Legal support of establishment and reform of the system of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine
The purpose is to analyze the legal support for the formation and reform of the system of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine. The creation of the Directorate of Cultural Heritage as a part of the Ministry of Culture.
Рубрика | Государство и право |
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Язык | английский |
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Legal support of establishment and reform of the system of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine
Mazur Tamara V.,
Candidate of Legal Science, Professor of the Department of Public Administration, National Academy of Internal Affairs
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal support for the formation and reform of the system of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine.
The scientific novelty of the article is the statement of changes in the legal and institutional support of the state bodies system for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine.
Conclusions. Cultural heritage protection bodies are governed by the Constitution, Ukrainian laws, acts of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, orders of ministries and other central executive bodies, local state administrations and local governments decisions; and other regulations and administrative documents.
Frequent changes and reorganizations of the system of public authorities in Ukraine generally have a negative impact not only on the monument protection state activities, but also on the development of cooperation and efforts coordination between state and public institutions, organizations, foundations, etc. The creation of the Directorate of Cultural Heritage as a part of the Ministry of Culture, the main tasks of which include the formation of state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection, evaluation of its implementation and development of proposals for improving cultural heritage protection, also seems useful in the context of increasing state attention to cultural heritage protection. Moreover, the creation of a separate central executive body in the field of cultural heritage protection in Ukraine is a positive decision. With the successful implementation of the initiated reforms, secures new opportunities for the development and implementation of state monument protection policy. At the same time, it is necessary to create separate bodies for the protection of cultural heritage, both within the current state administrations and executive bodies of local self-government.
Key words: Ministry of culture of Ukraine, law, legal protection, cultural heritage, cultural values.
Анотація
ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РЕФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ОРГАНІВ ОХОРОНИ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ В УКРАЇНІ
Мазур Тамара Вікторівна, кандидат юридичних наук, професор кафедри публічного управління та адміністрування Національної академії внутрішніх справ
Метою статті є аналіз правового забезпечення становлення та реформування системи державних органів охорони культурної спадщини в Україні.
Наукова новизна статті полягає у висвітленні змін правового й інституційного забезпечення системи державних органів охорони культурної спадщини в Україні.
Висновки. Органи охорони культурної спадщини керуються у своїй діяльності Конституцією й законами України, актами Верховної Ради України, Президента України, Кабінету Міністрів України, наказами міністерств й інших центральних органів виконавчої влади, рішеннями місцевих державних адміністрацій й органів місцевого самоврядування та розпорядженнями їх голів, а також положеннями й іншими нормативними та розпорядчими документами.
Загалом часті зміни й реорганізації системи органів державної влади в Україні негативно позначаються не лише на пам'яткоохоронній діяльності держави, а й на розвитку співпраці та координації зусиль між державними й громадськими інституціями, організаціями, фондами тощо. Разом із тим створення у складі Міністерства культури Директорату культурної спадщини, до основних завдань якого віднесено формування державної політики у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, оцінку результатів її здійснення та вироблення пропозицій щодо удосконалення охорони культурної спадщини, видається корисним з точки зору посилення уваги держави до охорони культурної спадщини. Так само позитивним є створення окремого центрального органу виконавчої влади у сфері охорони культурної спадщини України. За умови успішної реалізації розпочатих реформ відкриваються нові можливості для вироблення й реалізації державної пам'яткоохоронної політики. При цьому необхідним є створення окремих органів охорони культурної спадщини на місцях як у складі нинішніх державних адміністрацій, так і виконавчих органів місцевого самоврядування.
Ключові слова: Міністерство культури України, закон, правова охорона, культурна спадщина, культурні цінності.
Problem setting
The system of power relations has developed in democracies over the centuries provides for a balance of power and legal control mechanisms that make it impossible to usurp power by one of the dominant institutions. In accordance with the principle of powers separation established in legal democracies, the Constitution of Ukraine guarantees the exercise of power in our state on the basis of its division into legislative, executive and judicial powers with the Article 6. The system of cultural heritage protection bodies is narrowly considered in our study, it means that only the executive authorities at the central and local levels are analyzed. According to the current legislation, the formation and implementation of state policy in a particular area is carried out by ministries and other central executive bodies. The implementation of sectoral policy is locally ensured by the appropriate structural subdivisions of territorial bodies of the central executive body and local state administrations.
