Protection of human rights in administrative proceedings from the standpoint of anternational law

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Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University

Institute of Sorbonne-Kazakhstan Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University

Law Enforcement Academy under the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

O.A. Miliienko, Department of Theory and

History of State and Law and Administrative Law A.A. Sabitova,

S.A. Sabitova, O.B. Khussainov, Department of International Law

Y.N. Begaliyev, Department of Special Legal Disciplines

Vinnytsia, Almaty, Kosshy

Анотація

Олена Анатоліївна Мілієнко Кафедра теорії та історії держави і права та адміністративного права Донецький національний університет імені Василя Стуса Вінниця, Україна

Айнур Алімхановна Сабітова Інститут Сорбонна-Казахстан Казахський національний педагогічний університет імені Абая Алмати, Республіка Казахстан

Шинар Алімхановна Сабітова, Олег Баяхметович Хусаінов Кафедра міжнародного права Інститут Сорбонна-Казахстан Казахський національний педагогічний університет імені Абая Алмати, Республіка Казахстан

Єрнар Нурланович Бегалієв Кафедра спеціальних юридичних дисциплін Академія правоохоронних органів при Генеральній прокуратурі Республіки Казахстан Косши, Республіка Казахстан

ЗАХИСТ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ В АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОМУ СУДОЧИНСТВІ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ПРАВА

Адміністративний судовий процес може вплинути практично на всі аспекти життя людини, такі як опіка, імміграція, соціальне забезпечення і житло. У той же час рішення державних органів не завжди є законними і відповідає міжнародно-правовим стандартам. В даний час можна констатувати глобалізацію адміністративного права, зокрема, адміністративного провадження. Актуальність досліджуваної проблеми зумовлена потребою в здійсненні аналізу тематики захисту прав людини в адміністративному судочинстві з точки зору міжнародного права, а також недостатньою теоретичною розробленістю даної тематики. З огляду на те, що міжнародне право впливає на верховенство права держав, в тому числі в адміністративному провадженні, було б доцільно проаналізувати міжнародно-правові акти у цій сфері. Мета статті полягає в аналізі джерел міжнародного права в сфері захисту прав людини в адміністративному судочинстві. При дослідженні проблематики були використані сукупність загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів пізнання, зокрема провідними методами були: метод системного аналізу; історико-правовий та порівняльно-правовий методи. У статті комплексно розглянуто питання захисту прав людини в адміністративному судочинстві з точки зору міжнародного права, зокрема на універсальному і регіональному, а саме в рамках Європейського правового простору. Встановлено, що органи державної влади відіграють ключову роль в демократичних суспільствах, а їх діяльність зачіпає права та інтереси фізичних і юридичних осіб. Практична значимість полягає в тому, що сформульовані в статті положення і висновки можуть бути використані в науково-дослідній сфері - для подальших досліджень загальнотеоретичних питань захисту прав людини в адміністративному судочинстві.

Ключові слова: глобальне адміністративне право, універсальні і регіональні міжнародні договори, практика Європейського суду.

Abstract

administrative proceeding human right

Administrative litigation can affect almost every aspect of a person's life, such as custody, immigration, welfare, and housing. At the same time, the decisions made by state authorities are not always legal and those that meet international legal standards. At present, it can be said that administrative law is becoming globalised, as well as, in particular, administrative proceedings. The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the necessity of analysing the topics of human rights protection in administrative proceedings from the standpoint of international law, as well as the insufficient theoretical development of this subject. Considering that international law has an impact on the rule of law of states, including in administrative proceedings, it would be appropriate to analyse international legal acts in this area. The purpose of the study is to analyse the sources of international law on human rights protection in administrative proceedings. Upon the study of the subject matter, a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition were used, in particular, the leading methods were as follows: the method of system analysis; historical legal method; comparative legal method. The study comprehensively considers the issue of protecting human rights in administrative proceedings from the standpoint of international law, in particular, on the universal and regional level, namely within the framework of the European legal space. It was established that the authorities have a key role in democratic societies and their activities affect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities. The practical significance lies in that the provisions and conclusions formulated in the study can be used in the research area - for further research on general theoretical issues of protecting human rights in administrative proceedings.

