Systemic analysis of gender relationship formation in the context of national and religious identity of the feminine topic in modern Uzbekistan

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1National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek

2University of Public Safety of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Systemic analysis of gender relationship formation in the context of national and religious identity of the feminine topic in modern Uzbekistan

1Guli Makhmudova Doctor of Philosophy, Professor

1Shakhnoza Madaeva Doctor of Philosophy, Professor

2Dildora Yusupova PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor

Abstract

In the light of globalization, gender equality is increasingly becoming an important social issue. Gender equality in Uzbekistan has improved as a result of rapid urbanization and globalization. Gender relations in Uzbekistan have a number of unique aspects due to historical, cultural, religious and national factors. This calls for a study of gender equality issues and the search for appropriate and useful administrative, political and legal frameworks to incorporate this idea into the Uzbek legal system. The creation and ratification of relevant national and international legal mechanisms in Uzbekistan's law enforcement practice is one of the possible ways to address this issue. The purpose of the study is to examine the international and national legal framework for the principle of gender equality that has already been incorporated or will be incorporated into the political and legal system of Uzbekistan in the near future. To achieve this goal, the author used a combination of special legal research methods (legal modelling, systemic and structural, formal legal, comparative legal) and philosophical, general scientific and special scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction and generalization). The problems of observance of the principle of gender equality were considered in the light of national, religious and historical traditions of Uzbekistan. The study of the problems of gender imbalance in Uzbekistan made it possible to analyses the key areas of its implementation through regulatory and law enforcement activities. Practical proposals for improving existing laws and policies aimed at ensuring gender equality have been identified. The problems of gender equality of women in Uzbekistan were identified in connection with the country's unique social formation and religion. On this basis, the directions of their eradication from science have been identified

Keywords: legal system; legal equality; natural rights and freedoms; disbalance; equality

Introduction

The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1992) guarantees equality to all of its citizens. United Nations (2020) estimates state that not all of the Beijing Declaration on Women's Rights' (UN Women, 1995) provisions, which guaranteed equal rights, freedoms, and opportunities for women everywhere, were successfully implemented. As a result, the United Nations (UN) estimates that just 25% of administrators and government officials worldwide are women. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened conditions for women in most countries. For instance, experts predict that the

COVID-19 pandemic-related economic crisis will push about 47 million women worldwide into poverty (United Nations, 2020). According to the World Bank Group (2020), Uzbekistan is one of the 27 nations that has significantly changed the laws protecting women's rights. As a result, Uzbekistan's ratings increased by five, moving it up to 134^th place out of 190 countries. This status proves the global gender imbalance, which is also present in Uzbekistan. This predefines the relevance of research on possible legal, economic and political means to overcome the latter.

A complex study of the gender equality implementation issues in Uzbekistan is impossible without a study of the genesis of the latter. The development of women's rights and gender equality during the Soviet Union, which was a unique experience, was examined by A. Gok and T. Koda- man (2022). The authors list the following stages in the development of the gender equality principle:

· from the end of 1917 to the end of the 1920s - the formation of the Soviet gender order after the October Revolution;

· from the late 1920s to the mid-1950s, a modernization of the gender order was underway;

· from the mid-1950s to the late 1980s, the reform of these matters.

The research enabled scholars to establish correlations between gender relations and the existing political regime in a particular territory. The post-Soviet past has had a direct impact on the formation of the current gender imbalance in Uzbekistan. L. Memesheva (2020) notes that since 1991, when the Republic of Uzbekistan gained independence, they were able to join more than sixty international legal treaties that provide fundamental human rights and guarantee the principle of gender equality. The main international legal acts and their effects on Uzbekistan's legislative and law enforcement practices were examined by L. Shayusupova and I. Alizhonov (2021).

N.B. Rajapova (2020) investigated the history of gender equality and the concept of “gender” in Uzbekistan. She also determined the objectives of women's participation in the nation's active public and political life, as well as the patterns in the development and evolution of the discourse surrounding women's place in the modern world. B.M. Qa- ndov and S.B. Kholmakhamatova (2022) suggest methods to increase women's value in public life. At the same time, the scientist defined suggestions on economic support for women, as well as minimization of risks of involving them in dangerous and hard work. The authors point out that, given the socioeconomic stage of development of New Uzbekistan at this time, there is a dearth of comprehensive approaches to solving this problem.

