Solid household waste in the city of Melitipol: current situation and problems

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Melitopol State Pedagogical University named after Bohdan Khmelnitsky

SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTE IN THE CITY OF MELITOPOL: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROBLEMS

Yorkina N.V., Cherniak Ye.B.



Introduction

According to experts from the World Health Organization, the health status of the population is determined by about 50% of lifestyle (nutrition, working conditions, recreation, life, etc.), 20% by heredity and 10% by health measures. The remaining 20% is determined by environmental conditions. However, if such studies were conducted for Ukraine, the latter figure would significantly exceed 20%, because it is difficult to find another country in Europe with such a variety of environmental problems [15].

Along with global environmental problems, the problem of solid waste accumulation is looming. The historic document of the Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 "Agenda for the XXI century" recognized the problem of solid waste as one of the obstacles to sustainable development of the world economy [5, 11, 28].

In Ukraine, about 35 million m³ or 1.5 billion tons of solid household waste (MSW) are generated annually in urban cities and towns, which are disposed of in 770 municipal landfills and incinerators. In total, the state has accumulated about 30 billion tons, and waste storage cities occupy large areas - more than 150 thousand hectares. Due to the low level of technological processes, the volume of industrial waste in Ukraine is 6.5 times higher than in the United States and 3.2 times higher than in the EU. Solid waste collection and disposal is one of the most multifaceted and serious environmental issues [28].

According to environmentalists of Zaporozhye region, packaging is 30% by weight and 50% by volume of all solid waste [5]. Packaging waste is one of the most serious factors of negative impact on the environment.

The growth rate of landfills in developed countries is outpacing population growth. Thus, the world's population increases by one and a half to two percent per year, and the volume of landfills - by 6% [10].

Thus, product packaging has a significant social and economic function, however, it creates certain environmental problems. These problems, as the experience of developed countries shows, can be solved only by achieving a balance of environmental and economic interests of society.

In recent years, Ukraine has established a system of packaging and packaging waste management, which does not address the most important issue for society - reducing the impact of packaging and packaging waste on the environment.

Due to ineffective decisions and actions of the authorities, the country has not created an integrated system of packaging and packaging waste, which exacerbates the environmental situation and narrows the potential for secondary resources, limiting their involvement in economic turnover [36].

Melitopol is a large city, according to the categories of cities adopted in Ukraine, because the city has more than 100,000 peoples. Accordingly, the problem of solid waste, namely the sanitation of the carriageway of streets, sidewalks and inner-neighborhood areas exists and is one of the most important. Analysis of the problem of solid waste in the city is a necessary condition for the development of long-term programs for overcoming the crisis. That is why the problem of researching the current state of solid waste is timely and relevant.



Results and discussions

Garbage collection organizations of the city In Melitopol, the problem of solid waste is dealt with by two organizations - the municipal enterprise "Cleanliness" and the municipal enterprise "Melitopolkomuntrans".

Utility company "Cleanliness". The communal enterprise "Cleanliness" of the Melitopol city council of the Zaporozhye region, further - the Enterprise, belongs to the communal property of the territorial community of the city of Melitopol. The founder of the Company is Melitopol City Council of Zaporizhia region.

The company was established in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine "On Local SelfGovernment in Ukraine", "On labor protection", "On property" and other regulations of Ukraine, guided in its activities by these regulations and the Charter.

The company is a business entity that operates on the principles of self-sufficiency and self-financing.

The name of the enterprise is the communal enterprise "Cleanliness" of the Melitopol city council of the Zaporozhye region. Abbreviated name: KP "Chistota" MMR ZO.

solid waste accumulation sanitary

Purpose and subject of activity

The company was established to ensure the sanitary condition of the city, maintenance of roads, streets, sidewalks in good condition, providing services in crop production, landscaping and profit from business activities, meeting the needs of the city, businesses and organizations in providing transport services for sanitation from solid household and liquid waste.