Keywords: global administrative law, universal and regional international treaties, the practice of the European Court of Justice.

INTRODUCTION

“In a modern world complicated by globalisation, a person can exercise most of their rights only with the assistance or direct participation of public authorities in this” [1]. On the other hand, when individuals and legal entities interact with authorised government bodies, problems of human rights violations may arise. Administrative litigation can affect almost every aspect of a person's life, such as custody, immigration, welfare, and housing. At the same time, the decisions made by state authorities are not always legal and those that meet international legal standards.

“The historical conflict between the interests of the state and the citizen has led to an evolution of protecting human rights in law and in practice” [2]. Yu.S. Pedko defined the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens from violations by state authorities, local government, and their officials as a strategic goal of administrative proceedings [3]. Therewith, "administrative court proceedings constitute an integral element of a more general system of human rights protection" [4]. Thus, "on the one hand, effective legal proceedings are the most important basis for the protection of human rights, and on the other hand, an important tool that improves the quality of administrative actions and ensures effective management" [5]. "The specificity of administrative proceedings is that any deviation from democratic or humanistic foundations can lead to a significant infringement of human rights, the interests of society and harm to the authority of the state" [6].

At present, it can be said that administrative law is becoming globalised, as well as, in particular, administrative proceedings. For example, B. Kormich means that “in a narrow meaning, global administrative law is associated with the development of certain universal requirements for the decision-making procedure within the global administrative space, forms autonomous legal regimes” [7]. Furthermore, the principles of administrative law have been adopted in key human rights instruments. The standards of administrative proceedings can be considered as an integral part of international standards of human rights and freedoms, since they are designed to ensure the effectiveness of judicial protection of human rights and freedoms in disputes with state authorities [8]. Thus, considering that international law has an impact on the rule of law of states, including in administrative proceedings, it would be appropriate to analyse international legal acts in this area.

Notably, having analysed the scientific articles of domestic and foreign scientists, the doctrine lacks comprehensive studies of the problems of protecting human rights in administrative proceedings from the standpoint of international law. Therewith, O. Radyshevskaya considered some of the international legal aspects of the impact of the globalisation on national administrative law. She noted that the concept of global administrative law arose to solve the problems of exercise and protection of human and civil rights in the public law sphere. Furthermore, scholars such as A. Pukhtetskaya, B. Kormich [7] also studied the issues of global administrative law. E. Inshakova studied the issues of legal protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens and organisations in administrative and other public legal relations [9]. M. Batalli studied the issue of increasing the efficiency of public administration through improving the system of administrative justice [5]. K. Kobylyansky investigated the human right to defence in an administrative court [6]. D. Poncet thoroughly analysed the functions of administrative procedures. Among the main functions, he distinguishes: (1) protection of personal dignity; (2) promotion of citizen participation; (3) increase in transparency and accountability; and (4) improvement of the rule of law. He also noted that administrative procedures contribute to the protection of the rights and interests of citizens, as well as, on the other hand, good governance and, therefore, the quality of final decisions.

The methodological framework of the study constitute a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition, the application of which is carried out within the framework of a systematic approach. Achievements of individual objectives of the study led to the use of the following methods: the historical legal method was applied when considering the evolution of administrative proceedings and the development of international legal provisions on human rights in administrative proceedings; comparative legal method - when comparing international legal provisions on the protection of human rights in administrative proceedings at the universal and regional level, within the framework of the European legal space; the method of systems analysis helped to comprehensively consider the issues of protecting human rights in administrative proceedings from the standpoint of international law.

1. ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TREATIES ON PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS

The situation necessitates the establishment of mechanisms for monitoring the observance of human rights and the legality of actions/inaction of state authorities in public administration. Upon dealing with state authorities, it is very important for individuals and legal entities to be able to file a complaint and seek the renewal of violated rights from the state, local government, etc. These issues are dealt with by administrative proceedings, which "in general, makes provision for the activities of administrative courts for the purpose of considering and resolving public law cases" [10]. Importantly, the role of administrative justice is very important in the modern world, as it creates opportunities to guarantee the performance of everyday duties by officials in accordance with the laws [11]. Administrative litigation has played an important part in the struggle to restrict and establish judicial control over government action [12].

