Mediation and indigenous conflict resolution practices: Lessons from global indigenous communities

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School No. 101 named after A. Muslimov

Mediation and indigenous conflict resolution practices: Lessons from global indigenous communities

M. Zhomartkyzy, PhD in Law, Lecturer

Abstract

The research relevance is determined by an increase in conflicts and tensions related to territorial, cultural and environmental issues affecting indigenous peoples. The research aims to analyse and systematize mediation and conflict resolution practices specific to indigenous peoples to develop more effective conflict resolution strategies that respect their rights and contribute to the sustainable development of indigenous communities. Case studies of conflicts involving indigenous peoples, as well as literature and statistical research to identify successful mediation and conflict resolution practices from different regions and countries, were employed in this research.

The specifics of conflicts that arise between indigenous peoples and state or private entities are analysed, as well as the factors contributing to the emergence and escalation of such conflicts. A range of key aspects in the practice of mediation and conflict resolution among indigenous peoples have been identified. The analysis of case studies and literature revealed successful mediation practices, including the use of traditional conflict resolution systems, participation of representatives of indigenous peoples in decision-making, and respect for their cultural and legal characteristics. Challenges and obstacles faced by participants in mediation in the context of indigenous peoples were discussed. Recommendations were made for the development of effective conflict resolution strategies considering the specifics and needs of indigenous communities to promote peace, justice, and sustainable development in this area. Practical cases of successful mediation were analysed, and the main principles and methods used by mediators were considered. Emphasis is placed on justice and respect for the rights of indigenous peoples. Practical lessons from the experiences of the world's indigenous peoples are a valuable guide for diplomats, researchers, and anyone interested in culturally and socially sensitive conflict resolution

Keywords: cultural diversity; international conflicts; cultural specificities; local communities; peaceful neighbourhoods; globalization

Анотація

М. Жомарткизи, к.ю.н., викладач, Школа-ліцей №101 ім. А. Муслімова

Вивчення порушеного питання вкрай важливе, оскільки у світі спостерігається зростання конфліктів і напруженості, пов'язаних з територіальними, культурними та екологічними проблемами, яких зазнають корінні народи. Мета цього дослідження - проаналізувати й систематизувати практики медіації та вирішення конфліктів, які поважають права та сприяють сталому розвитку корінних громад. У цій статті використовуються тематичні дослідження конфліктів за участю корінних народів, а також літературні та статистичні дослідження для виявлення успішних практик медіації та вирішення конфліктів у різних регіонах і країнах. Проаналізовано особливості конфліктів, що виникають між корінними народами та державними або приватними суб'єктами, а також розглянуто фактори, що сприяють виникненню та ескалації таких конфліктів. Виявлено низку ключових аспектів у практиці медіації та вирішення конфліктів серед корінних народів. Аналіз тематичних досліджень та літератури дозволив виявити успішні практики медіації, серед яких використання традиційних систем вирішення конфліктів, участь представників корінних народів у прийнятті рішень та повага до їхніх культурних і правових особливостей. Обговорено виклики та перешкоди, з якими стикаються учасники медіації в контексті корінних народів Надано рекомендації щодо розробки ефективних стратегій вирішення конфліктів з урахуванням специфіки та потреб корінних громад з метою сприяння миру, справедливості та сталому розвитку в цій сфері. Проаналізовано практичні кейси успішної медіації та розглянуто основні принципи і методи, які використовують медіатори. Наголошено на справедливості та повазі до прав корінних народів. Практичні уроки з досвіду корінних народів світу є цінним керівництвом для дипломатів, дослідників і всіх, хто цікавиться питаннями врегулювання конфліктів з урахуванням культурних і соціальних аспектів

Ключові слова: культурне розмаїття; міжнародні конфлікти; культурні особливості; місцеві спільноти; мирне сусідство; глобалізація; врегулювання конфліктів

Introduction

Traditionally, indigenous peoples have found ways to resolve conflicts within their communities based on their norms, traditions, and religious beliefs. However, globalization, climate change, transnational corporations and government policies are having an increasing impact on their lives and cultures. This has led to conflicts that often go beyond traditional methods of resolution. Mediation, as a means of conflict resolution, can represent a unique approach to addressing the interests, values and needs of indigenous peoples. It can provide a platform for dialogue between different parties and facilitate balanced and sustainable solutions. However, successful mediation among indigenous peoples requires a deep understanding of and respect for their cultures, traditions, and unique perspectives.