The subject of activity of the enterprise are:

- current maintenance of roads, city streets in sanitary condition, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation; winter road maintenance;

- maintenance of roads, stops, small architectural forms, road safety elements, bridges;

- maintaining the sanitary condition of individual cities during citywide events;

- participation in the complex maintenance of areas along roads, streets, sites, temporarily unused areas of the city;

- provision of services to legal entities for individuals to perform works in accordance with their main activity, motor transport services;

- provision of services for the collection and removal of solid waste from private sector buildings, PRZHEO, HBC, enterprises and organizations of the city;

- pumping and removal of liquid sewage from unsewered toilets;

- organization and operation of the landfill, its reclamation;

- organization of the proper condition of the drain station, periodic cleaning of its units;

- cleaning of cesspools and cesspools, care for technical and public toilets;

- cleaning garbage from public garbage cans;

- catching stray dogs and other animals;

- waste treatment activities;

- processing and use of secondary raw materials and production waste;

- introduction of new technologies and "know-how" in the activities of the profile;

- landscaping, care and redevelopment of the landscape, including the establishment and maintenance of parks and gardens, cemeteries, etc., greenery along roads, railways and other roads, greenery near industrial and commercial buildings, as well as facade greenery, greenery of sports and playgrounds;

- planting and care of ornamental trees, including pruning, transplanting large trees;

- freight and passenger transportation by road;

- performance of repair and construction works;

- trade and intermediary activities;

- wholesale and retail, foreign trade in food and industrial goods, spare parts for cars, fuel and petroleum products;

- repair and maintenance of equipment, machinery, machinery;

- carrying out other activities not prohibited by law.

But in reality the organization performs only such functions as:

- cleaning of leaf sediment that accumulates along the side of highways;

- removal of accumulated garbage from catering enterprises along the roadsides;

- cleaning of the soil that accumulates along the side of the main roads (B. Khmelnytsky Ave., Lomonosova St., Heroes of Ukraine St., Mashinostroitelnaya St. and others);

Leaf sludge and garbage from food companies are taken to the city landfill. It should be noted that the soil is not exported to landfills. The company itself must find a place to use it. These are construction sites, landscaping sites, road repair materials.

According to KP Chistota, in 2019, an average of 243.6 m³ of garbage was removed to the landfill per month during the year, which is 2923 m³ of garbage per year. Therefore, the volume of solid waste generation during the year is uneven and is highest in April, August and October.

As for the removal of soil, the collection volumes during the year are very uneven. The largest amount of soil is formed in March, April and June. In the cold period of the year there is a tendency to reduce the amount of soil formation.

On average, 33.1 m³ of soil is exported every month. This is 398 m³ of soil per year.

The data for 2020 are slightly different from the data for 2019. For example, the average monthly volume of garbage collection at the city landfill in 2020 is 342 m³ compared to 243.6 m³ in 2019. Garbage is also more uneven throughout the year.

Municipal enterprise "Melitopolkomuntrans"

Municipal Enterprise "Melitopolkomuntrans" Melitopol City Council of Zaporozhye region (hereinafter - the Enterprise) is based on the communal property of the territorial community of Melitopol.

The enterprise was established in accordance with the decision of the Melitopol City Council "On the establishment of the municipal enterprise" Melitopolkomuntrans "and referred to the management of the Executive Committee of the Melitopol City Council.

Name and location

Full name - Municipal Enterprise "Melitopolkomuntrans" Melitopol City Council of Zaporozhye region; abbreviated - KP "Melitopolkomuntrans".

The company was established to provide services for sanitation and waste disposal.

The subject of activity of the enterprise are:

- removal of solid and liquid household waste;

- removal of construction and industrial waste;

- waste disposal;

- operation of drainage stations;

- operation of the city landfill;

- treatment of waste and scrap;

- provision of transport and forwarding services to the population, enterprises and organizations;

- trade activities, including wholesale, retail, retail, commission, trade and procurement and trade and intermediary activities;

- wholesale and retail trade in fuels and lubricants;

- collection, procurement, processing, purchase and sale of scrap and waste of non-ferrous metals;

- collection, procurement, processing, purchase and sale of scrap and waste of ferrous metals;

- repair of rolling stock of car companies.

According to Melitopolkomuntrans (Table 1), the amount of solid waste and liquid household waste has been growing by an average of 12-15% over the last 3 years.

Table 1

Garbage collection volumes

	2018	2019	2020
solid household waste	161322m3	183380m3	69048 m3*
liquid household waste	25777 m3	25400 m3	7623 m3*

* - data for the period January-October 2020.

