Information technologies in law enforcement, security and expert activities
Analysis of theoretical approaches and regulatory and legal provision of circulation and use of information in law enforcement activities and in forensic research. Determining the place and role of information technologies in law enforcement processes.
| Рубрика | Государство и право |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 24.02.2024 |
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National Aerospace University "Kharkiv Aviation Institute"
Faculty of Humanities and Law
Department of Law
Information technologies in law enforcement, security and expert activities
Filipenko N.Y., Dr Law, Professor
Lukashevych S.Yu.,
PhD in Law, Ass. Professor
Kharkiv
Abstract
Cybernetics has introduced not only a highly productive information approach that has expanded the capabilities of almost all types of expertise, but also opened up ways to automate expertise. Special information systems are being actively developed that contain data on the identification and diagnostic value of features, on the properties of most objects of expert research, on algorithmic and heuristic methods of solving expert problems. Computer technology makes it possible to use these databases to the fullest extent possible for experts working in an expert institution and even conducting research at the scene of an incident. In the theory and practice of expertise, a systematic approach, structural and systemic analysis techniques are used. One of the promising ways to improve identification processes is to use information theory.
The information approach will make it possible to outline ways to analyse and assess the loss of information about identification features at different stages of their display; use the mathematical apparatus to analyse not only systematic and general, but also random and local distortions of features and other losses of information based on a single, universal approach to them; reduce inaccuracies in experts' perceptions of the nature of features. Despite the extensive practice of using information flows in the intellectual activity of a modern person and the extensive theoretical development of this scientific category, there is currently no stable definition of the concept of "information".
As a result of the analysis of theoretical approaches and regulatory and legal support for the circulation and use of information in law enforcement and law enforcement activities and in forensic research, the author determines the place and role of information and information technology in these processes. The positive impact of the use of information technology in law enforcement, law enforcement and expert activities is achieved, firstly, through the rationalisation of cognitive procedures; secondly, through the improvement of automation of activities; thirdly, by optimising complex decision-making using knowledge-based systems. Thus, information support of law enforcement and law enforcement activities, as well as activities related to expert research, can be defined as a systematic form and systematised procedures, scientifically organised and continuous activities for the selection, analysis, classification, synthesis of information necessary for the correct application of the law, law enforcement activities or the solution of forensic tasks.
Keywords: crime, expert research, crime prevention and counteraction, information systems, information technology, criminological information, forensic information
Анотація
Інформаційні технології в правозастосовній, правоохоронній та експертній діяльності
Філіпенко Н.Є., д.ю.н., професор; Лукашевич С.Ю., к.ю.н., доцент; кафедра права гуманітарно-правового факультету, Національний аерокосмічний університет імені М.Є. Жуковського «Харківський авіаційний інститут»
Кібернетика внесла не тільки досить продуктивний інформаційний підхід, який дозволив розширити можливості майже всіх видів експертиз, а й відкрила шляхи для автоматизації експертизи. Активно ведеться розроблення спеціальних інформаційних систем, що містять дані про ідентифікаційне й діагностичне значення ознак, про властивості більшості об'єктів експертного дослідження, про алгоритмічні та евристичні способи вирішення експертних завдань. Комп'ютерна техніка дозволяє якнайширше використовувати ці банки даних експертам, які працюють в експертній установі та навіть проводять дослідження на місці події. У теорії й практиці експертизи застосовується системний підхід, прийоми структурного та системного аналізів. Одним із перспективних шляхів удосконалення процесів ідентифікації є використання теорії інформації. Інформаційний підхід дозволить окреслити шляхи аналізу і оцінити втрати інформації про ідентифікаційні ознаки на різних етапах їх відображення; використовувати математичний апарат для аналізу не тільки систематичних і загальних, а й також випадкових і локальних спотворень ознак та інших втрат інформації на основі єдиного, універсального до них підходу; зменшити неточності уявлень експертів про істоту ознак. Попри насичену практику застосування інформаційних потоків у інтелектуальній діяльності сучасної людини та широку теоретичну розробку цієї наукової категорії, на сьогодні немає сталої дефініції поняття «інформація».