The research aims to study the problems related to the legal provision of gender equality in Uzbekistan. This aim was achieved considering the historical, national, and religious traditions and the result of the research in a form of recommendations for improving the means of the legal protection of women's equality in modern Uzbekistan.

Literature review

The social role and status of women in the Central Asian countries have been discussed by the scientists listed below. The social and legal standing of Soviet women in the Central Asian countries is examined by M.K. Gafarova (1987). M. Makhmudov (1998) examines the issues surrounding gender discrimination against women in Central Asian nations, as well as the challenges associated with maintaining the family and law enforcement. The contribution of women to the establishment of socialism in the East is examined by R. Nabi- yeva (1973). After examining the challenges of establishing family ties within the framework of national and religious identity, A.D. Tartakovskiy (1989) concludes by highlighting the unique position and function of women in this process.

S.I. Islomov (1988) analyzes the problems of women's status in family and society, spiritual, moral, and gender issues in the countries of Central Asia. Modern scientific research in the sphere of ensuring and implementing women's rights in Uzbekistan were carried out by the following scientists. N.Y. Alimukhamedova (2021), studying the peculiarities of the cultural and religious development of Uzbekistan in the conditions of globalization, has analyzed the peculiarities of gender imbalance and the reasons for its development in the country. L. Shayusupova and I. Alizhonov (2021) attempted to analyze and systematize the current legislation of Uzbekistan to determine the legal framework for ensuring gender equality in the country. Scientists have consistently analyzed the basis for ensuring the principle of gender equality in the constitutional, civil, family, and labor laws of Uzbekistan.

L. Memesheva (2020) conducted a fundamental study of the category “gender equality”, defining the author's definition of the latter. Following the scientist, the implementation of the gender equality principle is a necessary condition for the effective socio-economic development of Uzbekistan. S.M. Mirziyoev (2020) emphasizes the special role of women in the formation of the New Uzbekistan. The author emphasizes the need to implement gender equality in key areas of society and the need to overcome the stereotypes prevailing in society regarding the role of women (Shavkat Mirzi- yoyev..., 2018). B.M. Qandov (2021) scientifically substantiates the necessity of ensuring gender equality in the society of Uzbekistan, ensuring the rights and freedoms of women in the context of globalization. The author emphasizes the need for women to be particularly active citizens in key areas of the formation of civil society in Uzbekistan.

It is also worth noting the contribution of the international scientists V. Lomazzi and I. Crespi (2019), C. Alonso et al. (2019), G. Ferrant and A. Thim (2019), H. Kleven et al. (2019), N. Teasdale (2020), S. Smith (2020), M. Krishnan et al (2020), A.-K. Nylin et al. (2021), A. Webster et al. (2022) to the study of gender equality. Kazakh potential in this aspect is represented by the following researchers E.T. Kalkanov (2021), whose work are devoted to understanding the causes, conditions and overcoming gender imbalances in Uzbekistan. In general, the problem of the gender equality principle implementation in Uzbekistan has been the subject of research by various scientific schools and branch sciences, which made it possible to form a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to combating gender imbalance in the country.

Materials and methods

During the research, the problems of ensuring gender equality for women in Uzbekistan, related to national and religious features of society formation, the key provisions of the national legislation, as well as the fundamental acts of international law in the field of ensuring women's rights, were analyzed. This allows us to define the basis of scientific research, and the problems of ensuring gender equality in Uzbekistan and define the objectives and aims of research to overcome the gender imbalance in the country. During the research, an analytical study of local and international normative legal acts adopted to ensure gender equality, prevent psychological and physical violence against women and minimize the risks of infringement of Uzbek citizens' rights based on gender in the future was carried out.

