Administrative and legal status of private executors authorised to enforce judgements
The requirements for private executors is one of the elements of determining their administrative and legal status. The absence of legal requirements to personal and professional qualities of private executors is a significant gap in modern legislation.
| Рубрика | Государство и право |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 08.01.2023 |
| Размер файла | 22,5 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
Размещено на http://allbest.ru
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF PRIVATE EXECUTORS AUTHORISED TO ENFORCE JUDGEMENTS
Vita Moroz,
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Administrative Law, Procedure and Administrative Activity, Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Dnipro,
Abstract. Purpose. The aim of the article is to make important practical and theoretical conclusions on the introduction of the institution of private executors regarding the enforcement of judgements. Research methods. The article studies requirements for private executors as one of the elements of determining their administrative and legal status. The focus is on the absence of legal requirements to high personal and professional qualities of private executors, which is a significant gap in modern legislation. The author argues that the introduction of the institution of private executors in Ukraine has come a long way, and arguments justifying the competence of public executors in comparison with private executors are established in accordance with statutory requirements, but the issues are open and need to be improved. The current discussions at various hearings and conferences on the reform of the system of enforcement of judgements, where participants are representatives of the Ministry of Justice, scientists in the field of enforcement of judgements, representatives of the Legal Policy Committees, and judges, who note that newly established institutions of enforcement of judgements work imperfectly and there are many problems. Some of the stakeholders have taken a position on the advisability of returning the institution of bailiffs, but the author disagrees with the position of the latter, so the analysis of the administrative and legal status of private executors through the prism of legislative requirements is covered. One of the main means of ensuring legality in the activities of private executors should be to control the lawfulness of the executive action taken by the private executor, which can violate the rights and interests of participants in the enforcement or other interested persons, and therefore, such cases require the prompt restoration of their rights and the elimination of violations. Conclusions. The control mechanism of the Private Executors Council is quite promising: first, in terms of self-monitoring and optimising the use of budget funds; second, a distinction should be drawn between the subjective abuse by individual unscrupulous private executors and the purification of the private executor system by the Private Executors Council, for survival in the fierce competition for the “customer” in so far as the business component, i.e., maximum profit, which is impossible without growth of the quality of services of private executors and growth of their professional competence.
Key words: persons of private executors, requirements, administrative and legal status, enforcement of judgements, executors of decisions.
private executors requirements administrative legal status
Introduction
Dealing with the administrative status, we underline requirements as part of the administrative status of private executors, as our research focuses on the administrative and legal framework for the enforcement of judgements, where the private executor is the main enforcer of judgements.
With regard to legislative regulation, the following legal regulations standardise this issue: Law of Ukraine "On bodies and persons who enforce judgements and decisions of other bodies", Law of Ukraine "On enforcement proceedings", Law of Ukraine “On guarantees of the State on execution of judgments”, Instruction on the organization of enforcement of judgments, approved by Order 512/5 of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of 02 April 2012, Order 2432/5 of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of 05 August 2016 on approval of Regulations on automated system of enforcement procedure, Order 2831/5 of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of 29 September 2016 on approval of the Procedure for seized property.
However, in our opinion, before outlining the scope of requirements imposed by the legislator on the private executor, the administrative and legal status should be defined generally, as the requirements under study are a key element in its definition.
For example, V.B. Averianov disclosed the legal status in a broad and narrow sense, noting that competence, such as rights and obligations, is the main component of the content of the status of each body, which is complemented by elements such as tasks, function, nature of relationships with other bodies (Averianov, 2002).
According to S.V. Kivalov, the administrative and legal status of an executive body, which includes a private executor, includes the following elements: functions, tasks, competence (Kivalov, 2003).
We partially agree with the position of the above scientists, since the administrative and legal status should include rights, duties, powers through which they exercise the provisions of law, as well as legal liability, as a means of terminating and educating in compliance with the law in the relations it covers.
Specificities of the legal status of private executors
According to A.M Avtorhov, the administrative and legal status of a private executor is an independent type of the legal status of a person, predetermining the specificities of his/her individual constitutional rights and freedoms, based on the legal status of a person (Avtorhov, 2008, p. 11).
D.V. Severin argues that the administrative and legal status of private executors is a legal category, characterising the place of this service in the system of public administration and defines limits of activity of its employees in relation to other actors of executive legal relations (Siverin, 2014, p. 10).
