Research of mechanisms of implementation of democracy of participation in the field of public governance: methodology, methods

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National academy of Public administration under the President of Ukraine

Department of public administration and public service

Research of mechanisms of implementation of democracy of participation in the field of public governance: methodology, methods

Ya. Ben, Postgraduate student

Abstract

The publication reveals the issues of methodology, methods and techniques of research of mechanisms of realization of democracy of participation in public administration in their system interrelation. It's emphasized that knowledge of partisan democracy means, first of all, unlocking its potential for the needs of public administration at the local and national levels. This requires balanced methodological and methodological approaches, which are an independent subject of scientific research in the field of science and branch sciences, including public administration.

The conclusion substantiated that the methodology of research of the mechanism of realization of participatory democracy in public administration at local level is a system of interdependent, subordinated to the purpose and task of research, philosophical, general scientific and special methods of knowledge of essence and maintenance of democracy of participation and its potential in public administration.

It's established that the method of studying the mechanism of democracy participation in public administration at the local level is a system of principles, rules, techniques and methods of learning the qualities and properties of participatory democracy as a legitimate mode of promoting local self-government. Of local significance. The main methods and their groups that are effective for studying the mechanisms of participatory democracy in public administration identified.

It is emphasized that the research methodology has certain algorithms of its application, which are a set of purposeful and consistent actions of the researcher (researchers), embodied in specific stages and forms of application of methodological tools, in order to achieve goals and objectives, as well as practice- oriented research results.

Keywords: methodology, method, public administration, democracy, participatory democracy, participatory democracy, local self-government.

Formulation of the problem

One of the oldest, debatable and important problems in the civilized history of the West is the problem of knowing the essence and content of the phenomenon of democracy from antiquity to the present and its purpose in society and the state.

At the same time, we agree with V. Sergeevich, in his work "The task and method of public science" (1871), supporting the founder of the science of public administration L. Stein, wrote that the phenomena of state and public life to such an extent that cannot be studied for a single minute separately, without prejudice to the results of the study " [1, p. 32]. Continuing the opinion of V. Sergeevich, we see that the phenomenon of democracy has contributed to the strengthening of legal ties between the state, society and the citizen in the field of public administration. The mechanisms of democracy made it possible, beginning with the Athenian Republic in the fourth century, to form public power by election, and to place the activities of elected government officials under the control of citizens- voters.

At the same time, participatory democracy, in our opinion, was the primary form of involving citizens in the management of public affairs since antiquity and the Middle Ages, to the separation and constitution in the end. XVIII century - XIX century.

Elections, referendums and parliamentarism. It should also be noted that the mechanisms of participatory democracy have been and remain the most effective in local self-government.

Thus, at the time of the separation of local self-government from the central government in the XVIII century, when "English self-government has developed a system of positions and taxes regulated by law" [1, p. 752], residents of English communities participated in the election of such local government officials as sheriff, governor, justice of the peace, coroner, constable. As for economic selfgovernment in the English communities of that time, R. Gneist wrote that "the center of the burden of economic self-government is the system of local taxes" [2, p. 756]. At the same time, and the election of local government officials, and the formation of local budgets in England in the XVIII century carried out with the participation of residents of relevant communities.

The separation of local self-government from the central government and its further development contributed to the development of territorial communities, civil society in general and participatory democracy. The latter, in our opinion, from the very beginning differed significantly from elections, referendums and parliamentarism, which established as part of the political landscape, the institutions of public authority. Instead, participatory democracy was a reflection of the desire of residents to participate primarily in solving social and economic problems of the community. Only in the end. XX century, with the strengthening of the tendencies of decentralization and subsidiarity of local self-government in Europe, the USA, Canada and other states, participatory democracy at the local level applied to certain political issues. First of all, it concerns the models of relations with the central government.

It is obvious that participation today is an independent type of democracy, which differs from direct and representative democracy and, at the same time, interacts with them, forming the political, legal and administrative design of Ukraine and other countries. Knowledge of partisan democracy means unlocking its potential for the needs of public administration at the local and national levels. This, in turn, requires balanced methodological and methodological approaches, which are an independent subject of research.

Analysis of research and publications. Problems of theory and practice of mechanisms of public involvement in public administration and the social nature of participatory democracy have been studied in the works of scholars on public administration (O. Pukhkal, I. Surai, T. Fedorenko, S. Khadzhiradeva, etc.) and law, O. Lotyuk, O. Skrypnyuk, V. Fedorenko and others). This article logically continues our previous study on the methodology of research on participatory democracy [3] and is based on studies of the genesis of participatory democracy [4;5].

The purpose of the article is to determine the essence and content of the methodology, method and techniques of studying the mechanisms of democracy participation in public administration at the local level, in their systemic relationship.

Presenting main material

It should note that the methodology of scientific research is an important tool for the logical formation and dissemination of the value of scientific knowledge and worldview principles of researchers in public administration practice. After all, the key feature of modern management processes is their scientific intensity. Empirical experience of public administration today is not considered sufficient, much less "...observation, which consists in a careful study of changes and interrelationships of phenomena and their perception by the mind" [6, p. 273], today does not allow to solve complex problems in the field of public administration.

The issue of methodology of research of public-administrative phenomena, processes, statuses and phenomena for the last 20 years has been thoroughly researched in the science of public (public) administration. In particular, in the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Public Administration" scientists propose to understand the methodology as a system of ways to organize and implement theoretical and practical activities, as well as the doctrine of this system - its structure, logical organization.