G. Pingali (2022) describes indigenous land conflicts and power relations in one of India's most resource-rich states, Jharkhand. He reveals how the land conflict in Jharkhand has affected the development of the community. He points out the causes and consequences of this conflict, and how firmly rooted it is in the ideological underpinnings of the key players in the region.

D.C. Arbelaez Ruiz (2023) examines the nature of responses of the Nasa indigenous people of North Cauca to mining and how this is linked to peacebuilding, with a focus on how resistance is shaped and enacted to respond to the mineral extraction with violence and peace. The study is exploratory, ethnographic, and interdisciplinary in nature, sitting at the intersection between the anthropology of mining, development studies and peace and conflict studies. The author presents and analyses narratives, participant responses, and her own experiences to illustrate the context and interconnected processes shaping Nasa responses to mining during this transition period.

Illuminating the complex relationships between Maya groups, Spanish-born Yucatecans, and British settlers in present-day Belize, C.A. Kray (2023) shows all sides of the indigenous conflicts and suggests steps that would contribute to their resolution.

L. Sullivan (2023) analyses the transformations in rural life wrought by the internationalization of agribusiness and contests over land rights by Indigenous social movements. The protest camps, by reclaiming the countryside as a site of residence and not merely one of abstract maximized agribusiness production, call into question the meanings and stakes of Brazil's political model. Researcher discusses the urgent need to link the dual preoccupations of multi-scalar political-economic change and the ethno-racial terms in which Indigenous people in Brazil live today.

Economist R.L. Trosper (2022) shows examples from North and South America, Aotearoa New Zealand, and Australia to argue that Indigenous worldviews centring on care and good relationships provide critical and sustainable economic models in a world under increasing pressure from biodiversity loss and climate change. He explains the structure of relational Indigenous economic theory, providing principles based on his and others' work with tribal nations and Indigenous communities. Scientist explains how sustainability is created at every level when relational Indigenous economic theory is applied - micro, meso, and macro.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the practice of mediation in indigenous conflict resolution and to highlight key lessons and principles that can be drawn from the experience of global indigenous communities. This study will explore the importance of respecting cultural autonomy, recognizing indigenous peoples' rights to their lands and participating in decisions that affect their future. Analysing the lessons and principles developed by global indigenous communities can serve as a source of inspiration for developing more equitable and sustainable methods of conflict resolution in the world. This article looks at specific examples of successful mediation among indigenous peoples, identifies common trends, and analyses how these lessons can be adapted for application in different contexts.

Mediation processes, including historical and contemporary cases of indigenous conflict, were examined by analysing documents, reports, and archives to identify mediation models in different contexts and regions. Comparative research was conducted to identify common trends and best practices, including many cases from different countries and cultures. This method allowed us to explore and compare different mediation models and identify successful strategies that can be applied in resolving conflicts with indigenous peoples in other countries. In addition, by applying the interviews by other authors conducted with mediators and indigenous people provided background data and insight into their perspectives and needs in the mediation process. Together, these methods revealed new insights and provided valuable recommendations for improving mediation practice in the indigenous context.

The methods used in the article aimed to analyse and compare mediation processes in different contexts. To achieve this goal, a systematic literature review and document analysis method were applied. This method allowed for the collection and systematization of existing data and provided a broad understanding of the topic.

Mediation as a tool for conflict resolution

The modern world faces many complex conflicts and tensions, but for indigenous peoples, these conflicts often have a special character related to their unique cultural, historical, and territorial characteristics. B. Melamed (2022) believes that resolving conflicts that affect indigenous peoples' rights, lands and ways of life requires special attention and adapted approaches. Mediation, as an alternative method of conflict resolution, is a powerful tool to help find just and sustainable solutions. For indigenous peoples in particular, mediation means more than just dispute resolution. It is a process that considers their cultural values, traditions, and needs, ensuring community participation in decisions about their future. Preserving the cultural, territorial, and legal integrity of indigenous peoples in the contemporary world is challenging, as they often face conflicts related to their unique status, history, and relationship with the outside world. These conflicts may arise either within communities or between communities and State or corporate interests. Indigenous peoples' relationships with external actors are often conflictual due to differences in perceptions of land and resource rights, lifestyles, and values (Lundy et al., 2022).

