability of licenses, permits;

- management structure and distribution of powers of the business entity; what local and other documents (job description, employment contract, order, instruction, etc.) they are regulated; what managerial powers, not provided for in the documents, were actually exercised by these persons;

- the position of the interrogated person, the direction of activity and the list of powers in accordance with official documents; work experience in this position, work experience in the specified specialty, education, training, advanced train ing in medicine, pharmacology, pharmacy;

- powers that the interrogated person actually performed (except for those provided for officially), or which the person did not actually perform (despite the existence of such powers according to the official documentation); by whom, for what reason, for what period the person was entrusted with the actual performance of additional powers or the actual release from the powers entrusted to him;

- where, when, under what circumstances, together with which persons, for what reasons there was an intention to commit criminal activity; when, where the previous conspiracy was reached, what is the distribution of roles (if there are signs of conspiracy);

- how the criminal activity was combined with the official one, what conspiracy measures were taken, misleading employees, or other methods of masking criminal activity;

- what actions were actually taken during the production, storage, supply, packaging, accounting, wholesale of falsified medicines;

- place, time and circumstances of all stages of criminal activity (in which manufacture, office, laboratory, ware house, other industrial or domestic premises, in what period of the year, week, day);

- what exactly falsified medicines were purchased, produced, sold, by whom, when, how, taking into account which criteria the choice of names of medicines which were subject to falsification was carried out;

- who and in what form managed the technological process of production of falsified medicines, who developed the pharmaceutical composition and production technology, design of consumer packaging, labels, the text of the instructions for use;

- who, in what form, how carried out accounting and reporting activities and storage of falsified medicines;

- who, in what form, in what way carried out sale of falsified medicines, taking into account what criteria search of clients, the conclusion of agreements with them and sale of production was carried out;

- how the supply of falsified medicines to customers was carried out (self-pickup, delivery by transport of the enterprise, sending by courier delivery, etc.);

- what is the total and detailed (for each name and each client) number of falsified medicines was sold; at what total and detailed cost.

The interrogation of persons who manufactured falsified medicines in a specially equipped clandestine production is characterized by the following circumstances, which are decisive in the formation of tactics:

1) the clandestine nature of criminal activity, the content of which is non-disclosure or partial concealment by criminals of signs of criminal activity by conspiracy measures (absence or incorrect state registration, violation of accounting or tax accounting, forgery of documents, etc.), which clearly contra dicts factual information from the place of criminal activity;

2) special adaptation of the premises for the purposes of criminal activity, in particular, zoning of the territory (production area, office, warehouse), installation of equipment, supply of communications, etc.

These circumstances are important during the interrogation of a suspect in this situation, as it allows the investigator to make reasonable assumptions about the direction and specialization of criminal activity.

The subject of the suspect interrogation, who was engaged in the production of falsified medicines in the clandestine production, specially equipped for this purpose, has a slightly different direction. The key aspects to be clarified by the interrogated in the clandestine production of falsified medicines are:

- availability of higher or secondary professional education in the field of medicine, chemistry (pharmacology, pharmacy, etc.), as well as experience of professional activity in the field of health care and (or) production of medicines;

- where, when, under what circumstances, together with which persons, for what reasons there was an intention to create an clandestine production;

- where, when, under what circumstances the previous conspiracy was reached, what is the distribution of roles (in case of signs of conspiracy);

- what measures were taken in preparation for the crime: recruitment of qualified participants; search for suppliers of medicinal raw materials, consumer packaging, labels, holo grams, etc.; purchase and installation of equipment, development of methods and means of conspiracy; search for outlets, creation of criminal ties with authorized persons of medical and pharmacy institutions;

- what exactly falsified medicines were produced, taking into account what criteria the choice of names of medicines to be manufactured in this clandestine production was made;

- who, when, how, according to which criteria developed the chemical composition and technology of clandestine production of falsified medicines, which was the main active ingredient and excipient, what other components, consumables were used to manufacture the falsified medicines;

- who, when, how carried out the process of manufacturing in the clandestine conditions of each name of falsified medicines, place, time and circumstances of all stages of production (in which place, office, laboratory, warehouse, other industrial or domestic premises, in what period of the year, week, day);