The dialectical (complex) method, as well as the provisions of philosophy, are the basis and methodological foundation for the gender equality problems of women in Uzbekistan research in the context of the national and religious formation of society. From the position of dialectical logic (complex thinking) the interconnections between the specifics of religion, history, and mentality of Uzbekistan and the current state of gender equality implementation in the country were revealed. It has been proved that the causes of gender imbalance in Uzbekistan are the cultural, religious, and political-legal heritage of the country. The following philosophical categories were applied as gender equality issues in Uzbekistan and international law research methods: a systematic approach, content, and form, necessary and accidental, causes and consequences, general, specific and singular, causes and consequences, essences and phenomena.

Researching issues pertaining to the legal protection of women's gender equality under Uzbek and international law requires a particular focus on general scientific methods such as formal logic, generalization, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy, modeling, etc. The systematic method was used to trace the quirks of scientific understanding of the term's properties while researching the concept of “gender equality”. The methodical approach entails taking into account Uzbekistan's national legislation regarding women's equality rights in relation to international legal regulation of this matter. In the process of studying individual elements that make up the mentioned system, methods of analysis and synthesis were applied, which allowed us to determine scientifically substantiated ways of improving the national legislation.

Gender equality issues in Uzbek and international law were investigated using both general and specialized scientific methods. These knowledge-gathering techniques included interdisciplinary, statistical analysis, formal-legal, system-structural, comparative-legal, and logical approaches. We were able to examine the intricacies of establishing measures to guarantee equal rights for women from the perspectives of international law and national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan thanks to the comparative-legal method. In this regard, the historical research methodology was employed to identify patterns and trends in the process of guaranteeing women's equal rights. This allowed us to evaluate the efficacy of Uzbekistan's current legal framework regarding this matter. We were able to determine the crucial areas for guaranteeing women's gender equality in Uzbekistan through the use of the formal-legal method. We were also able to sketch the potential directions for future research aimed at resolving gender inequality issues.

Results

Based on information from the Human Development Report (UNDP, 2022), Uzbekistan was ranked 101^st out of 190 nations with high human development in 2021. Keep in mind that Uzbekistan's human development index is -0.727. Uzbekistan belongs to the third category of nations, which is distinguished by an average parity in the accomplishments of men and women on the Human Development Report (UNDP, 2022). These indicators demonstrate that, as an independent nation, Uzbekistan complies fully with international legal standards that shield women from discrimination and harassment in the workplace, in society, and in the marketplace. The index of gender inequality between men and women in Uzbekistan was computed by looking at the indicators of reproductive health and employment opportunities. Uzbekistan is ranked 56^th overall and has a gender inequality index of -0.227 as a result.

In the political, legal, and socioeconomic arenas of modern Uzbekistan, one of the main concerns is the realization of human rights and freedoms while maintaining the equality principle. According to the aforementioned rating, Uzbekistan is improving its standard of living and increasing its population, including by taking steps to implement the gender equality principle. Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1992) Article 48 guarantees equal rights for men and women in the country. Applying the gender equality principle and ending all forms of discrimination against women is a crucial part of the process of defending and upholding universal values and natural human rights. To address gender-based discrimination, the state needs to enact comprehensive socioeconomic, political, and legal protection measures.

The United Nations Charter (1945) lists promoting belief in fundamental human rights, individual worth and dignity, and gender equality as among the pertinent tasks. As stated in Article 1 of the UN Charter (1945), the UN works to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people, regardless of race, language, religion, or gender. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), men and women have equal access to inalienable human rights without facing discrimination. In today's society, it is critical to acknowledge that gender discrimination affects both men and women. This study is not concerned with the details of gender discrimination against men.

In general, it should be noted that Uzbekistan has ratified several international legal instruments to ensure gender equality, namely the Forced or Compulsory Labor Convention (1930), the Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949), Convention on Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value (1951), Maternity Protection Convention (1952), Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1954), Convention for the Abolition of Forced Labor (1959), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (1980), Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and other normative legal acts. The real implementation of the provisions of the above-mentioned supreme acts is a matter of systematic monitoring by international nongovernmental organizations (World Bank Group, 2020; UNDP, 2022; Fillo & Negruta, 2020; International Labour Organization, 2020; Gender inequality in..., 2020; World Economic Forum, 2021; UNICEF, 2021). As a result of monitoring, suggestions to improve certain provisions of national legislation, including those of Uzbekistan, are defined.

