Control of psychophysiological factors for ensuring labor safety

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Control of psychophysiological factors for ensuring labor safety

Клюева А.Р., аспирант Донской государственный технический университет

Abstract

The purpose of this article is studying the psychophysiological characteristics of workers as causes affecting productivity and labor protection. Given classification and description of harmful and hazardous production factors, and also taking into account their features proposed labor activity optimization measures.

Keywords: production environment, worker, labor activity, psychophysiological factors, safety.

Аннотация

Контроль психофизиологических факторов для обеспечения безопасности труда

Целью данной статьи является изучение психофизиологических характеристик работников как причин, влияющих на производительность и охрану труда. Приведены классификация и описание вредных и опасных производственных факторов, а также предложены меры оптимизации трудовой деятельности с учётом их особенностей.

Ключевые слова: производственная среда, работник, трудовая деятельность, психологофизиологические факторы, безопасность.

A human exposed to production environment hazards during labor activity. The problem of creating safe working conditions and minimizing the threat to the health of workers is actual. In solving this problem, it is necessary to take into account many factors, including psychophysiological. [1].

The influence of harmful production factors may lead to a decrease in working capacity and to occupational diseases. Hazardous factors cause industrial traumatism and accidents. Among the harmful and dangerous factors distinguish physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

Physical factors include mechanisms; increased levels of noise and vibration, static electricity, voltage in an electrical circuit, electromagnetic and ionizing radiation; low illumination and so on.

Chemical factors are substances and compounds that differ in the state of aggregation, have toxic, irritating, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on the human organism and affect its reproductive function.

Biological factors are pathogenic microorganisms and their metabolic products, animals and plants (Биологическими факторами являются патогенные микроорганизмы и продукты их жизнедеятельности, животные и растения).

The factors of the labor process are called psychophysiological. These include physical overloads (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overloads (overstrain of the brain, sense organs, monotony of work, emotional overload) [1].

A worker may be in a forced pose in the process of working. Labor activity related to motor activity is unfavorable for health when loads exceed physiologically acceptable values.

In the designing workplaces is necessary to strive for the similarity of the working and natural postures of a person. The design of the seats should be as close as possible to the human anatomy, so the body pressure will be evenly distributed over the area of support [2].

In many industries with a predominance of conveyor labor, the motor activity of people consists of large movements (arms, shoulder girdle) and small stereotyped movements (hands and fingers).

Hypodynamia negatively affects the condition of workers. Its prevention means eliminating static work, changing working pose, gymnastics, exercise, etc. Rest in the rooms of psychological relief will reduce the degree of tiredness and increase the productivity of workers, that will preserve efficiency and ensure labor safety.

Emotional stress changes the functional state of the central nervous system (CNS). These happen when working on the flow line; in emergency situations with risk to life (especially in case of shortage of time); with personal responsibility for the safety of people; with materials, equipment, etc. [3]

The alternation of work shifts requires constant organism restructuring. Twenty-four hours duty in shifts, night work and work in the absence of natural light have a negative psychological effect. When working at night, the CNS functioning deteriorate; somnolence reduces the productivity and quality of labor, the protective functions of the human organism, so human becomes more vulnerable to accidents. When working at night, somnolence occurs because of nonobservance the daily sleep norm, the duration of which is approximately 5-6 hours. People working atnight suffer from sleep disorders and more often than other have diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive and endocrine systems [3].

When working at night prevention of somnolence includes: the need for workers to observe the daily sleep norm (8 hours), the transition between work shifts after 1 -2 weeks with alternating work shifts in the order of the morning - evening - night, leisure time without heavy physical labor and the CNS stress.

The worker loses interest and falls into «production boredom», when performing monotonous types of work.

Monotonous work reduces production efficiency and economic indicators, increases accident rate, traumatism, staff turnover.

The main measures to reduce the impact of monotony on humans:

• integration small operations into more complex and various (the operation should last at least 30 seconds, alternate the load on different senses and body parts);

• transfer working from one to another production operation;

• observance of optimal work and rest schedules during the work process.

The rhythm and pace of work also affect the state of the worker, the productivity and the quality of his work. In the course of professional activity, experienced workers develop a certain rhythm and economical automatism of movements with the least expenditure of energy.

The pace of work reflects the degree of its intensity. Forced pace is physiologically unfavorable, least exhausting is free pace. Disturbance of the labor rhythm for technical and organizational reasons leads to the destruction of the established stereotype of actions in the CNS, causing irritation and premature tiredness of workers.

When rationalizing work activity is necessary to take into account the psychophysiological characteristics of workers. Reduced physical exertion may be accompanied by an increased the pace of work. Physical labor requires not too long frequent rest for rapid intensive recuperation.

Moderate mental work can be performed for quite a long time without a break to rest, but prolonged labor sometimes needs alternating longer rest.

Operator and dispatch professions require a specific work and rest schedule. Usually the dispatcher works with a large amount of information, plans the production process for a long period of time. Entry into the work and the transfer of the work shift to another worker causes great stress, so frequent change of employees is inexpedient.

During the working day the productivity of the worker, related to his physiological abilities, varies and passes several periods:

• in the initial period labor productivity increases;

• during the period of a stable level of maximum opportunities there is no tiredness;

• in the period of stable compensation the employee gets tired, but the reserve capabilities of organism maintain productivity;

• in the period of unstable compensation volitional voltage maintains a high level of productivity, although the reserve decreases;

14 in the period of a steady decline in labor productivity its preservation at the required level is impossible, because tiredness prevails opportunities.

In unavoidable emergency conditions stress should not cause wrong actions and aggravate the situation. During vocational training it is important to prepare the worker for actions in extreme situations so that stresses do not interfere with the performance of professional duties. Training on apparatus, simulating accidents, effectively prevents stress in such situations [4].

Minimizing or completely exception the stress on production will ensure an adequate level of labor safety.

An important role for efficient and safe activity is played by order in the workplace and in the organization, proper coloring and lighting of the premises, rhythm of work, regulated breaks, gymnastics, professional suitability and other factors that improve efficiency, attention, reaction rate, mood and general condition of workers.

The psychophysiological factors are affected by the working environment, teamwork, the adequacy of the work performed to the person's abilities. Psychological reactions of workers to environmental conditions must be taken into account in organizing and ensuring labor safety. Favorable atmosphere in the team is the key to successful organization of production and labor safety.

psychophysiological worker harmful labor

Sources

1. Soloviev A.P. Okhrana truda i zdoriv'ya rabotnikov v novom veke. // Okhrana truda i sotsial'noe strakhovanie. - 2004. - № 9.

2. Bychin V.B., Malinin S.V., Shubenkova E.V. Organizatsiya i normirovanie truda. - M.: Infra-M, 2009. - 248 p.

3. Noskova O.G. Psikhologia truda: ucheb. posobie dlya stud. vysh. ucheb. zavedeniy / pod red. E.A. Klimova. -- M.: Izdatel'skiy tsentr «Akademiya», 2004. -- 384 p.

4. Bezopasnost' zhiznedeyatel'nosti i meditsina katastrof: ucheb. dlya stud. sred. prof. ucheb. zavedeniy / S.B. Varyushchenko, V.S. Gostev, N.M. Kirshin i dr.; pod red. N.M. Kirshina. - 3-ye izd., ster. - M.: Izdatel'skiy tsentr «Akademiya», 2008. - 320 p.

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