- who, under what conditions supplied medicinal raw materials, as well as other components, consumables for the production of falsified medicines;

- how many falsified medicines of each name were produced per work shift (per day) and in total for the period of criminal activity;

- where and in what conditions the produced falsified medicines were stored, who was the person responsible for accounting and storage;

- by whom, in what form, how the sale of falsified medicines was carried out, taking into account which criteria the search of clients, conclusion of agreements with them and sale of products was carried out;

- by whom, in what form, how the delivery of falsified medicines to clients was carried out;

The formation of interrogation tactics of the head or other official of the pharmacy in which the falsified medicines were found is due to the purpose of criminal activity of the suspect in this case, which is to make a profit by wholesale purchase at discounted prices and subsequent retail sale at normal prices of known falsified medicines. This is usually accompanied by a violation of the quality control of medicines during whole sale and retail trade (for example, no request for a seller's license, a copy of which is stored in the pharmacy for three years, accompanying documents, certificates, lack of entry control). It is the presence of deliberate and intentional violations of these regulations can clearly indicate the criminal nature of the activity.

Therefore, the subject of the interrogation of the head or other official of the pharmacy in which the falsified medicines were found involves clarifying the following circumstances:

- the name of the pharmacy as a business entity, its registration data, field of activity, availability of licenses and other permits, when and by whom they are issued, duration of activity in the field of health care or pharmaceutical market;

- the position of the interrogated person, the duration of employment in the field of health care or the pharmaceutical market, the availability and content of managerial powers;

- how falsified medicines appeared in the supply chain of the pharmacy; when, where, by whom and under what conditions the agreement on the supply of these medicines was concluded, how long has the pharmacy been cooperating with the business entity that is the supplier of such medicines;

- with which other business entities permanent economic cooperation was carried out;

- how the pharmacy accounted for the receipt and sub sequent movement of medicines; which of the employees was responsible for accounting and reporting, including medicines recognized as falsified;

- whether the procedure for concluding the agreement established by the Order of the Ministry of Health of 29.09.2014 № 677 or other regulations on the batch of medicines that were falsified, were violated, by whom and for what reason;

- whether the incoming quality control of medicines supplied to the pharmacy was carried out; if conducted, by whom, how (in what form), whether a violation was detected, if not conducted, for what reason;

- how the payment for the delivered medicines recognized as falsified, was made: prepayment, partial prepayment, payment as sold, etc.; with the participation of which persons and with what frequency;

- ways of further sale of medicines that turned out to be falsified: small wholesale or retail sales, centralized supply to medical institutions, etc.

The results of compilation of investigative and judicial practice materials show that in most cases the interrogation of the suspect is characterized by a conflict situation, which consists in the suspect refusal to testify or in telling the suspect false testimony. The choice of investigators of the types and forms of influence and specific methods of its implementation during interrogation depends on many factors. These include: the adequacy degree of awareness of the investigative situation; the quantity and quality of information available to the investigator on the interrogation subject and the identity of the interrogated person who is in conflict with the investigator; the sphere of the interrogated's psyche, rational or emotional, on which the influence is calculated (in other words, whether it is logical or emotional) [1, p. 247]. In this regard, it is advisable to use a system of tactical methods aimed at over coming the suspects' reticence of facts important for the investigator, as well as exposing untruths in testimony with full and partial denial of his guilt [9, p. 313].

Refusal to testify or deliberate reticence of suspects of certain facts that are essential for the pre-trial investigation, usually occurs during the interrogation of workers of an clandestine production specially equipped for the pro duction of falsified medicines, because for employees of legal pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, in particular directors, heads of departments, managers, heads it is important to form a full picture of a completely legal activity. Complete or partial refusal to testify in this case draws unwanted attention to aspects that the interviewee wishes to conceal. At the same time, persons who were participants in the clandestine production, realizing, firstly, the obvious illegal nature of their activities, and secondly, the lack of the investigator's ability to establish other sources of information about the circumstances of the crime, often resort to the said method of counteracting the investigation.