Landfills of Melitopol district

In Melitopol district there are 7 landfills for solid waste:

- KATP landfill - 082803 (Melitopol, 115 O. Nevskoho Street);

- landfill for landfills of Novovasylivka DCP (Novovasylivka town, 72 Kooperativna Street);

- landfill for household waste of Kyrylivka village council (tenant of Azov Service LLC, Kyrylivka village, 1 Stepova Street);

- landfill for solid waste of Pryazovsky VUZHKH (town of Pryazovske, Pokrovskaya Street, 5a);

- landfill of Myrne VUZhKH (Myrne town, 7 Tsentralna Street);

- Radivonivka landfill of Radivonivka DCP (village of Radivonivka, Yakymiv district);

- Landfill of Yakymivskyi VUZHKH and PO (Yakymivka township, 2a Komunalna Street).

The largest of them is the landfill KATP - 082803, both in area and capacity. Only two of them - Priazovsky and Yakymivsky landfills - do not meet current sanitary standards.

Analysis of the work of the enterprises "Purity" and "Melitopolkomuntrans" shows that in this area there are the following shortcomings:

- inconsistency of actions with the charter of these enterprises;

- garbage collection only from main routes;

- the need for independent search for options for disposal of soil that accumulates along the side of highways;

- Organizations have small limits on the amount of garbage taken to landfills, above which they must pay fines in large enough amounts;

- sorting of solid waste in the city is not carried out;

- Garbage removal from the private sector of the city is carried out once a week, and the formation of solid waste significantly exceeds the norms of their removal, which leads to the emergence of unauthorized landfills;

- except for landfills, other methods of solid waste disposal are not used;

- The above-mentioned problems are related to insufficient city funding, which is manifested in the use of obsolete equipment that is not actually repairable, lack of necessary modern equipment and innovative technologies.

Waste and packaging waste management in Melitopol city

The problem of accumulation of solid household waste and packaging waste also applies to our city: despite the fact that the sanitary-administrative inspection of the Executive Committee of Melitopol City Council regularly conducts inspections of the city of Melitopol to identify unauthorized landfills, utilities and utilities. KP "Melitopolkomuntrans" accepts this waste free of charge at the city landfill, the number of contaminated areas is not reduced [44].

Waste storage conditions often do not meet environmental standards, which is one of the factors of intensive pollution of surface and groundwater, soil and air. Of the 54 waste storage sites registered, 38 do not meet current regulations, and only 26 are subject to environmental monitoring.

Since the beginning of 2018, the results of surveys revealed 57 unauthorized landfills, with a total waste of 3668 m3. Of these, 52 were liquidated, with a total volume of 3208 m3. Waste in these landfills is recognized as ownerless and disposed of at the city landfill. The costs of liquidation of natural dumps amounted to about UAH 250,000. from the local budget [44].

The Department of Public Works and Ecology of the Executive Committee of the Melitopol City Council is inspecting business entities for contracts with specialized enterprises for the removal of solid waste. First of all, these are enterprises whose territory is located near highways. Kiosks, shops, cafes, located along the roads, take their waste to the edge of the roadway. KP "Cleanliness" is forced to collect this waste and take it to the city landfill.

The Patrol Police Department of the Melitopol City Department of the National Police of Ukraine in the Zaporizhia Region monitors vehicles and violators of environmental legislation on a daily basis. These entities are being prosecuted.

In the first half of 2020, the Environmental Prosecutor's Office conducted more than 12 inspections to comply with environmental legislation. The inspections were carried out with the involvement of specialists of the State Ecological Inspectorate in the Zaporizhia region and the bodies of sanitary and epidemiological supervision with a visit to the place of activity of enterprises. According to the decisions of the environmental prosecutor, the perpetrators were brought to administrative responsibility [38].

The Executive Committee of the Melitopol City Council proposed an investment project "Construction of a plant for the processing of solid waste." Under this project it is planned to build a plant for processing solid waste in the city of Melitopol. The city authorities are ready to offer the investor a plot of land with the necessary infrastructure on mutually beneficial terms. At present, the level of readiness of the investment project is under development [21].

The cost of the project, including own funds, is $ 2.5 million. Method of attracting investments: creation of an enterprise with the participation of one or more investors registered on the territory of Melitopol. The payback period of the project is 4.5 years [21].

However, neither the measures taken by local governments to improve the environment, improve and clean the city of garbage, nor administrative penalties do not currently solve the problem of pollution of Melitopol with solid waste. This problem will never go away until it becomes a habit for every resident to maintain cleanliness and tidiness not only in the middle of their home or workplace, but also near them.

Several enterprises are registered in the city and procure and perform raw material processing and primary processing.