The primary issue is the way to harmonize traditional conflict resolution methods with modern mediation mechanisms to ensure that the rights and interests of indigenous peoples are respected. Lessons and principles can be learned from the experiences of the world's indigenous communities and mediation approaches can be adapted to effectively resolve their conflicts. The study of mediation in indigenous conflict resolution includes several important aspects that can help to understand and effectively manage such conflicts.

Table 1

Key aspects of mediation research

Source: compiled by the author

Research on mediation in indigenous conflict resolution is therefore important for developing more effective approaches to resolving such conflicts and for maintaining justice and respect for indigenous peoples' rights. Conflict resolution in the context of indigenous peoples presents unique challenges due to their specific culture, history, and relationship with the outside world. Mediation, as a tool for conflict resolution, requires special attention to cultural and legal aspects to consider the specificities and needs of indigenous peoples in the process of finding just solutions (d'Es- tree & Parsons, 2018).

Cultural aspects of mediation:

• The cultural characteristics of indigenous peoples can have a profound impact on their perceptions of conflict and conflict resolution methods. Mediators should consider traditional values, rituals, and customs, which can be important in finding compromise solutions.

• The community plays a central role in decision-making in indigenous cultures. Mediation should ensure the active participation of community representatives in the conflict resolution process to ensure that decisions reflect collective interests.

• Indigenous mediation can utilize not only formal law but also traditional norms and judicial practices. This may include respect for elders and experts from the community, as well as observance of rituals associated with mediation.

Legal aspects of mediation:

• The legal framework governing mediation should consider the characteristics and rights of indigenous peoples. Laws should ensure respect for their cultural and traditional norms, as well as guarantee the equality of participants in the process.

• Indigenous peoples' conflicts often involve land and resource rights. Mediation should consider these rights and how to incorporate them into dispute resolution.

• The legal framework should consider the rights of communities to participate in decision-making, especially in resolving conflicts that affect them.

Consideration of the cultural and legal aspects of mediation in the context of indigenous peoples creates an adapted and respectful approach to conflict resolution. It also promotes fairness and sustainable solutions that address their unique needs and values. The traditional values of indigenous peoples have a profound impact on the conflict resolution process, representing a key factor in creating balanced and sustainable solutions. In mediation with these communities, consideration of these values becomes an integral aspect of successful dispute resolution (Pingali, 2022). It is important to keep in mind that traditional values vary from one culture to another, but are usually centred on harmony with nature, respect for elders, and preservation of cultural practices.

Initially, traditional values guide the approach to conflict resolution, emphasizing the restoration of balance and harmony between the parties. Mediation guided by these values often includes reconciliation ceremonies, and respectful dialogue, and focuses on the common interest and the good of the community. Second, they define the forms of participation and roles of different community members, strengthening collective participation in the mediation process and guaranteeing greater acceptance and decision-making. This attentive approach to traditional values enriches the conflict resolution process and contributes to the creation of longer- term and more sustainable solutions that are in line with the needs and interests of indigenous peoples.

The principles of respect for the cultural heritage and specificities of indigenous peoples play a key role in the successful practice of mediation aimed at resolving their conflicts. Understanding and considering cultural sensitivity helps to create an atmosphere of trust and respectful dialogue between mediation participants. A basic principle is to recognize the value and uniqueness of indigenous cultural practices, languages, and beliefs. Mediators should demonstrate deep respect for these aspects by providing space for the expression and preservation of their cultural identity (Arbelaez Ruiz, 2023).

Additionally, the principle of respect includes active listening to and understanding the traditions that shape indigenous peoples' lifestyles and values. It is important to avoid imposing external norms and standards and, instead, cooperate with the community to incorporate their unique approaches to conflict resolution. In such a context, mediation becomes a means of maintaining cultural diversity and strengthening indigenous peoples' self-determination by facilitating the creation of solutions that meet their needs and ensure the preservation of their cultural heritage.

The complex interplay between modern legal structures and indigenous peoples' traditional methods of dispute resolution poses an important challenge for society to find a balance between respecting cultural identity and ensuring justice. To effectively adapt modern legal structures to traditional dispute resolution methods, constructive engagement and integration must be sought.

Above all, this process requires considering and respecting traditional ways of resolving disputes, while preserving the fundamental principles of fairness and equity. E. Villanueva (2021) believes that negotiations between legal authorities and indigenous communities can identify areas of common interest and develop mechanisms that facilitate the integration of traditional dispute resolution methods into modern legal practices. Creating flexible legal instruments that allow for the incorporation of traditions and customs can help build trust between the parties and ensure a fairer and more sustainable resolution of disputes.