В результаті аналізу теоретичних підходів та нормативно-правового забезпечення обігу та використання інформації в правозастосовній, правоохоронній діяльності та при проведенні судово-експертних досліджень, визначити місце і роль інформації та інформаційних технологій в зазначених процесах. Позитивний вплив використання інформаційних технологій в правозастосуванні, в правоохоронній та експертній діяльності досягається, по-перше, завдяки раціоналізації пізнавальних процедур; по-друге, через покращення автоматизації діяльності; по-третє, шляхом оптимізації прийняття складних рішень з використанням систем, заснованих на базі знань. Таким чином, інформаційне забезпечення правозастосовної та правоохоронної діяльності, а також діяльності щодо проведення експертних досліджень, можна визначити як системну за формою та систематизовану за процедурами, науково організовану та безперервну діяльність з відбору, аналізу, класифікації, синтезу інформації, необхідної для правильного застосування норм права, здійснення правоохоронної діяльності або ж вирішення судово-експертних завдань.
Ключові слова: злочинність, експертні дослідження, запобігання та протидія злочинності, інформаційні системи, інформаційні технології, кримінологічна інформація, криміналістична інформація
Statement of the problem
The deepening socio-political, financial and economic crisis, the war caused by the aggression of the Russian Federation, spontaneous migration of the population, extremely high unemployment and growing social insecurity have led to social tensions, increased criminogenic potential of society and a real prospect of an increase in crime in Ukraine.
Given these circumstances, the improvement of existing and development of new crime prevention strategies and measures are in the focus of attention of representatives of all branches of government and academics. The main trends of modern law enforcement and law enforcement activities, as well as the peculiarities of forensic research at the present stage, include their high scientific intensity, the use of cybernetics achievements, which act as a catalyst for the further development of its traditional means and methods based on the achievements of natural, technical and human sciences.
The transition from an industrial society to an information society and the transfer of not only social and business communication to cyberspace, but also most acts of individual social and payment activity and almost all types of traditional entrepreneurship, result in information becoming an independent object capable of influencing both individual and group or even social criminal potential. This transfer of communication leads to the migration of destructive human behaviour into cyberspace, including the spread of cyberbullying, the use of private information to provoke suicidal behaviour and various types of blackmail, harassment, etc. It can be assumed that personal information will increasingly be the subject of criminal attacks for various purposes - from its theft and subsequent use to deliberate distortion or destruction of information about a person [1, p. 144].
A significant impact of informatics on law enforcement, law enforcement activities and forensic practice is due, firstly, to the optimisation of cognitive processes; secondly, to the further automation of many stages of law enforcement and expert activities; thirdly, to the rationalisation of decisions made using information systems, etc.
Cybernetics has introduced not only a highly productive information approach that has expanded the capabilities of almost all types of expertise, but also opened up ways to automate expertise. Special information systems are being actively developed that contain data on the identification and diagnostic value of features, on the properties of most objects of expert research, on algorithmic and heuristic methods of solving expert problems. Computer technology makes it possible to use these databases to the fullest extent possible for experts working in an expert institution and even conducting research at the scene of an incident. In the theory and practice of expertise, a systematic approach, structural and systemic analysis techniques are used. One of the promising ways to improve identification processes is to use information theory.
The information approach will allow to outline ways of analysing and assessing the loss of information about identification features at different stages of their display; use the mathematical apparatus to analyse not only systematic and general, but also random and local distortions of features and other losses of information based on a single, universal approach to them; reduce inaccuracies in experts' perceptions of the nature of features.