New Uzbekistan is actively improving legislation to provide and ensure equal rights for men and women in various spheres of life in the country. To ensure gender equality, Parliament has adopted more than twenty-five normative legal acts with key provisions in the area of gender equality, among which the following laws should be mentioned: Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. LRU-562 “On Guarantees with Respect to Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men” (2019); Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. LRU-561 “On the Protection of Women from Harassment and Abuse” (2019); Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. LRU-528 “On the Protection of the Reproductive Health of Citizens” (2019) and others.

Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. LRU-562 (2019) has provisions that ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men both in labor and domestic environments, as well as in regarding social guarantees. The law does not allow direct or indirect discrimination based on gender, not only women but also men. It should be noted that all draft laws in Uzbekistan undergo gender-legal expertise, which allows for minimizing discriminatory risks for the population in the future.

Under Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-5116 “On Additional Measures for the Rehabilitation of Women Victims of Violence” (2021), a system of support and assistance for women who have suffered physical or psychological violence is introduced in Uzbekistan. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-5116 (2021) was adopted to implement the Strategy for Action and the current national human rights strategy and to provide social, legal, and psychological assistance and targeted support to women in difficult social circumstances. Under the Ministry for the Support of the Mahalla and the Family, the National Centre for the Rehabilitation and Adaptation of Women and its regional branches were established to accomplish these aims. The 197 existing centers for the rehabilitation and adaptation of victims of violence have been optimized to create twenty-nine centers for women's rehabilitation and adaptation, including one national, fourteen regional, and fourteen interdistrict model center. The centers' operations are guided by the values of professionalism, safety, confidentiality of information, and anonymity. The aforementioned centers provide women with emergency medical, psychological, social, pedagogical, and legal assistance in an anonymous form to victims of violence, those who have attempted suicide, and women who find themselves in difficult social situations due to family problems.

It is worth noting that women in need of support and assistance are registered in the “Women's Notebook”, which is aimed to consolidate confidential information about victims of violence, discrimination, and suicide attempts. The centers created are aimed to gather information on conflict situations, domestic violence, and suicidal behavior, and identify the causes and conditions contributing to these. This information is used to develop recommendations for preventing and eliminating negative consequences for women. Moreover, generalized and non-personalized information should be made public to carry out explanatory work among the population, as well as to be researched to prevent discrimination against women in Uzbekistan. In this aspect, the interaction of the centers with representatives of law enforcement agencies and medical institutions is essential for effectively overcoming gender inequality in Uzbekistan.

A unified interactive national platform “Aziz-Ayol” was created in Uzbekistan to prepare young women for family life and help develop parenting skills, protect women from violence, and prevent suicide and family breakdown. This platform is the outcome of social innovations and contemporary technology working together to address discrimination and gender inequality in Uzbekistan. In addition, there is a constant 24-hour hotline in Uzbekistan. The goal of the helpline is to give victims of discrimination and violence as well as those who have attempted suicide the most support and assistance possible. The helpline's mission is to assist those in need by offering them legal and psychological support along with other essential information. Consolidation and transmission of pertinent information about offenses to law enforcement agencies and healthcare institutions regarding the need for individual medical, psychiatric, or psychological assistance is a secondary outcome of the helpline.

The Resolution No. PS-297-IV of the Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, “On Approval of the Strategy for Achieving Gender Equality in the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030” (2021), was passed during the fifteenth plenary session. The Strategy seeks to address the implementation of gender equality in the social, economic, and political spheres in a way that gives both men and women equal opportunities to exercise their rights. In the process of establishing labor-law relationships and assuming official positions in governmental bodies and institutions, the Strategy declares gender equality. The elimination of gender inequality in Uzbekistan through the introduction of temporary quotas and state supervision over their implementation is a secondary benefit of achieving this goal. It is noteworthy that over 15,000 female employees make up the staff reserve in Uzbekistan's departmental and ministerial institutions (Senators approved the Strategy..., 2021). The women's personnel reserve is intended to support women's continued career advancement, professional and personal development, as well as their nominal presence in specific institutions and ministries.