Following L.V. Krupnova's studies on the administrative and legal status of an employee of the State Executive Service, this status is a manifestation of the personal status, describing the position of an employee of the State Executive Service in the system of public division of labour as a subject of legal relations regulated by administrative and legal provisions (Krupnova, 2008, p. 9). It should be noted that in her scientific work, L.V. Krupnova reveals the shortcomings of the modern reform of the enforcement proceedings system (the lack of effective control mechanisms for the actors of delegated authority) (private executors); defines the development trends of the system of enforcement proceedings, which include: further institutional implementation of the combined system of enforcement of judgments, improvement of certain aspects of the executive procedure, improvement of administrative procedures for executive proceedings, introduction of mediation in executive proceedings; systematises and characterises factors, influencing the development of the enforcement proceeding system in Ukraine; develops a system of criteria for the effectiveness of administrative procedures for enforcement proceedings, reflecting the proportionality of resources and human potential; substantiates the concepts of a two- level system of enforcement proceedings.
Attention should be drawn to the fact that the administrative and legal status of a private executor, who enforces judgements and those of other bodies, has a complex legal and regulatory framework that includes a number of elements: its purpose and missions; principles and jurisdiction of activities; tasks and functions performed by the private executor; the scope and nature of State powers; forms and means of activities; legal rights and obligations; responsibility of an authorised actor in connection with the performance of duties.
The review of the scientific perspectives on the concept and content of the administrative and legal status enables to reveal the content, to analyse thoroughly the issue of the administrative and legal status of the private executor, authorised to enforce judgements.
Therefore, taking into account the above and the fact that the definition of any administrative and legal status begins with the definition of the range of requirements, we consider it appropriate to analyse the main legislative requirements for the private executors.
According to art. 18, only a citizen of Ukraine may be a private executor. Thus, the general requirement to a private executor is the acquisition of Ukrainian citizenship. Citizenship is the basis of the legal status and determines the permanent political and legal relationship between the individual and the State, whereby the individual is subject to the sovereign rights of the State and its rights and legitimate interests are protected (Kolb, Khodyriev, & Bondar, 2000, p. 26). It should be noted that private executors, as well as public ones, represent the State in the enforcement of judgements and decisions of other bodies, they should be nationals of the State they represent, and therefore, such a requirement is legitimate.
The next requirement for private executors is the requirement to have a legal education of not less than 2nd level (arts. 10, 18 of the Law of Ukraine “On bodies and persons enforcing judgements and decisions of other bodies”) (Law of Ukraine “On Bodies and Persons Enforcing Judgments and Decisions of Other Bodies”, 2016).
Under the Law of Ukraine 1556-VII “On Higher Education” as of July 01, 2014, the second level of higher education is the master's level, which corresponds to the eighth level of the National Qualifications Framework and provides for that the person has in-depth theoretical and/or practical knowledge, skills in a chosen specialty (or specialisation), the general basis of the methodology of scientific and/ or professional activity, other competencies sufficient for the effective performance of innovation tasks of the corresponding level of professional activities (Law of Ukraine on Higher Education, 2014).
Therefore, persons with a master's degree in law can be private executors. At the same time, the question arises as to “law degree” to determine the requirements for private executors, since there is no clear opinion on this issue in the regulatory and doctrinal field of Ukraine.
In addition, in the context of the above, it should be noted that, unlike public executors, the legislature does not set requirements for individuals to be of high personal and business qualities, which is a significant gap in modern legislation. The introduction of the institution of private executors in Ukraine has come a long way, and arguments justifying the competence of public executors in comparison with private executors are established in accordance with the requirements of the legislation, but the issues are open and need to be improved.
The current discussions at various hearings, conferences on the reform of the system of enforcement of judgements, where participants are representatives of the Ministry of Justice, scientists in the field of enforcement of judgements, as well as representatives of the Legal Policy Committees, judges, who note that newly established institutions of enforcement of judgements work imperfectly, there are many problems. And some of the stakeholders have a position on the advisability of restoring the institution of bailiffs, but we disagree with the position of the latter.