In Melitopol there is a branch of CJSC "Zaporizhzhyavtorresursy", which performs procurement and processing of secondary raw materials.

The company has 2 stationary points of reception of secondary raw materials, which are located in Melitopol. There are also drivers-procurers who carry out the departure and collection of used packaging on request.

The following types of secondary raw materials are accepted:

• polyethylene (heat-shrinkable films);

• PET bottles;

• waste paper (cardboard and paper packaging);

• cullet (glass bottles), etc.

In recent years, the company does not accept worn-out tires. All harvested secondary raw materials are sent to the city of Zaporozhye to the main base. From there, secondary raw materials, according to previous agreements, go to processing plants. Rubezhnoye Cardboard Factory in Donetsk Region is a permanent partner in the purchase of waste paper.

The point of reception of the used container of PE "Bozhok Vladimir Pavlovich" works 11 years. At the beginning of the enterprise, glass containers and cullet were procured. Then attempts were made to receive from the population used polymer packaging (shrink films, PET bottles) and waste paper. But it turned out to be unprofitable, so they refused to procure waste paper, and the procurement of used polymer packaging is carried out in small quantities.

There are no direct agreements with processing companies for the supply of secondary raw materials. Recyclables enter processing plants through a number of intermediaries.

On the territory of Melitopol there are special containers for collecting PET bottles, which belong to a natural person, entrepreneur Vlasenko VA.

Also on the territory of the city (Kakhovka highway) there is a limited liability company "Polymer-Plast". The enterprise carries out collection and primary processing of waste of container and packing.

Procurement of the following names of secondary raw materials is carried out:

• high pressure polyethylene (shrink films);

• low pressure polyethylene (boxes, canisters, corks);

• waste paper (cardboard and paper packaging).

Cooperates under direct agreements with processing enterprises of Ukraine.

The results of our study of the system of solid waste management and packaging and packaging waste in Melitopol indicate the presence of only procurement companies and the absence of the system itself. There is no organized separate garbage collection, which would greatly facilitate the work of procurement and processing enterprises.



Conclusions

As a result of the study, the set goal was achieved and all tasks were completed. Based on this, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Analysis of the scientific literature showed that one of the most important environmental problems of modern cities of Ukraine is the problem of solid waste management. The volume of solid waste is growing from year to year, their composition is gradually changing, and a significant (up to 60%) share of them is used packaging and wrapping.

2. In recent years, Ukraine has established a system of packaging and packaging waste management, which does not address one of the most important issues for society - reducing the impact of packaging and packaging waste on the environment. Due to ineffective decisions and actions of the authorities, the country has not created an integrated system of packaging and packaging waste management, which exacerbates the environmental situation and narrows the potential for the use of secondary resources, limiting their involvement in economic turnover.

3. There are 6 enterprises in Ukraine that have a license for processing and disposal of solid waste, including containers and packaging. This number of processing plants is not able to meet the needs of the country.

4. The largest areas of waste disposal sites in the Zaporizhia region are located in the city of Zaporizhia - 266.3 hectares, which is 25.3% of the total area.

5. The volume of accumulated hazardous waste on the territories of enterprises and in warehouses of organized storage is constantly growing (from 41.0 million tons in 2000 to 108.22 million tons in 2018). In terms of accumulated waste, the city of Zaporizhia ranks first (77%), the city of Energodar - 23%, the city of Berdyansk (13%). In terms of waste accumulation, the average beam is the largest (30 million m3 of waste).

6. The current state of the city of Melitopol, in relation to the problem of solid waste management, is characterized as environmentally dangerous, which requires the development of effective urban programs to overcome this situation.

7. Waste management in the city of Melitopol is carried out by only two KP: "Cleanliness" and "Melitopolkomuntrans" Melitopol City Council. Analysis of their work revealed the following problems:

- garbage collection only from main routes;

- the need for independent search for soil disposal options;

- small limits on the volume of garbage removal to landfills;

- lack of solid waste sorting in the city;

- garbage removal from the private sector of the city once a week;

- Insufficient amount of modern equipment and innovative technologies.

8. Accumulation of packaging and packaging waste has a negative impact on the environment of Melitopol. Glass, polymer, metal containers and packaging are very stable in terms of decomposition and can accumulate over the years. In the city of Melitopol there are only procurement companies that collect, sort and primary processing of packaging and packaging waste. The main problem of waste management in the city of Melitopol is the lack of funding.



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