The goal of the strategy is to guarantee that everyone, regardless of gender, receives an equal and excellent education. The strategy should also protect women who are socially vulnerable, such as those who reside in rural areas, and stop instances of workplace restrictions on women's freedoms and rights, as well as the stereotypes that have long existed against women in Uzbekistan. In order to support the implementation of educational programs for foster girls and single women without a provider, Uzbekistan has established a system of social and financial compensation. Additionally, Uzbekistan is implementing a number of initiatives to boost the amount of grants available to girls from low-income families when they enroll in universities. For the first time in ten years, there are 32% more women than men serving in the Uzbek Senate. There are approximately 44% of women in political parties, 40% in education, and 35% in business. In Uzbekistan, just 27% of women occupy senior positions within the government. For example, only six women hold the post of hokim, and one woman is an ambassador. Women in Uzbekistan are widely represented in innovation, information and communication, engineering, and energy (Senators approved the Strategy, 2021).

It should be noted that proper attention is devoted to the representation and development of women in business in Uzbekistan. Women's entrepreneurship centers are organized and operate in fourteen regions of Uzbekistan. To improve women's entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan, more than 224 thousand women have been allowed to obtain credit funds on special terms. More than 6.9 trillion soums have been allocated for the implementation of these goals. Proper funding of relevant programs is a prerequisite for achieving gender equality in the future. It should be noted that Uzbekistan has achieved significant results in implementing the gender equality principle and introducing it in the current legislation. It should be noted that the gender equality index among other countries demonstrates the effectiveness of political and legal measures taken by the Government of Uzbekistan to minimize and eliminate gender inequality. Nevertheless, further work towards improving the current legislation of Uzbekistan is a relevant area for scientific research. uzbekistan international legal gender

Discussion

The term “gender” was coined by Robert Stoller in 1968 and by the 1970s was in widespread use. Discrimination in the home, workplace, and family has sparked a number of scientific investigations as well as a distinct humanitarian field known as gender studies (Rajapova, 2020). Several scientists have conducted research on the legal regulation of issues pertaining to the implementation of the gender equality principle in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It should be noted that numerous scientists, including B.M. Qandov and S.B. Kholmakhamatova (2022), L. Shayusupova and I. Alizhonov (2021), L. Memesheva (2020), and others, have studied the key issues related to Uzbekistan's reform in relation to the implementation of gender equality.

In Uzbekistan, the majority of the population is Sunni Muslims (90%) and Orthodox Christians (less than 4%). A particular problem in this context is the low social activity of women, including in the educational sphere (Rajapo- va, 2020). The author stated that a Muslim woman lives by the canons of Islam and the patriarchal system, obeying the requirements of religion, family, society, and spouse at the same time. The ethical norms of a woman's behavior dictated the need for acceptance and humility in daily life, which contributed to the woman's subordination to society. Religious and traditional norms dictated these requirements. A woman's fate was not decided without a man's conscious approval and consent. Thus, from the birth of a girl, it was the male father, brother, or uncle who made the key decisions in the family and domestic, educational, and labor issues concerning women. After marriage, this function was transferred to the spouse, who had total control over the woman and children. All domestic issues were decided by the woman with her husband's consent.

N.B. Rajapova (2020) explains that from a religious perspective, Shariah taboos were aimed not so much at infringing on women's rights as at protecting their rights, honor, and dignity of them. Islam requires men to provide financial and domestic support for women, children, and families. It should be noted that as a result of religious influence, a society built a relationship with women in which they were not involved in hard work. As a result, women were generally engaged in domestic issues, children's upbringing, household, and self-education. Despite stereotypes prevailing in society, women were not completely isolated from society. For example, women were allowed to study history, literature, music, sewing clothes, etc. collectively. The woman was the creator, and the man sold the products she produced. The author contends that because social norms governing women's behavior were accepted without question and were not questioned by the latter, gender inequality and stereotypes against women became entrenched in Uzbekistan. The late 19^th-century Jadid movement in Central Asia laid the groundwork for women's equality in society. It promoted the rights of women in Islam and Shariah. As a result of this research, the author states that during the Soviet Union, religious movements and organizations were subjected to oppression by the state and the policies of the ruling party. The situation with confessions began to change only in the late 1980s. The communist system required women to be active in the social sphere, to build a communist society, without regard to their national and mental peculiarities.