It should be noted that the institution of private executors was introduced in Ukraine in accordance with adopted on June 2, 2016 by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine the Law of Ukraine On bodies and persons enforcing judgements and decisions of other bodies, which came into force on 5 October 2016. Since then, the enforcement of judgements and decisions of other bodies (officials) has been entrusted both to then existing bodies of the State Executive Service and to new actors - private executors. The provisions of the Law reveal that the legal status of public and private executors differ clearly from each other. And while the work of public executors has recently become undisputed, the activities of private executors are increasingly under focus of both scientists and practising lawyers in terms of the legality of their individual executive actions and the integrity of their legal status. Possible abuses of powers by private executors have already been mentioned in the pages of the legal periodical. One of the remedies of the rule of law regarding their activities is monitoring. Without resorting to an analysis of the procedure and effectiveness of the so-called `departmental' control over the activities of private executors, which, under this Law, is carried out by the Ministry ofJustice of Ukraine through planned and unscheduled inspections, as well as the control by the Council of Private Executors of Ukraine, we believe that the focus should precisely be on the control of legality in the activities of private executors should be to control the lawfulness of the executive action taken by the private executor, which can violate the rights and interests of participants in the enforcement (and persons who are involved in the enforcement actions) or other interested persons, and therefore such cases require the prompt restoration of their rights and the elimination of violations. Such control is exercised through appeals against decisions, actions and omissions of the private executor. It should be noted that the control mechanism of the Private Executors Council is quite promising: first, in terms of self-monitoring and optimising the use of budget funds; second, a distinction should be drawn between the subjective abuse by individual unscrupulous private executors and the purification of the private executor system by the Private Executors Council, for survival in the fierce competition for the “customer” in so far as the business component, i.e. maximum profit, which is impossible without growth of the quality of services of private executors and growth of their professional competence.
Financial security for private executors
The activities of private executors are financially motivated and differ significantly from those of public servants. However, while the decisions, actions or omissions of the public executor can be appealed to the Head of Department, to whom the public executor is directly responsible (decisions, actions and omissions of this head may be appealed to the head of the higher body of the State Executive Service), decisions, actions and omissions of the private executor can be appealed only to the court. Here, problems arise at the stage of determining the court of appropriate jurisdiction to appeal the decisions, acts or omissions of the private executor in a particular enforcement proceeding. This is what determines the relevance of the problem of judicial control over private executors' performance (Koroied & Loshytskyi, 2018).
The institution of private executors should also enable persons, who will do so within their individual professional activity not related to public service, to enforce judgments. Consequently, the burden on public executors should be substantially reduced, and private executors themselves would have an interest in the timely and full enforcement of judgements (Malyshev, 2017).
The introduction of private executors is an innovation in the practice of enforcing jurisdictional decisions, which cannot help provoking controversy among scholars. The scientific literature review shows that today the debate on this issue is simultaneously taking place in several ways. In particular, a number of scientists focus on the study of positive and negative factors in the functioning of private executors, while others study the legal nature and essence of a definition of “private executor”. For example, L. Saiko and V. Liashenko argue that the advantages of the introduction in Ukraine of the institution of private executors are: the improved quality of the provision of enforcement services to the population, a new higher quality level of the enforcement procedure, budget expenditures significantly reduced, the increased revenue to the budget due to the payment of taxes by private executors, reduction in the corruption component in the enforcement system (Meshcheriakov, 2011, p. 77).
According to A. Solonar and V. Vasilieva, the introduction of private executors is a significant step ahead in the system of public administration reform, because it is represented by a number of advantages. The law vests a wide range of powers and the status of self-employed to private executors, delimits the competence of public and private executors in certain cases and establishes a reasonable and balanced mechanism of accountability for violations and abuse of their rights for the latter (Meshcheriakov, 2011, p. 63).
Therefore, the idea of institution of private executors has no alternative and initiates an irrevocable mechanism to reduce the corruption component in the system of the State Executive Service of Ukraine in general.
It should be noted that the legislator has provided fairly high requirements to the professional level of candidates for a private executor, so the risks of entering the field of incompetent lawyers or persons with fraudulent intentions are minimised.
Pursuant to the Law of Ukraine On Enforcement Proceedings, a private executor has the right to enforce all decisions, except:
1) Decisions to remove and transfer the child, to establish a visit with him or her or to remove obstacles to visiting the child;
2) Decisions, according to which the debtor is the State, State bodies, the National Bank of Ukraine, local self-government bodies, their officials, State and communal enterprises, institutions, organisations, legal entities with a share of the authorised capital exceeding 25 per cent and/or financed exclusively from the State or local budget;
3) Decisions in which the debtor is a legal person whose forced sale of property is prohibited by law;
4) Decisions for which the State or public authorities are collectors;
5) Judgements of administrative courts and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights;
6) Decisions providing for the enforcement of actions on the property of State or municipal property;
7) Decisions on the eviction and settlement of natural persons;
8) Decisions in which the debtors are children or natural persons who have been declared legally incapable or whose civil capacity is limited;
9) Decisions on seizure of property;
10) Decisions, enforcement thereof is directly attributed by the Law to the powers of other bodies that are not enforcement bodies;
11) Other cases provided for by this Law and the Law of Ukraine On bodies and persons enforcing judgements and decisions of other bodies (Law of Ukraine on Enforcement Proceedings, 2016).