The methodology covers three subsystems: the methodology of science (the doctrine of the system of methods of organization and implementation of scientific knowledge, as well as the construction of systems of scientific knowledge), which is divided into semantic and formal methodology; methodology of scientific research (system of methods of scientific research of certain objects), which is divided into philosophical, general and specific scientific methodology, as well as the methodology of practical activities (system of methods of organization and implementation of practical activities) [7, p. 414].

Scientists also substantiate other definitions and approaches to the category of "methodology" in public administration. The analysis and generalization of the relevant approaches allowed to form the author's approach to the methodology of research of mechanisms of realization of democracy of participation in public administration and local self-government and to reveal essential signs of this category.

In our opinion, the methodology should be understood, first of all, as a holistic system of interdependent and multilevel (philosophical, general scientific, special) methods and their groups, which form a differentiated toolkit for understanding phenomena, processes, statuses and phenomena of public administration, including essence, content, mechanisms and forms of using the potential of participatory democracy in public (state) governance.

Thus, the methodology of studying the mechanism of participatory democracy in public administration at the local level is "a system of interdependent, subordinated to the purpose and objectives of the study, philosophical, general and special methods of understanding the essence and content of participatory democracy and its potential in public administration" [3, p. 231].

The essential features of this methodology are:

1) subject conditionality;

2) integrity and comprehensive nature;

3) differentiation (structure) of methodological tools;

4) exhaustiveness within the subject of research;

5) integral character, etc. These essential features are not exhaustive and their number can be extended.

As mentioned earlier, methodology is a set of research methods. However, methodology is not a random accumulation of methods, which are, in fact, methods of scientific knowledge of scientists of reality, but their orderly system.

Each of the methods in the methodology system has its purpose and logic of application, interacts with other methods, subject to the general purpose and objectives of the study. At the same time, each individual method of scientific cognition embodies a concentrated experience of cognition of the world by whole generations of thinkers and scientists. Methods are the primary and universal tool for acquiring new scientific knowledge.

As is known, methods of cognition of phenomena, processes, statuses, and phenomena of a political-legal and public-administrative nature, beginning in the nineteenth century, have also become the subject of study in various sciences philosophy, history, sociology, law, and others. Thus, the rector of the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kyiv, M. Rennenkampf, wrote: “Methods are, in fact, only the ways and methods that thought must apply in its search for truth; and the correct application and action of these tools are extremely important: they protect against futile loss of strength and error, lead more directly to the search for truth and gain scientific credibility" [6, p. 270].

In our opinion, the method of studying the mechanism of democracy participation in public administration at the local level is a system of principles, rules, techniques and methods of learning the qualities and properties of participatory democracy as a legitimate mode of promoting local self-government. issues of local importance. democratic public participatory public administration

At the same time, in science to this day there is a problem of rational selection of methods and their application in conducting specific research. Therefore, the methodology for studying the mechanisms of democracy in public administration, like any other completed methodology, has its own system. This system is represented by the structure of methodology and the nature of epistemological relationships between its components - different methods of scientific knowledge and their groups (philosophical, general, special).

As for the structure of the methodology of cognition, Ukrainian scholars write about the differentiated embodiment in the following types of methodology: philosophical methodology; general scientific methodology; specific scientific methodology; methods and techniques of scientific research [7, p. 128]. The relevant levels of methodology in their combination form a system of methodology that is traditionally used for research, including dissertation research, in various fields of science, including the science of public administration. The methodology of research of the mechanism of realization of democracy of participation in public administration and local self-government is not an exception.

One can also agree with scholars who argue that the modern post-positivist methodology of socio-humanitarian research is represented by two main components at different levels. The primary component of the methodology, according to V. Fedorenko, are the worldview methodological principles of the researcher, a kind of program of growth and systematization of new knowledge, and the secondary - different in content and form methods of direct cognition of the object of study [9, p. 28-29]. Scientists substantiate other approaches to understanding the structure of research methodology in public administration.

Regarding the primary level of research methodology of the mechanism of democracy participation in public administration, general philosophical methods, or ideological methodological principles, we can agree with domestic researchers that these are primarily methodological principles of deideologization and freedom, comprehensiveness and systematics, objectivity and universality, formality, pragmatism and practical orientation of scientific research, etc. Instead, the direct general and special principles of scientific knowledge of participatory democracy are: structural-functional method; deterministic method; comparative method; historical-retrospective method; methods of formal logic (analysis and synthesis; induction and deduction; abstraction, concretization, generalization, analogy, idealization, etc.); empirical methods; sociological method; phenomenological method; prognostic method; modeling method; method of control and scaling; method of differentiation of information flows; method of mapping social systems; methodology based on game theory and others [9, p. 128].

Conclusions and prospects for further research

The variety of methods that form the basis of the methodology for studying the mechanisms of democracy in public administration, involves their comprehensive but not simultaneous application. Obviously, the research methodology has certain algorithms of its application, which are a set of purposeful and consistent actions of the researcher (researchers), embodied in specific stages and forms of application of methodological tools, in order to achieve goals and objectives, as well as practice- oriented research results.

In our opinion, the study of the potential of specific worldview methodological principles and methods of understanding the mechanisms of democracy participation in public administration in the context of completing the reform of local self-government in Ukraine remains a promising area of research in the field of public administration.

References

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