But modern women in Uzbekistan have significantly changed the country's living conditions. Modern Uzbekistan has been defined by its transition from an atheist state with religious-spiritual laws to a secular-legal nation, which has aided in the advancement of gender equality in the country. However, discrimination against women persists in contemporary Uzbekistan on the grounds of age, income, marital status, ethnicity, and religion. As evidenced by the country's current laws, gender programs, and policies, Uzbekistan places a high priority on integrating women in the economy across all regions (Toshturov, 2022). However, more modernization of laws and regulations is required to address the issues of unpaid care and labor as well as ensuring the duration of their employment. The primary barrier to attaining gender parity and actualizing women's economic and social entitlements is unpaid labor. In addition to being ignored when determining gross domestic product (GDP), unpaid labor is also not taken into account when formulating policies and making management decisions that guarantee socioeconomic support and gender equality.

Nevertheless, the author believes that further rule-making and law-enforcement improvement requires the issues of paid domestic care and labor, and guaranteeing their length of service to be solved. It should be noted that the discriminatory component in the extremely negative expression of women is reflected in psychological, physical, and sexual violence. This requires proper political and legal reactionary measures to stop and prevent illegal activities against women. One of the proper legal measures should be the criminalization of citizens' equality violations, including those based on gender. Social and cultural gender norms regarding unpaid care work are still firmly entrenched. Special attention is needed in the area of developing state programs to protect entrepreneurial activity at the micro and macro levels.

It is worth agreeing with the position of L. Memeshe- va (2020), who explains that the gender inequality in the labor sphere is provoked by the fact that in the society of Uzbekistan it is common to start a family after finishing school or completing secondary vocational education. The author believes that the reason for this approach is, first of all, the historical and religious stereotype persistently formed in society that a woman is the home keeper and her main goal is to give birth and raise children. In this way, the author believes that in order for the gender equality principle to be implemented in Uzbekistan, special attention needs to be paid to dispelling these stereotypes. Women must be mentally and financially independent, highly skilled, educated, and capable of competing in the political, social, and labor arenas in today's dynamic world.

The author explains that as a result of this trend, vertical segregation in the sphere of labor relations occurred. The result is that leadership positions in Uzbekistan are mainly given to men, as well as higher wages for skilled labor (for example, in industry, construction, financial and insurance activities, and others). Nevertheless, the government of Uzbekistan is taking measures to ensure the availability of education in various higher educational institutions for all citizens (Memesheva, 2020). The author believes that the evening and part-time forms of education open up great opportunities for married women and mothers to successfully combine family responsibilities, raising children with studies, and work. It should be noted that women dominate in education and health care, but the payment in these sectors remains low. According to the author, this situation necessitates the creation of a distinct state program to raise the Republic of Uzbekistan's state budget's expenditure portion in the fields of science and education, as well as the imposition of managerial position quotas in order to achieve gender equality.

Conclusions

Uzbekistan has taken several effective political, legal, and socio-economic measures and programs aimed at overcoming gender inequality in the country. Thus, men dominate in the family and domestic sphere, professional and labor, and political and management spheres. Stereotypical social and cultural-religious norms determine the formation of various gender inequality means. Thus, in the family and domestic sphere, a woman has more responsibilities for home keeping, children, and relatives as compared to a man. This circumstance provokes inequality in the professional and labor sphere since women do not have the necessary financial and time resources to get an education, improve their qualifications and acquire new skills. This makes women less competitive in comparison with men. Accordingly, women's labor is less qualified and less paid. In the political and legal sphere, it can be stated that in Uzbekistan, equality in the process of voting in elections in the country is guaranteed. Special attention should be devoted to women's participation in leadership positions in Uzbekistan, both in the civil service and in business, through gender quotas. Further activities should be carried out through the prism of socio-economic support of these women and improvement of their qualifications.