It should be noted that, despite the fact that the public executor, unlike the private executor, is a representative of the authorities, during the enforcement of judgments private and public executors, according to Art. 18 of the Law of Ukraine On Enforcement Proceedings, have equal opportunities to cooperate with the State authorities (Law of Ukraine on Enforcement Proceedings, 2016).
Conclusions
Research conducted and the analysis of certain aspects of the administrative and legal status of bodies and persons authorised for the enforcement of judgements allow concluding that the idea of the institution of private executors laid a non-refundable mechanism to reduce the corruption component in the system of the State Executive Service of Ukraine in general. Domestic legislation sets high standards for the professional level of candidates for private executors, so the risks of incompetent lawyers or persons with fraudulent intentions entering this area are minimised. However, the current legislation does not provide for a separate article with a list of the rights and obligations of private executors, these provisions are not specific and dispersed by law, allowing for various manipulations and clarifications, complaints both ungrounded and vice versa, on the abuse of powers by a private executor.
One of the main means of ensuring legality in the activities of private executors should be to control the lawfulness of the executive action taken by the private executor, which can violate the rights and interests of participants in the enforcement (and persons who are involved in enforcement) or other interested persons, and therefore, such cases require the prompt restoration of their rights and the elimination of violations. Such control is exercised through appeals against decisions, actions and omissions of the private executor.
The control mechanism of the Private Executors Council is quite promising: first, in terms of self-monitoring and optimising the use of budget funds; second, a distinction should be drawn between the subjective abuse by individual unscrupulous private executors and the purification of the private executor system by the Private Executors Council, for survival in the fierce competition for the “customer” in so far as the business component, i.e. maximum profit, which is impossible without growth of the quality of services of private executors and growth of their professional competence.
References:
Averianov, V.B. (2002). Vykonavcha vlada i administratyvne pravo [Executive power and administrative law], Kyiv : Vydavnychyi dim «In-Yu-re» (in Ukrainian).
Avtorhov, A.M. (2008). Administratyvno-pravovyi status derzhavnoho vykonavtsia [Administrative and legal status of the state executor]. Extended abstract of candidate's thesis. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Kivalov, S.V. (2003). Administratyvne pravo Ukrainy [Administrative law of Ukraine]. Odessa: Yurydychna literatura (in Ukrainian).
Kolb, O.H., Khodyriev, V.A., & Bondar, I.Ia. (2000). Pravovi aspekty hromadianstva v Ukraini [Legal aspects of citisenship in Ukraine]. Lutsk (in Ukrainian).
Koroied, S.O., & Loshytskyi, M.V. (2018). Sudovyi kontrol za diialnistiu pryvatnykh vykonavtsiv [Judicial control over the activities of private executors]. Naukovyi visnykpublichnoho tapryvatnohoprava - Scientific Bulletin of Public and Private Law, 6 (in Ukrainian).
Krupnova, L.V. (2008). Administratyvno-pravovyi status pratsivnyka derzhavnoi vykonavchoi sluzhby [Administrative and legal status of an employee of the state executive service]. Extended abstract of candidate's thesis. Irpin (in Ukrainian).
Malyshev, B. (2017). Pryvatni vykonavtsi: nova yurydychna profesiia i holovnyi zasib reformuvannia systemy vykonavchoho provadzhennia [Private executors: a new legal profession and the main tool of reform enforcement proceedings]. pravo.org.ua. Retrieved from http://pravo.org.ua/ua/news/20871615-privat- ni-vikonavtsi-nova-yuridichna-profesiya-i-golovniy-zasib-reformi-sistemi-vikonavchogo-provadgeennya (in Ukrainian).
Meshcheriakov, O. (2011). Shchodo vyznachennia elementiv administratyvno-pravovoho statusu uchasn- ykiv operatsii OON z pidtrymky myru [On determining the elements of the administrative and legal status of participants in UN peacekeeping operations]. Forum prava - Forum of Law, 2 (in Ukrainian).