Analysis of recent research and publications. Despite the rich practice of using information flows in the intellectual activity of a modern person and the extensive theoretical development of this scientific category, today there is no stable definition of the concept of "information". This is due, first of all, to the diversity of areas of application of information; secondly, to the multi-vector nature of information flows; thirdly, to the large number of operators exchanging (disseminating) information; fourthly, to the rapid development of modern communication links and technologies, etc. The essence of the category under consideration is also strongly influenced by the lack of a single unified scientific language (i.e., the concept is used within the science in which it is applied). Specialists are no longer satisfied with the old definition of information, they need more specific features. Moreover, there are many definitions of information, and each of them reflects either the specifics of the field of knowledge in which a particular definition is used, or the specifics of the professional activity of the person who gave or proposed the said definition, or simply his or her personal taste and terminological inclinations.
With regard to the scientific definition of this concept, we emphasise that information is the definition of content obtained from the external world in the process of our adaptation to it and the adaptation of our feelings to it. The process of obtaining and using information is the process of our adaptation to the contingencies of the external environment and our life activity in the external environment. The application of the general laws of the theory of philosophy allows us to understand the natural essence of information, so information will be understood as a certain characteristic of reflection due to the fact that reflection is a general property, an attribute of matter and is always characterised by organisation.
Having analysed the above, we note that it is the category of reflection that is the key that allowed us to discover the nature of information. The specification of the content led to a simultaneous expansion of the scope of the concept of "information" and began to characterise not only the aspect of human communication, but also communication phenomena in technology, biological and other processes. We consider information to be a strategic product, it is the basis of management activities, reflects not only the conditions of existence, quality, patterns, features of the object, the functioning of the subject, but also the management system as a whole, with its elements in particular.
In the theory of exact sciences, in particular mathematics, there is a different approach to understanding the nature of information from the philosophical one. In cybernetics, information is understood as any set of signals, influences or data that a system absorbs from the environment (input information), transmits to the environment (output information) or, ultimately, stores in itself (internal, intrasystem information) [2, p. 190].
In the theory of law, the study of legal phenomena is closely related to the development of a separate general scientific information approach, which has resulted in a new direction that combines the subject of forensic science with information processes [3, p. 84-90]. At the same time, some scholars identify the concept of "information" with such concepts as "data", "information", "message", "knowledge", etc. Due to this, such concepts as "evidentiary", "orientation", "forensic", "operational and investigative" [4, 5] information, etc. have appeared and spread in the theory of legal sciences.
The purpose and objectives of the article. As a result of the analysis of theoretical approaches and regulatory and legal support for the circulation and use of information in law enforcement, law enforcement activities and in forensic research, the article aims at determining the place and role of information and information technology in these processes.
Summary of the main research material
information technology normative legal forensic
Information in legal activities is information about the world around us (objects, phenomena, events, processes, etc.) which reduce the existing uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge, and which can be transmitted orally, in writing or in any other way, as well as with the help of conditional signals, technical and computing means, etc. Information about a particular object or phenomenon arises when data received in the form of a message about the state of the object is interpreted. M.V. Saltevsky calls the information circulating in the field of crime investigation forensic and draws attention to its specific features: it is used in conjunction with other types of information, forming a system that allows to establish the circumstances of the crime event; it is dominant in the information system; the investigator receives it through investigative actions, as well as operational and search activities [6, p. 143].
The regulatory definition of the term "information" is found in many existing acts, most of which are laws of Ukraine. However, only three current laws contain the definition of the category "information". In particular, these are the Laws of Ukraine "On Information", "On Protection of Economic Competition", "On Telecommunications", DSTU 2392-94 "Information and Documentation. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions".
According to Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On Information", it means documented or publicly announced information about events and phenomena occurring in society, the state and the environment [7].
The Law of Ukraine "On Protection of Economic Competition" defines information as data in any form or form and stored on any media (including correspondence, books, notes, illustrations (maps, diagrams, drawings, schemes, etc.), photographs, holograms, film, video, microfilm, sound recordings, computer system databases or full or partial reproduction of their elements), explanations of persons and any other publicly announced or documented information [8].
