Features of restoring a fire-damaged buildings

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Features of restoring a fire-damaged buildings

Sofia Artemovna Turuntaeva

Ksenia Mihailovna Malysheva

Abstract

The provision of appropriate fire-safety measures is a basic need in building design to guarantee the safety of its occupants. Damage due to fire is one of the most destructive aspects that cause deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. The article is devoted to review of fire statistics, post-fire actions and restorative technologies. The purpose of the article is to study regulatory documents and analyze existing technologies for restoring burned buildings in Russia and to summarize the damage of structures after a severe occurrence of fire.

Keywords: fire-damaged building, fires, losses, restoring technologies, innovative methods, safety instructions and requirements.

Аннотация

Особенности восстановления зданий после пожаров

Обеспечениесоответствующихмерпожарнойбезопасностиявляетсяосновнойпотребностьюприпроектированииздания, чтобыгарантироватьбезопасностьегожителей. Повреждениеотпожараявляетсяоднимизнаиболееразрушительныхаспектов, вызывающихизносжелезобетонныхконструкций. Статьяпосвященаобзорупожарнойстатистики, послепожарныммероприятиям и восстановительнымтехнологиям. Цельстатьи - изучитьнормативныедокументы и проанализироватьсуществующие в Россиитехнологиивосстановлениясгоревшихзданий и обобщитьповрежденияконструкцийпослепожара.

Ключевыеслова: пострадавшееотпожараздание, пожары, потери, технологиивосстановления, инновационныеметоды, инструкции и требованиябезопасности.

Main part

Introduction. There are three areas to be described in the article: review fire statistics, post-fire actions and restoration technologies. If you have any questions, please ask them at the end of the report.

Fire brings not only warm and comfort to our homes but can also cause damage and destruction and claim the lives of people because it has tremendous destructive power due to the high temperatures obtained during the combustion of various materials.

For the year 2019, during 267,478 fire safety inspections (both planned and unscheduled), 1,121,021 fire violations were revealed. According to the fire services, typical violations, which were a possible cause of fire, in the report include the following:

- the use of faulty electrical equipment;

- careless handling of fire. that includes smoking;

- violating the rules of the fire prevention regime during hazardous works;

- violating the rules for the operation of heating systems. [1]

1. Fire statistics. In 2019, 471,426 fires were registered in Russia, during which 226,319 people and material assets were saved in the amount of 62.2 billion rubles. 8,567 people died, including 406 children, 9,477 people were injured, material damage from fires amounted to 18.2 billion rubles.

Since 2018, the number of fires has increased by 257%, the number of deaths - by 8.3%, the amount of material damage has increased by 17.1%, the number of injured has decreased by 1.8%. (pic. 1)

The largest number of fires in 2019 was recorded:

- at open area facilities - 295,998 units (62.8% of the total number of fires);

- in buildings and structures: 154,978 fires (32.9%) occurred here;

- on transport - 17 896 (3.8%);

- at other facilities - 2,554 (0.5%). (pic. 2)

Picture 1. Fire statistics in Russia

Residential buildings were the centers of the largest number of fires out of the total number of cases in buildings and structures - 117,804 units, or 76% of the total number of fires. More than half of all fires occurred in urban areas - 265,731 cases. In rural areas, 205,695 fires were recorded.

The main cause of fires in 2019 was the careless handling of fire: it caused 336,168 fires - 71.3% of their total number. The second most important reason is the violation of the rules for the construction and operation of electrical equipment - 49,638 cases (10.5%), followed by the violation of the rules for the construction and operation of stoves and chimneys - 21,211 cases (5.8%).

More than half of all fires were in urban areas - 265,731 cases, 4,312 people died during them, 6,286 people were injured. In rural areas, 205,695 fires were recorded, with 4,247 deaths and 3,175 injuries. [1]

fire burnt damage

Picture 2. Statistics of fire locations

2. Post-fire actions. After extinguishing the fire, an inspection of the building is carried out. When inspecting a building damaged by a fire, the lesion center and adjacent structural damage zones are detected and documented, as well as the state of structures in the damage zones of the building, primarily in the destruction zone.

After that, the safety of objects - thermal testers. (building structures, their elements, equipment and materials), which can characterize the temperature regime in the zones of fire impact, is sought and ensured. Then, information is collected on the state of building structures before the fire, as well as on the development of the fire and its extinguishing. [2]

3. Restoration technologies. There are various methods and technologies to restore fire-damaged buildings. They can be conditionally divided into traditional and innovative ones. The traditional methods include the methods associated with the installation of additional elements on building structures (steel clips, belts, beams, etc.). These methods generally effectively cope with the task of strengthening building structures, however, after their application, the geometry of the building changes and an additional load is created on the building structures. In addition, traditional methods are not characterized by a high speed of implementation and require the involvement of a large amount of la - bor. [3]

The fastest, most effective and most cost-effective way are the so-called innovative ways to restore buildings after a fire. These methods include: external reinforcement of building structures with composite materials based on aramid, glass or carbon fibers. The method is used to restore the bearing capacity and reinforce building structures; injection reinforcement technologies are used to repair various damage to reinforced concrete structures. Injection technology is the process of injecting fast-hardening repair compounds into the body of a building structure; shotcrete is the fastest and most effective way to restore the protective layer of concrete. Shotcrete technology is the application of a layer of repair composition (shotcrete) to a concrete surface, usually on a concrete base. [4]

Conclusion. To sum up. To reduce human and material losses, all actions in case of fires must be coordinated with the fire safety instructions. People actions during the fire are carried out according to the evacuation in emergency situations plan. The plan should always be in a conspicuous place. And most importantly, fire safety inspectors must carry out high-quality checks of buildings for compliance with fire safety requirements.

Referenses

1. Statistika MCHS Rossiipoitogam 2019 goda: doklad o narusheniyakhobyazatel'nykhtrebovaniyURL: https://www.complex-safety.com/about/news/statistika-mchs-rossii - po-itogam-2019-goda-doklad-o-narusheniyakh-obyazatelnykh-trebovaniy-pb/ (data obrascheniya: 10.11.2021).

2. Obsledovaniyezdaniyposlepozharov, avariy, vzryvov URL: https://beton-kar - kas.ru/obsledovanie-konstrukcij-zdanij-i-sooruzhenij/obsledovanie-zdanij-posle - pozharov-avarij - vzryvov/ (data obrascheniya: 10.11.2021).

3. Vosstanovleniyezdaniyposlepozhara URL: https://metallicheckiy-portal.ru/arti - cles/stroimat/vosstanovlenie-zdaniy-posle-pozhara (data obrascheniya: 15.11.2021).

4. RekonstruktsiyazhilykhzdaniyURL: http://www.infosait.ru/norma_doc/53/53641/ in - dex.htm (data obrascheniya: 15.11.2021).

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