Administrative justice and human rights protection have similar goals. Firstly, they are both associated with the relations between the state and the individual. Secondly, administrative proceedings protect individuals and legal entities from illegal actions of representatives of state authorities, while human rights impose obligations on the state to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of people. Historically, "administrative justice" was formed in France when Napoleon Bonaparte created the Council of State in 1799. Councils of prefectures were soon established. By the law of 1872, the councils of the prefectures were given judicial powers, they were given the right to make judicial decisions. The decisions of the new courts, apart from influencing the legality of specific actions of the administration, gave rise to many provisions of administrative law" [13].

With the adoption by the UN General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights¹ on December 10, 1948, civil, cultural, economic, political, and social rights were recognised. Therewith, Article 8 stipulates that everyone has the right to seek legal aid if their rights are not respected. This Article also provides for recourse to administrative remedies. It should be noted that although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a legally binding instrument per se, since it was adopted by a General Assembly resolution, the principles it contains are currently considered legally binding on states as a custom of international law.

Articles 2 and 14 of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948, December). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1966, December). Retrieved from

https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx oblige states (a) to provide any person whose rights and freedoms are violated with an effective remedy, even if the violation was committed by persons acting in an official capacity; b) to ensure that the right to legal protection for any person claiming such protection is established by the competent judicial, administrative, or legislative authorities, or any other competent authority prescribed by the legal system of the state, and to develop judicial remedies; c) to ensure that remedies are applied by the competent authorities when they are provided; d) to ensure equality of all before the courts.

Therewith, in 2004, the Human Rights Committee, created to monitor the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, noted that “the Committee attaches great importance to the fact that States parties establish appropriate judicial and administrative mechanisms to address complaints of violations of rights in domestic legislation”General Comment No. 31. “The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant”. (2004, March). Retrieved from https://undocs.org/en/CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13. Furthermore, in 1998, the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Affairs stressed that administrative remedies, not just remedies, are an important means of providing “effective remedies” to people whose rights are violated. “The right to an effective defence should not be interpreted as necessarily requiring a remedy. In many cases, administrative remedies will be sufficient, and those within the jurisdiction of the State party have a legitimate reason, based on the principle of good faith, to expect all administrative authorities to consider the requirements of the Covenant in making their decisions. Any such administrative remedies must be available, acceptable, timely, and effective”Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. (1998, December). Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/47a7079d6.html.

The issues of the protection of human rights in administrative proceedings within the Council of Europe were first raised on October 7-8, 2002 at the First Conference of the Heads of the Supreme Administrative Courts of Europe entitled “Opportunities and scope of judicial control over administrative decisions”. As a result of the conference, conclusions were drawn up, which supported the creation of the Project Group from administrative law. It was also indicated that at the level of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, general standards of judicial administrative procedure are enshrined in Article 13 and paragraph 1 of Article 6. Article 13 of the Convention establishes the right to an effective remedy “Everyone whose rights and freedoms... are violated, has the right to an effective remedy before a public authority, even if the violation was committed by persons acting in an official capacity”¹.

Later, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on protection of human rights in administrative proceedings adopted the following recommendations:

1. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the implementation of administrative and judicial decisions in the field of administrative law dated 2003'European Convention on Human Rights. (1950, November). Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/005 Recommendation Rec(2003)16 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the execution of administrative and judicial decisions in the field of administrative law (2003, September). Retrieved from https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805df14f.

2. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on judicial review of administrative acts dated 2004Recommendation Rec(2004)20 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on judicial review of administrative acts. (2004, December). Retrieved from https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx? ObjectID=09000016805db3f4 4Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on good administration (2007, June). Retrieved from https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805d5bb1 Judgment of The European Court of Human Rights No. 39594/98 “Case Kress v. France”. (2001, June)..

3. Recommendation (2007) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on good governance dated 20074.