The Law of Ukraine "On Telecommunications" states that information is data presented in the form of signals, signs, sounds, moving or still images or in any other way (Article 1) [9].
According to DSTU 2392-94, information is knowledge considered in the aspect of communication [10].
Analysing the terminology of the above regulatory documents, despite the non-identical interpretation of this term, a number of common features can be noted, the main of which is that the domestic legislator considers information to be primarily "data". Therefore, it can be argued that information is, first and foremost, any data (their aggregate) obtained from the external environment, stored in any form and on any media and presented in any way to eliminate uncertainty.
When referring to information, the following properties are meant: information is reliable if it does not distort the true state of phenomena, processes, facts, events; information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and making informed decisions; information is clear and understandable if it is expressed in a language that is spoken (understood) by those for whom it is intended; information quality is a set of properties that determine the possibility of using it to meet the needs determined in accordance with its purpose; value is a comprehensive indicator of the quality of information.
When studying the properties of information, it is necessary to emphasise the specifics of legal regulation of social relations regarding information, i.e. its legal properties.
Firstly, physical inalienability of information means that information cannot be alienated from a person - its carrier. In a broader interpretation, this property can also be transferred to legal entities, subjects of information relations. When information is transferred (disseminated) from one person to another, it can remain with both, even the producer of the information mostly retains a set of copyrights to the information.
Secondly, the need to separate information implies that in order to bring it into the circulation regulated by law, information must be separated from its producer by presenting it in the form of signals, signs, sounds, moving or still images or in any other way and in this form transferred to other subjects of information relations.
Thirdly, independence of rights to information and to its material carrier - a legal property of information protected by intellectual property rights is that information on material carriers is both information (content) and a material carrier. In a more general sense, it can be noted that the right to information and the right of ownership of a material medium are independent of each other. Alienation of a material medium does not mean alienation of the right to information and vice versa.
Fourthly, the ability to replicate is a property of information that is directly related to its characteristic of inexhaustibility. This property is key to the legal regulation of information dissemination activities, since the latter can be copied (replicated) an unlimited number of times, without it decreasing in volume or losing its consumer qualities.
As for the forms of information presentation, it should be noted that information may contain messages transmitted in two forms - analogue and discrete. An analogue or continuous form of message is the value of a certain physical quantity that characterises a process that has no breaks or gaps (for example, the speed of a car on a certain section of road). A discrete form of communication is a sequence of symbols that characterises a discontinuous chain of events (for example, the number of studies conducted by an expert over a period of time).
Conclusions
The positive impact of the use of information technology in law enforcement, law enforcement and expert activities is achieved, firstly, through the rationalisation of cognitive procedures; secondly, through the improvement of automation of activities; thirdly, by optimising complex decision-making using knowledge-based systems [12]. Thus, information support for law enforcement and law enforcement activities, as well as activities related to expert research, can be defined as a systematic form and systematised procedures, scientifically organised and continuous activities for the selection, analysis, classification, synthesis of information necessary for the correct application of the law, law enforcement activities or the solution of forensic tasks.
References
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Література
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2. Пілюков В.О. Використання інформаційних систем в експертних підрозділах МВС України: дис. ... канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.09. Київ, 2009.
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7. Про інформацію: Закон України від 02.10.1992 №2657-XII. База даних «Законодавство України».
8. Про телекомунікації: Закон України від 18.11.2003 № 1280-IV. Там само.
9. ДСТУ 2392-94 «Інформація і документація. Базові поняття. Терміни та визначення». Видання офіційне. Київ: Мінекономрозвитку, 1994
10. Інформаційні технології в юридичній діяльності: базовий курс: навч. посібник / О.В. Співаковський, М.І. Шерман, В.М. Стратонов, В.В. Лапінський. Херсон: ХДУ, 2012. 17.
11. Філіпенко Н.Є. Інформаційні системи в судово-експертній діяльності // Теорія та практика судової експертизи і криміналістики. 2018. Вип. 18. С. 271-281. Размещено на Allbest.Ru
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