Indigenous communities embody a wealth of cultural traditions and unique methods of conflict resolution that are based on a deep respect for community, nature, and tradition. The mediation process in these communities highlights certain special techniques that reflect the unique values and principles of indigenous peoples.

One such technique is circle-based mediation. This approach involves the community meeting in a circle, where each participant has the right to express his or her point of view. By listening to each other and seeking solutions together, the community seeks an agreement that considers the interests of all members. This method strengthens the sense of belonging and responsibility to the community, creating space for a deep understanding of the causes of conflict.

Another unique technique is based on the role of elders and sages in the community. These respected members of the community act as mediators and counsellors based on their experience and wisdom. Their role is to create a harmonious atmosphere and guide the dialogue in a positive direction. This method reinforces respect for cultural heritage and the participation of adult generations in conflict resolution (Kray, 2023).

Circle meetings and traditional forms of discussion play an important role in conflict resolution in indigenous communities. They represent a distinctive approach to dialogue based on a deep respect for the participants and cultural traditions, as well as on the pursuit of harmony and agreement. It is worth agreeing with the opinion of the author (Sullivan, 2022) since circle meetings often act as a platform for expressing opinions and discussing important issues in the community. Participants are seated in a circle, symbolizing equality, and mutual respect. Everyone has the opportunity to speak and listening to each other is considered a valuable aspect of this process. This form of discussion encourages the search for common ground and compromise solutions. Traditional values of unity and harmony influence the atmosphere in circle meetings, where participants strive to reach an agreement that considers the interests and good of the entire community. Such traditional forms of discussion promote mutual understanding, and respect, and maintain strong bonds within the community. Circle meetings may also include elements of ritual and symbolism that reinforce the community's cultural identity and emphasize the importance of cooperation and dialogue. Overall, these traditional methods of deliberation contribute to harmonious conflict resolution and the creation of sustainable solutions that meet the cultural and social needs of indigenous communities. mediation conflict indigenous community

Elders and wise members play a key role in traditional indigenous communities, especially in the context of dispute resolution. Their role extends far beyond advice and counsel, serving as a bridge between the past and the present, and preserving the values and wisdom of generations. In resolving disputes, elders and sages act as respected mediators and guides with authority and respect in the community. Their role is to ensure justice, harmony, and respect in the community. They listen to both sides, helping to identify the root causes of conflict and find ways to resolve it. Thanks to their experience and knowledge of traditions, they can provide an in-depth analysis of the situation and offer wise solutions that consider both individual interests and the shared values of the community.

Elders and sages also act as mediators between the different parties to a conflict, helping defuse tensions and find compromises. Their participation in the dispute resolution process is based on a deep respect for customs and cultural norms, which creates an atmosphere of trust and facilitates effective conflict resolution (Sher, 2020).

In the mediation process in indigenous communities, the connection with nature and spirituality is also fundamental. For many indigenous peoples, nature is an integral part of their cultural and spiritual identity. In the mediation process, nature is seen as a living organism with its wisdom and, as such, becomes an important element in conflict resolution. This aspect is manifested in the use of symbols of nature in mediation rituals, which help to bring participants together and guide them in their search for harmony and unity.

Spiritual aspects are also significant in mediation in indigenous communities. Religious and spiritual beliefs often permeate traditional methods of conflict resolution. Rituals and prayers can accompany the mediation process, creating an atmosphere of respect, peace, and creativity. The influence of spiritual aspects also fosters a soulful connection between participants and strengthens belief in constructive dispute resolution. Together, this makes a connection to nature and spirituality valuable and indispensable components of mediation practice in indigenous communities, contributing to sustainable and harmonious conflict resolution. For example, in traditional Aboriginal communities in Australia, known as Aborigines, the role of elders and sages in dispute resolution has played and continues to play an important and valuable role. One interesting example of this role is the practice of Dadirri by the Yolngu people of Arnhemland in northeastern Australia.

In the context of Dadirri, elders and sages serve as mediators and counsellors to help resolve internal conflicts and disputes in the community. One of the methods they use is observation and listening. By standing back, they give participants in the conflict space to freely express their feelings and thoughts. This process allows participants to come to a deeper understanding of the situation and each other.

The next step is to consult with elders and sages who draw on their experience, knowledge of customs and traditions. They help the parties see the broader context of the dispute and offer wise recommendations for resolution. Elders also have a unique authority that can often support a decision based on traditional values and the common good of the community. This example illustrates how elders and sages can contribute to conflict resolution by utilizing their wisdom and knowledge of tradition. Their role in such situations strengthens social ties, and respect for customs and contributes to the harmonious functioning of the community.