Siverin, D.V. (2014). Administratyvno-pravovyi status orhaniv derzhavnoi vykonavchoi sluzhby Ukrainy [Administrative and legal status of the bodies of the state executive service of Ukraine]. Extended abstract of candidate's thesis. Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
Zakon Ukrainy Pro orhany ta osib, yaki zdiisniuiut prymusove vykonannia sudovykh rishen i rishen inshykh orhaniv : pryiniatyi 27 cherv. 2016 roku № 1403-VlIl [Law of Ukraine On Bodies and Persons Enforcing Judgments and Decisions of Other Bodies from June 27 2016, № 1403-VIII]. (2016). zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1403-19#Text (in Ukrainian).
Zakon Ukrainy Pro vykonavche provadzhennia: vid 2 cherv. 2016 roku № 1404-VIII [Law of Ukraine on Enforcement Proceedings from 2 June 2016 № 1404-VIII]. (2016). zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1404-19#Text (in Ukrainian).
Zakon Ukrainy Pro vyshchu osvitu : pryiniatyi 01 lyp. 2014 roku № 1556-VII [Law of Ukraine on Higher Education from July 1 2014, № 1556-VII]. (2014). zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1556-18#Text (in Ukrainian).
Віта Мороз,
доктор юридичних наук, доцент, доцент кафедри адміністративного права, процесу та адміністративної діяльності, Дніпропетровський державний університет внутрішніх справ, Дніпро,
АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВИЙ СТАТУС ПРИВАТНИХ ВИКОНАВЦІВ, УПОВНОВАЖЕНИХ НА ПРИМУСОВЕ ВИКОНАННЯ СУДОВИХ РІШЕНЬ
Анотація. Мета. Метою статті є сформувати важливі в практичному та теоретичному аспектах висновки стосовно запровадження інституту осіб приватних виконавців щодо примусового виконання судових рішень. Методи дослідження. Стаття присвячена дослідженню вимог до приватного виконавця як одного з елементів визначення їх адміністративно-правового статусу. Акцентується увага на відсутності законодавчо-закріплених вимог до високих особистих і ділових якостей до осіб приватних виконавців, що є суттєвою прогалиною сучасного законодавства. Автором зазначається, що запровадження інституту приватного виконавця в Україні пройшло тривалий шлях, аргументи, що обгрунтовують компетентність державних виконавців у порівнянні з приватними виконавцями, є встановленими відповідно до вимог законодавства, однак проблемні аспекти є відкритими та потребують удосконалення. Дискусії, які ведуться на сьогодні на різних слуханнях, конференціях, що присвячені реформуванню системи примусового виконання судових рішень, де учасниками є як представники Міністерства юстиції, науковці у сфері дослідження виконання судових рішень, так і представники Комітетів з питань правової політики, судді, які в тому числі зазначають, що новостворені інститути примусового виконання судових рішень працюють недосконало, є багато проблем. А деякі із стейкхолдерів висловлюють позицію щодо доцільності повернення інституту судових виконавців, однак з позицією останніх автор не погоджується, у зв'язку із чим для дослідження обрано аналіз адміністративно-правового статусу осіб приватних виконавців крізь призму законодавчих вимог. Одним із основних засобів забезпечення законності в діяльності приватних виконавців повинен стати контроль за законністю вчинених приватним виконавцем виконавчих дій, якими можуть порушуватись права та інтереси учасників виконавчого провадження чи інших зацікавлених осіб, а отже, такі випадки вимагають швидкого поновлення їхніх прав і усунення порушень. Висновки. Механізм контролю з боку Ради приватних виконавців є досить перспективним: по-перше, в плані самоконтролю та оптимізації використання бюджетних коштів; по-друге, слід розмежувати суб'єктивні зловживання з боку окремих недобросовісних приватних виконавців і складову частину самоочищення системи приватних виконавців з боку Ради приватних виконавців для виживання в жорстокій конкурентній боротьбі за «замовника» в частині бізнесової складової частини, тобто максимального отримання прибутку, що неможливо без зростання якості послуг приватних виконавців та росту їхньої професійної компетенції.
Ключові слова: особи приватних виконавців, вимоги, адміністративно-правовий статус, виконання судових рішень, суб'єкти виконання рішень.