Analysis of recent research and publications
protection cultural heritage ukraine
Legal protection of cultural heritage has long been the subject of research for many foreign scholars. The foreign experience in the formation and development of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage of European countries, in which the system of public administration is similar to the Ukrainian one, is analyzed in our research. There are works on legal protection of cultural heritage of such scholars as J. Rigaud [1], J. P. Moulinier [2], a collective work of Polish scientists edited by B. Szmygin [3] and others. The issues of the system of cultural heritage protection formation and development were covered in the works of T I. Katargina [4], O. V. Nadyrova [5], I.M. Myshchak [6; 7] and other scientists during the period of Independence of Ukraine. Currently, the process of reforming the system of state bodies for the protection of cultural heritage shell be studied.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal support for the formation and reform of the state bodies system for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine.
The main material. During the period of Ukraine's independence, central executive body in the field of culture was the Ministry of Culture of the Ukrainian SSR, which operated according to the Regulations on the Ministry of Culture of the Ukrainian SSR approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR since March30, 1970. The main purpose of the Ministry of Culture of the Ukrainian SSR, as well as other republican ministries, was the realization of the Soviet Union state policy in the republic and implementation of the Communist Party decisions, union and republican legislation.
The formation of the state policy of independent Ukraine in the field of culture required new approaches in the functioning of the subject ministry. The new Regulation on the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine was developed and approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine since June 1, 1992 No 301 (the resolution became invalid on grounds of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No 348 of May 13, 1993). According to the Regulation, the Ministry of Culture was recognized as the central body of state executive power, ran directly by the Government of Ukraine. The key tasks of the Ministry of Culture included the implementation of state policy in the field of culture, forecasting and ensuring the integrated development of culture, and its humanistic orientation, focus on national and universal values. The Ministry of Culture of Ukraine was to ensure the protection of historical monuments and Ukrainian culture, as well as the preservation of cultural traditions in Ukraine.
The Ministry of Culture of Ukraine underwent a number of reorganizations, which significantly influenced the main directions of activities, development and implementation of state policy in the field of culture. Despite numerous reorganizations, the main tasks of the Ministry of Culture for the protection of cultural heritage remained virtually unchanged. They just switched from one provision to another. Thus, the Ministry is the main body in the system of central executive bodies that ensures the formation and implementation of state policy in culture, including the protection of cultural heritage, museum affairs, export, import and return of cultural property. accordance with the Regulation on the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated October 16, 2019 No885 [9]. Moreover, the Ministry, according to paragraph 4 of the Regulation and its competence, generalizes the practice of application of legislation and develops proposals for its improvement, putting them before the Government of Ukraine; directly develops draft laws and bylaws within its competence; approves drafts of legislative and by-laws, which are put before the Ministry by other authorities, provides conclusions and proposals to draft regulations developed by other entities that are within its competence; gives comments and proposals to the laws adopted by the Parliament, which have already been submitted to the Head of State for signature; secures normative-legal regulation in the sphere of cultural heritage protection, export, import and return of cultural values, museum business, etc. [9]. The Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and the department responsible for the protection of cultural heritage, were also focused on the implementation of these tasks.
Structural changes in the Ministry of Culture in recent years have been related to the introduction of public administration reform in Ukraine to implement the Public Administration Reform Strategy of Ukraine for the period until 2021, approved by the Government Order dated June 24, 2016 No 474 (as amended by the order of December 18, 2018 No1102-r) [10]. This Strategy was coordinated with The Strategy for Sustainable Development «Ukraine - 2020» (approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine since January 12, 2015 No5) [11], as well as the Strategy for reforming the Strategy of Public Finance Management System till 2017 - 2020 (approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine since February 8, 2017 No142) [12]. According to the concept of reform, ministries should switch to policymaking in the corresponding field, i.e. become de facto an analytical center. This approach involves creating new structural units, such as directorates, which will take over the function of strategic planning and coordination of other government entities. With the reference to this reform, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine established the Directorate of Cultural Heritage, the main tasks of which are the formation of state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection, evaluation of its implementation and development of proposals to improve cultural heritage protection. Rule-making activities to improve the legal support for the protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine have been recently carried out by the Ministry of Culture [8].
Further reformation of public administration in the field of cultural heritage protection relates, on the one hand, to the continuation of public administration reform in general, on the other hand, to the peculiarities of reforming the cultural heritage protection system in the context of decentralization. Thus, specialists in the field of monument protection and experts in the field of cultural heritage protection have drawn attention to the need to create a separate executive body for the protection of cultural heritage. The proposal to establish structural units for cultural heritage protection in local state administrations supported at parliamentary hearings on «State, Problems and Prospects for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine» on April 18, 2018 and included in the Recommendations of parliamentary hearings, approved by the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine since May 14, 2019 No 2716-VIII [13].