The social benefits of mediation encompass building trust and cooperation within the community. The mediation process, based on respect for traditions and unique methods of dispute resolution, contributes to strengthening relationships between community members. This aspect is particularly important as social cohesion is key to preserving cultural identity and overcoming external challenges (Kennell, 2023).

The economic benefits of mediation for indigenous peoples relate to more effective and sustainable conflict resolution, which can promote infrastructure development and investment in the community. Resolving disputes through mediation reduces the time and resources that could be spent on long-term legal processes. Moreover, successful conflict resolution promotes stability within the community, which can be attractive to investors and funders.

Mediation also plays a crucial role in maintaining harmony and harmony within indigenous communities, providing unique tools for resolving conflicts and strengthening social ties. For indigenous peoples, where the community is the centre of their identity and consciousness, maintaining inner peace and cooperation is essential. Mediation within the community helps create a safe platform where participants can express their comments and concerns, discuss conflict situations, and seek a joint solution. An important aspect is to address cultural norms and traditions to preserve the uniqueness and values of the community. The mediation process can include elements of rituals, symbols and ceremonies that help to create an atmosphere of respect and rapprochement (Trosper, 2022).

The use of mediation in the context of indigenous communities helps to preserve and strengthen traditional relationships and social structures. An important component of the mediation process in this context is respect for the customs, values and roles that play a key role in the lives of indigenous peoples.

Mediation addresses existing hierarchies and dynamics within the community, allowing participants to voice their opinions and concerns within traditional structures.

The mediation process also contributes to intergenerational harmony in the community. Elders and wise members, with their deep knowledge of cultural norms and traditions, are actively involved in the conflict resolution process, passing on their wisdom and experience to younger generations. This approach preserves sociocultural continuity and balances the traditional and modern aspects of indigenous communities. Mediation becomes a tool that helps adapt to a changing world while preserving the uniqueness and values of indigenous peoples.

The use of mediation in the indigenous context has the potential to significantly increase the level of community participation in resolving its problems. One of the key features of mediation is its collaborative nature, which includes the participation of all stakeholders in the conflict resolution process. For indigenous peoples, this means greater inclusion in the community, which helps reduce the sense of external interference and increases the sense of control over the resolution of their problems.

Mediation also increases indigenous peoples' understanding and awareness of the technical and legal aspects of conflict resolution. Participation in the mediation process provides an opportunity for training and familiarization with procedures, which can increase a community's competence in solving its problems (Aall & Crocker, 2017). Ultimately, this leads to more informed and effective participation in decision-making, as well as creating conditions for leadership development and activating new generations to address internal and external issues. For example, in Aotearoa, New Zealand, the Maori, the indigenous people of the country, have a long history of using mediation to resolve conflicts, with significant social and economic benefits for the community. One iconic example of this use is the mediation process between the Maori and the government that led to the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement between Maori and British colonizers that recognized Maori sovereignty over their lands and promised protection of their rights. However, over time, conflicts and disagreements arose over the interpretation and implementation of the Treaty. Instead of long and disastrous court cases, both sides decided to use mediation to resolve the dispute.

The mediation process, conducted with community elders and sages, allowed the parties to express their concerns and to discuss and compromise on various aspects of the Treaty. The result of this mediation was increased trust and cooperation between Maori and the government, as well as a clearer interpretation of the Treaty. This event not only helped to prevent conflict and maintain social stability but also established a framework for further strengthening Maori rights and equitable land use. This example shows how mediation can bring significant social and economic benefits to indigenous peoples. It preserves cultural identity, promotes equitable conflict resolution, and ensures sustainable social and economic progress for the community.

The practice of mediation in indigenous communities brings valuable lessons that can be applied globally to improve conflict resolution processes and sustainability in societies. The experience of indigenous peoples demonstrates several key aspects that can serve as a model for implementation in different cultural and legal environments.

First, indigenous peoples' unique approach to mediation emphasizes the common interest and collective well-being. This aspect allows for compromises and solutions that consider a wide range of opinions and individual needs. The deep respect for cultural traditions and values also contributes to an atmosphere of trust and cooperation, which is an important lesson for mediators and community leaders. Second, engaging with nature and spiritual aspects is an important component of mediation in indigenous communities.