The system of tactical methods for encouraging a suspect to testify in this case may be as follows:

1) explanation of the circumstances, which, according to criminal law, are recognized as mitigating liability;

2) appeal by the investigator to the available evidence and the circumstances of the crime established by the investigation;

3) demonstration of investigation capabilities; 4) appeal to the positive personal qualities of the interrogated person.

The implementation of the tactical method of “Explaining the circumstances that are recognized as mitigating” in practice usually consists of a thorough explanation to the suspect each of the circumstances listed in Article 66 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as well as which of them and under what conditions can be applied to it. It is also rational to acquaint the interrogated with copies of the verdicts, in which the court, when imposing a rather lenient sentence, referred to the existence of similar mitigating circumstances.

Quite common in practice is the tactical method of “Paying attention to the available evidence and established by the investigation circumstances of the crime”. This tactic method is also designed to influence the intellectual psyche of the interrogated by convincing the suspect that the investigator has the evidence necessary and sufficient to prosecute him to responsibility. Evidence should be presented after the suspect has been questioned for all the circumstances surrounding that evidence. In so doing interrogation should be carried out in such a way that the interrogated further at could not compromise it because the last will lose probative force. That evidence may be seized during the inspection or search of physical evidence, documents and expert opinions.

The essence of the tactical method “Demonstration of investigative capabilities” is to explain to the interrogated person the objective possibility of the investigation to establish any hidden circumstances, regardless of his testimony, by conducting certain investigative actions (interrogations of certain persons, inspections, searches, appointment of forensic examinations, etc.). Possible tactical methods of demonstrating the possibilities of investigation may be a review of physical evidence with the participation of the suspect, as well as the withdrawal of samples of falsified medicines and other substances with the participation of the suspect with an explanation of the purposes and possibilities of their expert examination. Appeal to the positive personal qualities of the interrogated can take two forms:

1) evaluation-praise in order to evoke positive emotions in the interrogated person;

2) evaluation of the appeal, in order to encourage such feelings that stimulate the interrogated person to enter into communication during the interrogation [9, p. 299].

In our opinion, the tactics system of exposing untruths in the testimony of a suspect with full or partial denial of his guilt should include tactical methods aimed at detection of untruths in testimony, in particular: comparison of testimony with other information available to the investigator; articulation of detailed issues; asking control questions about the facts established during the investigation. In the future, when detecting and exposing a lie in the testimony of the suspect, it is necessary to use tactics aimed at encouraging the suspect to give the true testimony.

Comparison of testimony with other information avail able to the investigator, as a tactical method, may consist in such doings as: comparing the elements of the same name of the event, differently described by the interrogated during the interrogation; comparison of related and derived elements of the event covered during the interrogation; comparing the same and related circumstances according to the testimony of the interrogated at different interrogations; comparison of the same circumstances in the testimony of the interrogated person and other persons; comparison of individual circum stances of the event in the description of the interrogated with other data about the same events.

Without going into a detailed description of the possible elements of comparing the testimony with other information, we will pay attention only to some of them, which are most often hidden. Thus, it is possible to compare diverse data on:

a) the circumstances of the order for the production of fal sified medicines within a legal pharmaceutical enterprise;

b) the circumstances of the purchase of falsified medicines in a pharmacy;

c) the circumstances of the organization and adaptation of the clandestine production for needs productions of falsified medicines.

An effective tactical method of interrogating a suspect in a situation where there is a likelihood of false testimony is to ask the interrogee socalled detailing and control questions aimed at clarifying the facts, circumstances, some of their details that can confirm or refute the objectivity of the testimony. Yes, quite a spread is the situation, when the suspects tell a lie about their being in a certain place at a certain time. The task of the interrogation is to link the detail questions or the control questions to give testimony to any other event, the time and place of existence of which are either known exactly or can be objectively confirmed by someone or something.

Summarizing the above, it should be noted that the effective interrogation of the suspect requires the knowledge of investigators of a different tactical methods, recommendations, as well as the ability to properly apply them in a particular investigative situation, taking into account the categories of interrogated persons and their behavior. Effective interrogation is the key to an objective and successful investigation into the falsification and turnover of falsified medicines, as it allows to form the most probable opinion of the circum stances and mechanism of the criminal event that are important for investigating and correctly determining the directions of investigation.

evidence falsification investigation

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