Taking the above mentioned into consideration, at the end of 2019 it was announced that the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports of Ukraine reformation will continue. In addition, instead of the Office for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, which dealt with the registration of cultural heritage sites, and granting of permissions and approvals, and monitored compliance with current monument protection legislation, announced the creation of two new central executive bodies: State Service for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine and the Cultural Heritage Inspectorate of Ukraine.
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine «About approval of regulations on some central executive bodies in the sphere of culture and modification of the Regulations on the Ministry of Culture, youth and sport of Ukraine» dated December 24, 2019 No1185 [14] approved the Regulation on the State Inspectorate for Cultural Heritage of Ukraine [15] and the Regulation on the State Service for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine [16], which became res judicata on March 1, 2020. (However, due to the next reorganization of the Ministry by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated March23, 2020 No231 [17] paragraph1 on the approval of these provisions was ceased).
At the local level, the implementation of state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection is ensured by structural units of the corresponding state administrations. Most local state administrations do not have separate units that take care of the cultural heritage protection. The mentioned above functions are transferred to those departments or administrations that generally implement state policy in the field of culture. At the same time, such departments often implement state policy across several areas at once. Thus, the Department of Culture, Nationalities and Religions was established within the Kyiv Regional State Administration, which is based on the Regulations and approved by the order of the Head of the Kyiv Regional State Administration on April1, 2013 No129 (as amended by the order of the Head of Administration dated March25, 2019 No173). The department is accountable to and controlled by the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine; and subordinates to the head of the Kyiv Regional State Administration. The management aimed at ensuring: the implementation of state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection; analysis of the employees need in the field of cultural heritage protection; participation in the development and approval of cultural heritage protection programs; participation in the implementation of international projects and programs in the field of cultural heritage protection, export, import and return of cultural values; preparation, compilation and transfer of scientific documentation with descriptions and fixation of cultural heritage sites to the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, and in case of obtaining permission for their movement (transfer) i.e. dismantling of culturally valuable elements in order to preserve them; production, installation and maintenance of security boards, security signs, other information inscriptions, marks on cultural heritage monuments or within their territories as prescribed by law; access of legal entities and individuals to the information contained in the extracts from the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine, as well as the provision of information on programs and projects of changes in the zones of protection of cultural heritage monuments and in historical areas of settlements; protection of cultural heritage sites from destruction or damage, etc. [18]. However, these tasks are only part of the total number of tasks assigned to the Department of Culture, Nationalities and Religions. Whereas the small number of employees and workload, the implementation of state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection is not properly ensured. A similar situation has developed in other regions of Ukraine.
A situation concerning the protection of cultural heritage is better, but it is possible only in the places where special structural units are created and operate. Thus, the Department of Cultural Heritage Protection (hereinafter - the Cultural Heritage Department of Kyiv City State Administration) was established within the executive body of the Kyiv City Council (Kyiv City State Administration) [19]. According to the Regulations approved by the order of the executive body of the Kyiv City Council (Kyiv City State Administration) dated March7, 2018 No 381, the Cultural Heritage Department of Kyiv City State Administration is accountable and controlled by the Kyiv City Council, and reports to the Kyiv Mayor. The Ministry of Culture is empowered to control the issues of the department related to performing the functions of the state executive power to [20]. The Kiev Scientific and Methodological Center for the protection, restoration and use of the monuments of history, culture and reserved territories is a part of the Department of Cultural Heritage Protection of the Kyiv City State Administration. The structure of the Department of Cultural Heritage Protection of the Kyiv City State Administration includes the Department of Cultural Heritage Protection and Historical Environment and the Department of Accounting and Preservation of Cultural Heritage [21]. The local budget program «Leadership and Management in the Field of Cultural Heritage in Kyiv» is being implemented [22] The performance report is published on the website of the Kyiv City Council due the efforts of the Department of Cultural Heritage of the Kyiv City State Administration. However, most local authorities do not have both a separate structural unit that implements the state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection, and the appropriate level of specialists and funding to ensure the full protection of monuments.
Conclusions
To sum up, frequent changes and reorganizations of the state authorities' system in Ukraine have a negative impact not only on the monument protection activities of the state, but also on the development of cooperation and coordination of the efforts between state and public institutions, organizations, foundations, etc. In this light, the creation of the Directorate of Cultural Heritage as a part of the Ministry of Culture, the main tasks of which is to include the formation of state policy in the field of cultural heritage protection, evaluation of its implementation and development of proposals to improve cultural heritage protection, seems to be a step in the right direction. Another positive moment is the creation of a separate central executive body in the field of cultural heritage protection in Ukraine. With the successful implementation of the initiated reforms, new opportunities can open up for the development and implementation of state monument protection policy. At the same time, it is necessary to create separate bodies for the protection of cultural heritage locally, both within the current state administrations and executive bodies of local self-government.