This approach enriches the conflict resolution process with additional layers of meaning and symbolism, fostering deep understanding and participation of participants. The global application of this technique can contribute to a better understanding of the connection between humans, nature, and spiritual aspects in different cultures. Finally, the role of elders and sages as mediators and bearers of wisdom in conflict resolution provides an important lesson on the importance of respecting experience and older generations. This aspect emphasizes the importance of maintaining sociocultural continuity and enabling the transmission of knowledge and values to younger generations.

Overall, mediation practices in indigenous communities demonstrate valuable lessons that can play a significant role in making conflict resolution processes more effective and harmonious at the global level. A deep respect for cultural sensitivity, nature, and spirituality, as well as active community participation and respect for the wisdom of elders, are all valuable lessons that can inspire modern mediation practitioners to take a more balanced and sustainable approach to conflict resolution.

Modern mediation practice faces a variety of challenges and needs, and in this context, adapting traditional mediation methods used by indigenous peoples can bring valuable innovations and improvements. One of the key aspects that can be adapted is a deepened respect for the cultural identity and values of the participants. This involves a close examination of each party's cultural contexts and customs to build them into the mediation process and ensure authentic and respectful interactions. This approach builds trust and enriches the dialogue by adapting traditional principles to contemporary needs.

Another aspect is the integration of spiritual and natural aspects into the mediation process. Rather than being limited to purely technical and legal aspects, mediation can incorporate rituals, symbolism and ceremonies that help to create a deep and meaningful atmosphere. Such adaptations help to create more harmonious and constructive solutions that reflect the importance of the interrelationship between human beings, nature, and spiritual aspects. In this way, adapting traditional mediation methods to modern practice helps to create deeper and more lasting results, given the multifaceted and complex nature of today's challenges.

Key principles underpinning successful conflict mediation

Respect for cultural diversity is a fundamental aspect of the application of mediation to conflict resolution. Each community and culture have unique values, customs and traditions that shape and determine how they interact and resolve disputes. When resolving conflicts in multi-tribal and multicultural societies, mediators must take this diversity into account and create conditions for the expression and respect of multiple voices and perspectives.

Respecting cultural diversity in mediation means not only considering cultural norms and values but also actively seeking the understanding of the deep roots and context in which the conflict arose. It involves listening, being aware and participating in the process with respect for each party. Successful conflict resolution that respects cultural diversity contributes to the creation of more balanced, durable, and equitable solutions that consider all aspects and interests of the community.

Fairness, participation, and cooperation are key principles underpinning successful conflict mediation. The principle of fairness implies ensuring equal access to the mediation process and creating solutions that consider the interests of all parties. This means that each participant should have the opportunity to express their views and concerns, and their points of view should be listened to carefully. Fairness also includes cultural differences and values to create solutions that meet the unique needs and customs of each party.

Denzin and Lincoln (2017) believe that the principle of participation emphasizes the active inclusion of all stakeholders in the mediation process. Participation provides not only a broader understanding of the situation but also additional ideas and solutions that can be incorporated into the search for compromise. Active participation also enhances control over the resolution of the conflict and reduces the sense of external interference. Collaboration, in turn, involves bringing all parties together to achieve a common goal of conflict resolution. The mediator plays the role of facilitator of this cooperation, creating an atmosphere of dialogue, respect and understanding. Collective efforts help to reduce tensions and facilitate the creation of solutions that reflect a wide range of interests and ensure sustainability in the long term.

There is an inspiring example in the history of mediation of the Cree Indians (Canada) that demonstrates the usefulness of indigenous practices of mediation for the entire world. The conflict between the Cree Indians and the Canadian government over land rights and resources caused enormous resentment and tension. However, instead of resorting to litigation, the parties decided to employ mediation.

The mediation process involved elders, sages, and representatives of both sides. They gathered in a circle to discuss their concerns, interests, and needs. An important part of this mediation was respect for Cree cultural traditions, which were embodied in rituals, symbols, and spiritual practices (Bui, 2019). Mutual understanding and cooperation were also important to find balanced solutions that promote long-term sustainability.

This mediation resulted in a cooperative land management agreement that was responsive and inclusive of Cree Indians in decision-making. This agreement not only resolved the conflict but also promoted cultural identity and cooperation in resource management. This example highlights the importance of cultural respect, cooperation and dialogue in the mediation process, and its lessons can serve as inspiration for conflict resolution on the global stage as well (Suen & Suen, 2019).

Table 2