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
Determination of the notion of the legal territory of estimation. Sensor bases of information for legal estimating activity (estimation). Legal estimating abilities. Motivation of applied psychotechnics for legal estimating, and self-estimating.
реферат [19,3 K], добавлен 13.02.2015Concept of development basic law. Protection of freedom through the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity. Analysis of the humanitarian aspects of the legal status of a person. Systematic review of articles of the constitution of Russia.
реферат [21,2 K], добавлен 14.02.2015Characteristics of Applied Sciences Legal Linguistics and its main components as part of the business official Ukrainian language. Types of examination of texts and review specific terminology used in legal practice in interpreting legal documents.
реферат [17,1 K], добавлен 14.05.2011The nature and justification of fundamental legal changes in modern society due to the globalization of cultures and civilizations. Directions and features of Ukrainian law, the requirements for the cost of litigation and particularly its improvement.
реферат [18,4 K], добавлен 14.02.2015Legislation regulating the application of administrative law enforcement termination. Types of special rules of administrative. Improving the practice of special means of administrative cease-duty law enforcement. Special means of administrative.
реферат [16,0 K], добавлен 08.10.2012The system of executive authorities. Legislation of Ukraine as sources of social protection. The mechanism and contents of social protection tax. Benefits as the main element of the special legal status of a person. Certain features of protection.
реферат [18,9 K], добавлен 30.09.2012Understanding the science of constitutional law. Organization of state power and the main forms of activity of its bodies. The study of the constitutional foundations of the legal status of the citizen, local government. Research on municipal authorities.
реферат [15,3 K], добавлен 14.02.2015The differences between the legal norm and the state institutions. The necessity of overcoming of contradictions between the state and the law, analysis of the problems of state-legal phenomena. Protecting the interests and freedoms of social strata.
статья [18,7 K], добавлен 10.02.2015The foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. The civil society as the embodiment of balance of private and public interests. Legal and functional character of the civil society. Institutional structure of constitutional system.
реферат [19,5 K], добавлен 07.01.2015In world practice constitutional control is actually a develop institute with nearly bicentennial history. In this or that form it is presented and successfully functions in the majority of democratic states. Constitutionally legal liability in Russia.
реферат [51,3 K], добавлен 10.02.2015The steady legal connection of the person with the state, expressing in aggregate of legal rights and duties. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992. Establishment of the European Economic Community. Increase of the number of rights given to the citizens.
реферат [22,5 K], добавлен 13.02.2015Degradation of environment in cities has brought to destruction of ecosystems and its inconvertible nature. At characteristics of the occupied (housing) lands in the city as important condition of formation of favorable ambience of environment for people.
статья [20,4 K], добавлен 10.02.2015The concept of legitimate force, the main condition and the possibility of entry of legal acts in force. Reflection of the procedure in the legislation of the European Union and the Russian Federation: comparative characteristics and differences.
реферат [20,5 K], добавлен 13.02.2015Concept of the constitutional justice in the postsoviet Russia. Execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court. Organizational structure of the constitutional justice. Institute of the constitutional justice in political-legal system of Russia.
реферат [23,9 K], добавлен 10.02.2015The principles of personal safety in the application of physical restraint. Improving the practice of physical restraint in the activities of the tax police to enhance personal safety. Legal protection of the tax police in applying physical effects.
курсовая работа [0 b], добавлен 08.10.2012The role of constitutional justice in strengthening constitutional legality. Protection of the constitutional rights, freedoms, formation of the specialized institute of judicial power. The removal of contradictions and blanks in the federal legislation.
реферат [24,0 K], добавлен 14.02.2015Constitutionalism as political and legal theory and practice of development of the constitutional democratic state and civil society. Principles of modern constitutional system of board. Role of society in the course of formation of municipal authority.
реферат [18,5 K], добавлен 07.01.2015Proclaiming and asserting the principles of democracy, democratic norms of formation of the self-management Kabardin-Balkar Republic. Application and synthesis of regional experiences as a problem to be solved in the process of administrative reforms.
реферат [19,0 K], добавлен 07.01.2015Analyze general, special and single in different constitutionally legal systems of the countries of the world. The processes of globalization, internationalization, socialization, ecologization, humanization and biologization of the constitutional law.
реферат [17,4 K], добавлен 13.02.2015Problems of sovereignty in modern political life of the world. Main sides of the conflict. National and cultural environment of secessional conflicts. Mutual relations of the church and the state. The law of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika.
реферат [20,1 K], добавлен 10.02.2015