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7. МищакІ.М. Правове регулювання процесу формування й наповнення Державного реєстру нерухомих пам'яток України. Наукові записки Інституту законодавства Верховної Ради України. 2015. №2. С. 15-20.
8. МазурТ. В., Мищак І.М. Основні напрями нормопроектувальної діяльності Міністерства культури України у сфері охорони культурної спадщини. Вісник Національної академії керівних кадрів культури і мистецтв: наук. журнал. К. : Міленіум, 2018. № 2. С. 62-66.9. Положення про Міністерство культури та інформаційної політики України: затверджене постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 16 жовтня 2019 р. №885. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/885- 2019-п (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
10. Стратегія реформування державного управління України на період до 2021 року: схвалена розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України від 24червня 2016 р. № 474 (в редакції розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 18 грудня 2018 р. №1102-р). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/474-2016-р (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
11. Стратегія сталого розвитку
«Україна - 2020»: схвалена Указом
Президента України від 12січня 2015 р. №5/2015. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/5/2015#n10 (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
12. Стратегія реформування системи управління державними фінансами на 2017-2020 роки: схвалена розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України від 8 лютого 2017 р. №142-р. URL: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/142-2017-р#n9 (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
13. Рекомендації парламентських слухань на тему: «Стан, проблеми та перспективи охорони культурної спадщини в Україні»: cхвалені постановою Верховної Ради України від 14травня 2019 р. № 2716-VIII. URL: https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2716-19 (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
14. Про затвердження положень
про деякі центральні органи виконавчої влади у сфері культури та внесення змін до Положення про Міністерство культури, молоді та спорту України: Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України від 24 грудня 2019 р. №1185. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/1185-2019m#n514 (Дата
звернення: 15.04.2020).
15. Положення про Державну інспекцію культурної спадщини України : затверджене постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від
24 грудня 2019 р. № 1185. URL: https://zakon. rada.gov. ua/laws/show/1185-2019^#n514 (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
16. Положення про Державну службу охорони культурної спадщини України: затверджене постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 24 грудня 2019 р. № 1185. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1185-
2019- п#п514 (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
17. Про внесення змін до деяких актів Кабінету Міністрів України щодо діяльності Міністерства культури та інформаційної політики: Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України від 23березня 2020 р. №231. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/1aws/show/231-
2020- п#п6 (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
18. Положення про Управління культури, національностей та релігій Київської обласної державної адміністрації: затверджене Розпорядженням голови Київської обласної державної адміністрації від 1 квітня 2013 р. №129 (у редакції розпорядження голови адміністрації від
25 березня 2019 р. №173). URL: http://cult- koda.gov.ua/ua/polojennja_pro_upravlinn- ja_kulturi__nacionalnostej_ta_religij.html (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
19. Департамент охорони культурної спадщини. URL: https://kyivcity.gov.ua/kyiv_ ta_miska_vlada/struktura_150/vikonavchiy_or- gan_kivsko_misko_radi_kivska_miska_derzhav- na_administratsiya/departamenti_ta_upravlin- nya/departament_okhoroni_kulturno_spadschi- ni/ (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
20. Положення про Департамент охорони культурної спадщини виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації): Затверджене розпорядженням виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації) від 7 березня 2018р. №381. URL: https://kyivci- ty.gov.ua/kyiv_ta_miska_vlada/struktura_150/ vikonavchiy_organ_kivsko_misko_radi_kivs- ka_miska_derzhavna_administratsiya/departa- menti_ta_upravlinnya/departament_okhoroni_ kulturno_spadschini/File_1551950481/ (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
21. Структура Департаменту охорони культурної спадщини виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації). URL: https://kyivc- ity.gov.ua/kyiv_ta_miska_vlada/struktura_150/ vikonavchiy_organ_kivsko_misko_radi_kivska_ miska_derzhavna_administratsiya/departamen- ti_ta_upravlinnya/departament_okhoroni_kul- turno_spadschini/File_1551950481_314674/ (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
22. Звіт про виконання паспорта бюджетної програми місцевого бюджету станом на 31.12.2018 року. URL: https://kyivc- ity.gov.ua/kyiv_ta_miska_vlada/struktura_150/ vikonavchiy_organ_kivsko_misko_radi_kivska_ miska_derzhavna_administratsiya/departamen- ti_ta_upravlinnya/departament_okhoroni_kul- turno_spadschini/File_1551950481_314678/ (Дата звернення: 15.04.2020).
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