Criminal and-legal provision against women discrimination

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Criminal and-legal provision against women discrimination

Вадим КОВАЛЬ, здобувач вищої освіти Дніпропетровського державного університету внутрішніх справ Науковий керівник:

Наталія ДАВИДОВА, старший викладач кафедри українознавства та іноземних мов Дніпропетровського державного університету внутрішніх справ

Today we take it for granted that women can vote, but it wasn't always that way. After all, with the exception of a few countries, such as New Zealand, Australia and Finland, universal suffrage became a reality only after the First World War. In fact, the right of women to vote was introduced into international law only in 1948 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights [1].

At the moment, women also have the opportunity to be leaders in certain fields, which was not possible before. In 2019, women held almost one in four seats in legislatures worldwide, more than double the figure in 1995. Women are also now more likely to hold leadership positions than they were twenty years ago, although parity is still a long way off [2].

Around the world, many national reforms have been implemented in recent years to improve the position of women in the workplace, in marriage, and especially to protect women from violence. But there is still a long way to the equal existence of men and women.

Discrimination against women can be briefly defined as the restriction or deprivation of rights based on gender, resulting from a prejudiced negative attitude towards women.

However, despite this significant progress, significant gender gaps still persist. In different countries, they differ in their scale and form - from physical violence and material misappropriation to unequal opportunities in the field of employment or political life [3].

Unfortunately, the risk of violence increases during disasters such as the COVID-19 outbreak. The UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, Dubravka Simonovych, warned that "the prevalence of domestic violence is likely to increase, as previously predicted by initial police and hotline reports."

Gender inequality is also manifested in unequal opportunities for full participation in economic life. The structure of "UN-Women" came to the conclusion that women are less likely than men to participate in the labor market and are more likely to be unemployed [1].

Women are paid less, earning 77 cents for every dollar earned by men, and are disproportionately responsible for unpaid caregiving work for family members and for housework (doing 76 percent of the total hours of unpaid care work worldwide world). A study conducted in six countries around the world showed that if women's unpaid work were valued in money, it would amount to between 10 and 39 percent of GDP.

Women are less likely than men to have access to financial institutions or bank accounts. Although women-owned businesses make up more than 30 percent of registered businesses worldwide, only 10 percent of female entrepreneurs have the capital they need to grow their business.

Legislation directly aimed at ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men includes, first of all, the Constitution of Ukraine, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender and proclaims equality, as well as the Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men" (2005 .). This Law of Ukraine was adopted with the aim of achieving a parity position of women and men in all spheres of life in society through legal provision of equal rights and opportunities for women and men, elimination of discrimination based on gender and the application of special temporary measures aimed at eliminating the imbalance between the opportunities of women and men to realize equal rights granted to them by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Article 1 defines the concept of "gender equality" as "equal legal status of women and men and equal opportunities for its implementation, which allows persons of both sexes to participate equally in all spheres of life in society" [3].

"The limited gains in gender equality and women's rights that have been made over decades could be nullified by the COVID-19 pandemic," the UN Secretary-General said in April 2020, calling on governments to put women and girls at the center of government capacity. Not only are women the hardest hit by this pandemic, they are also at the heart of community recovery. Putting women and girls at the center of economies will help achieve better and more sustainable development outcomes for all, support faster recovery and put the world back on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals [4].

All COVID-19 response plans, as well as recovery packages and resource budgeting, must consider the gender implications of this pandemic.

This involves:

1) inclusion of women and women's organizations in the process of planning and decision-making about response measures in connection with COVID-19;

2) transforming unfair unpaid care work into a new, inclusive “care economy” that benefits everyone;

3) development of socio-economic plans deliberately oriented to the life and future of women and girls.

UN Women has developed operational and targeted responses to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on women and girls and to ensure that longterm recovery benefits them; these measures are focused on five priority areas:

- mitigating and reducing gender-based violence, including domestic violence;

- orientation of social protection packages and economic stimulation for the benefit of women and girls;

- support and implementation by people in practice of equal distribution of care work;

- the leading role and participation of women and girls in the process of planning and decision-making about response measures in connection with COVID-19; criminal legal women discrimination

- inclusion of gender aspects in data and coordination mechanisms [5].

The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to take radical positive action to address long-standing inequalities in many areas of women's lives and to build a more just and sustainable world.

So, as we can see, equality between the sexes is guaranteed in Ukraine, the regulatory and legal "field" is being developed to ensure equal opportunities for women and men. However, as V. Gursky rightly points out, despite the legal acts adopted in our country, "women still face obstacles in exercising their political, economic and social rights. Gender inequality is primarily a problem of our mentality. Reforming, first of all, should take place at the level of public consciousness, after which it is possible to implement legislative norms in life" .

References

1. Yaroshenko A.A., Semigina T.V. Recognizing Inequality: A Gender Analysis of Educational Materials in Social Work. Collection of scientific works of Kamianets-Podilskyi National University named after Ivan Ohienko. Series: Socio-pedagogical. 2019. Issue 32. C. 183-198.

2. Chychkalo-Kondratska, I. B., A. K. Derevyanko, and D. S. Kondratska. "Gender inequality in foreign countries: causes of occurrence, features of development and state policy to overcome it." Problems of the systemic approach in economics 5. 2019. P. 41-46.

3. Nikyforenko, V. G., and A. I. Tabanova. "Gender equality in Ukraine: problems and ways of improvement." Bulletin of Socio-Economic Research 2 (2014): 218-225.

4. Matsegora, E. O. "GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE ECONOMY." Public management and administration in the processes of economic reforms: a collection of abstracts of reports of the 5th All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference with remote participation, March 24, 2021 - Kherson: DVNOZ "HDAU", 2021. - 271 p. The materials of the conference highlight advanced scientific and practical research results obtained in the field of public management and administration. For students, graduate students (2021): 50.

5. Myronyuk, Olga Ivanivna. "'GENDER INEQUALITY' OR 'GENDER DISCRIMINATION': RECONCILIATION OF TERMS." Donchenko OP Myronyuk OI, 2021.

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