Forensic study of sound and its carriers

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Forensic study of sound and its carriers

Brazaluk Vadim, cadet of the 4th year of NNIP PFPNP; Pavlova Natalya, candidate of legal sciences, associate professor Associate Professor of the Department of Forensics and Pre-Medical Training Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs

The topicality of the topic is due to the fact that in recent years various sources of sound and its carriers have increasingly become the subject of expert analysis. Such research in criminology refers to forensic acoustics, which in turn studies the system of methods, methods and certain technical means related to the collection, use and study of sound traces, which have probative value and act as evidence in criminal proceedings.

The main tasks of forensic acoustic research include: identification of a person by his sound traces (voice); sound environment research to find out and identify sound sources; study of material media and technical means of recording sound traces. Usually, the sources of sound traces are considered to be certain material systems, both of organic and inorganic origin, namely: certain natural phenomena, living organisms, material objects, etc. Quite often, a criminal offense is accompanied by a number of different sound traces, which in turn form a certain "sound picture". With the help of forensic acoustics, it is possible to establish the peculiarities of the occurrence of sound traces, as well as the means and methods of their research for further forensic research and the investigation of a criminal offense in general [1].

To date, forensic acoustics includes special expert research in the following areas: research of the voice according to the physical parameters of oral speech, acoustic signals of environments; technical research of materials and means of sound recording. Traditionally, phonograms (optical, magnetic, etc.) are considered to be material objects that carry sound traces, but at the current stage of technology development, the digital method of sound recording has completely replaced the analog one, as a result, the list of forensic acoustics tasks has significantly expanded.

Over the past decade, rapid technological progress has retooled today's video and audio industry from an analog to a digital way of capturing, transmitting, and storing information. Modern household devices have become much more compact, without losing quality indicators in any way. Along with this, a large number of various programs for processing digital information have rapidly developed, which at a highly professional level make changes to the original record without problems, which significantly complicates the relevant examination [2].

It should be noted that today the use of technical means, which are endowed with the functions of simultaneous fixation of both sound and image, is very widespread. This suggests that the examination of samples from such technical means requires a comprehensive comprehensive analysis.

Analysis of material carriers of sound traces and technical means of fixation solves a certain range of diagnostic and identification issues, namely:

- on which device this or that audio or video phonogram was recorded, as well as with which set of equipment (one or more technical means);

- on which device this or that audio or video phonogram was recorded, as well as with which set of equipment (one or more technical means);

- whether there are signs of editing, as well as whether audio or video recording was carried out continuously;

- whether audio and video images were simultaneously (synchronously) recorded in the videogram of the file and whether the content of the video image corresponds to the sound;

- the original or copy is a video or phonogram [1].

The last point deserves special attention because, unlike analog, in digital sound recordings, the quality of the recording is not lost. As a rule, an expert copies the file to a computer in order to carry out relevant studies of material carriers of sound traces. From a technical point of view, it is customary to consider a video, phonogram, which was made as a result of recording the signal from the original source on one or another data carrier (SD - card, DV - cassette) or recorded on the built-in memory of an audio or video recording device, as an original. A file that has been copied to any information medium is considered a copy. That is why, based on modern realities, the question of whether a record is an original or a copy in the era of digital recording is gradually losing its relevance. Instead, the question regarding the authenticity of the recording and the presence of changes made to the recording by editing is quite relevant [3].

In today's realities, the greatest difficulty for an expert is to identify signs that indicate the presence of audio recording editing (deletions, overlays, insertions, etc.), since new programs for processing video and audio recordings are created every day. These programs have a fairly wide range of capabilities and functions that easily allow you to make high-quality changes to audio and video material of any level of complexity, for example: create sound and voice imitations, apply background sounds, delete, insert or overlay certain fragments recording, which at first glance are completely imperceptible during playback of audio and video materials [4].

In order for a specialist to carry out a qualitative analysis of a signalogram, traditional methods are used, namely: organoleptic (auditory perception), comparative, and special computer programs for automatic signal identification are also used. The spectrographic method of sound recording analysis remains quite effective in expert practice, the subject of which are sonograms, on which a "dropout", discrepancy or graphic mismatch of the frequency modulation curves of the sound may be noticeable.

Therefore, taking into account the rapid development and introduction of digital technologies into the everyday life of a person, the issue of forensic expert analysis of modern sound sources and their carriers is quite relevant, since a high- quality and complete expert study of certain sources or carriers of sound that are relevant and of evidentiary value in criminal proceedings, it allows comprehensive and high-quality pre-trial investigation to be carried out, to find out all the circumstances of the criminal proceedings and to reveal the circumstances that expose or exonerate the suspect.

soundtrack sound evidence criminal

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2. Криміналістика у питаннях і відповідях: Навчальний посібник [А.В. Іщенко, В.В. Пясковський, А.В. Самодін, Ю.М. Чорноус та ін.]. Київ: ТОВ "Видавництво "Центр учбової літератури", 2016. С. 56 - 57.

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