In this regard, it is recommended to intensify efforts not only to adopt legal and policy frameworks and programs to ensure gender equality but also to monitor their implementation of them in education, health care, law enforcement, and socio-economic activities. This includes determining priority areas of interaction between state authorities and nongovernmental or civil society organizations to overcome gender inequality in Uzbekistan. The transformation of socio-cultural norms in Uzbekistan requires effective public education and information policy on the causes and conditions of gender inequality. Educating girls, young women, and women on the diversity of role models of behavior in society, the existing system of education and self-development is a separate essential area. The prestige and effectiveness of women's social, labor, political, and business activity must be communicated through positive propaganda and education from an early age in school and preschool institutions. Ensuring gender equality without a focused budget in Uzbekistan will be a difficult task. Therefore, it is recommended that integration processes of state support through budgetary allocation mechanisms be implemented, which should help to ensure women's economic rights and equal opportunities. Particular attention should be devoted to the implementation of international legal and labor standards that are designed to help women acquire highly skilled jobs and conduct effective business activities (e.g., access to finance, productive resources, skills). The development and implementation of statistical and management control over the accumulation of statistical information on gender imbalances in Uzbekistan require proper attention. Monitoring key information is required to analyze opportunities to improve gender equality mechanisms in Uzbekistan and monitor the effectiveness of measures and programs undertaken.

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Анотація

Системний аналіз формування гендерних відносин у контексті національної та релігійної ідентичності жіночої теми в сучасному Узбекистані

Гулі Тілабовна Махмудова

Доктор філософських наук, професор

Національний університет Узбекистану імені Мірзо Улугбека

Шахноза Омонуллаївна Мадаєва

Доктор філософських наук, професор

Національний університет Узбекистану імені Мірзо Улугбека

Дільдора Дільшатовна Юсупова

Кандидат філософських наук, доцент

Університет громадської безпеки Республіки Узбекистан

У світлі глобалізації гендерна рівність стає все важливішим соціальним питанням. Гендерна рівність в Узбекистані покращилася в результаті швидкої урбанізації та глобалізації. Гендерні відносини в Узбекистані мають низку унікальних аспектів, зумовлених історичними, культурними, релігійними та національними чинниками. Це вимагає вивчення питань гендерної рівності та пошуку відповідних і корисних адміністративних, політичних і правових рамок для включення цієї ідеї в узбецьку правову систему. Створення та ратифікація відповідних національних і міжнародних правових механізмів у правозастосовній практиці Узбекистану - один з можливих шляхів вирішення цього питання. Мета дослідження - проаналізувати міжнародно-правові та національно-правові засади принципу гендерної рівності, які вже інкорпоровані або будуть інкорпоровані в політико-правову систему Узбекистану в найближчому майбутньому. Для досягнення поставленої мети автор використовував сукупність спеціально-юридичних методів дослідження (правового моделювання, системно-структурний, формально-юридичний, порівняльно-правовий) та філософських, загальнонаукових і спеціально-наукових методів (аналіз і синтез, індукція, дедукція, абстрагування та узагальнення). Проблеми дотримання принципу гендерної рівності розглядалися з урахуванням національних, релігійних та історичних традицій Узбекистану. Дослідження проблем гендерного дисбалансу в Узбекистані дало змогу проаналізувати ключові напрями його реалізації через нормативно-правову та правозастосовну діяльність. Визначено практичні пропозиції щодо вдосконалення існуючих законів і політик, спрямованих на забезпечення гендерної рівності. Виявлено проблеми гендерної рівності жінок в Узбекистані у зв'язку з унікальною суспільною формацією та релігією країни. На основі цього визначено напрями їх викорінення з науки

Ключові слова: правова система; правова рівність; природні права і свободи; дисбаланс; рівність

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