Essays as the subject of study of modern literature studies
Vow of the essay's self-sufficiency as a genre. Consideration of the essay from a literary point of view from the standpoint of genre specificity, content and form, author and recipient. Rethinking the genre-thematic paradigm of modern essay writing.
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Applicant at the Department of Ukrainian Literature Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University
Essays as the subject of study of modern literature studies
Hanchenko A.Yu.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the scientific understanding of the essay as a literary work in view of the traditions of a modern literary criticism. The emergence of the essay genre caused in Ukrainian culture a decisive and rapid re-emphasis of values, a change in the basic ideas about the very essence of writing and its relevance to society. In the period of change of literary traditions, styles, forms, first of all, it was a question of the statement of self-sufficiency of the essay as a genre. A philosophical work by nature, it becomes a traditional work of fiction at the beginning of the XXIst century, absorbing traditions and acquiring new features. In the presented article, based on some theoretical works of modern researchers, aspects of the origin and development of the essay genre as a literary work are clarified.
The essay is considered from a literary point of view, first of all, from the standpoint of genre specificity, content and form, the author and the recipient. The article presents various tendencies and directions of literary-critical comprehension of the raised question. These are literary-critical achievements presented in the works of G. Lukach, K. Osadcha, K. Silman, T Shevchenko, S. Shebelist, O. Hook, M. Balaklitsky, G. Klochek, etc.
Among the issues raised in the article and discussed by modern literary critics is the role and place of essays as an authoritative literary genre, which is the basis for the creation of "great" literature that represents modern Ukrainian literature in particular. Aspects of attention of literary criticism of the postmodern era are outlined: style, genre specificity, conformity of form and content, establishment of aesthetic values. The phenomenon of essays as a question of rethinking the genre-thematic paradigm of modern essays is analyzed. The article considers and comprehends the specifics of the meta-genre nature of essay writing and the origin, place of discursive practices that are implemented in the context of creating and implementing the meanings of the work.
Key words: literary studies, stylistic syncretism, essays, essayistic, meta-genre, postmodernism.
Анотація
ЕСЕЙ ЯК ПРЕДМЕТ ВИВЧЕННЯ СУЧАСНОГО ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВСТВА
Статтю присвячено науковому осмисленню есею як літературного твору з огляду на традиції сучасного літературознавства. Поява жанру есею спричинила в українській культурі рішучу та швидку переакцентацію вартостей, зміну базових уявлень про саму сутність письменства і його стосунок до соціуму. У період зміни літературних традицій, стилів, форм передусім йшлося про утвердження самодостатності есею як жанру. Філософський за природою твір стає традиційним для художньої літератури твором на початку ХХІ ст., вбираючи традиції і набуваючи нових ознак. У презентованій статті на матеріалі окремих теоретичних праць сучасних дослідників з'ясовуються аспекти походження та розвитку жанру есею як літературного твору. Есей розглядається з літературознавчого погляду, насамперед із позицій жанрової специфіки, змісту і форми, автора та реципієнта. Стаття представляє різні тенденції й напрями літературно-критичного осмислення порушеного питання. Йдеться про літературно-критичні здобутки, представлені у працях Г Лукача, К. Осадчої, К. Сільман, Т Шевченко, С. Шебеліста, О. Гук, М. Балаклиць- кого, Г Клочека тощо. Серед проблем, порушених у статті та дискутованих сучасними літературознавцями, - роль і місце есеїстики як авторитетного літературного жанру, що є засадою для створення «великої» літератури, котра репрезентує українську літературу сучасності зокрема. Окреслено аспекти уваги літературознавства постмодер- ністської доби: стиль, жанрова специфіка, відповідність форми та змісту, усталення естетичних вартостей. Проаналізовано явище есею як питання переосмислення жанрово-тематичної парадигми сучасної есеїстики. У статті розглянуто та осмислено специфіку метажанрової природи есеїстичного письма, походження і місце дискурсивних практик, що реалізуються у контексті створення та впровадження смислів твору.
Ключові слова: літературознавство, стильовий синкретизм, есей, есеїстика, метажанр, постмодернізм.
Statement of the problem in general and its connection with scientific tasks. In recent decades, the question of the role and place of essays among a large number of literary genres remains relevant. The nature of the origin and genre specifics of the chosen form represent a variety of topics and issues, the systems of conflicts and their reflection in the context of perception, which is a kind of author's analysis and reading experience, communication with reality, reflection on current events.
Modern Ukrainian literary space signals the restructuring of the form and content of the work. The narrative model, which varies depending on the role ofthe reader and the author in the text, as well as outside it, actualizes not only the intellectual potential of the recipient, but also his ability to communicate with the meanings of the work in the process of reading and understanding. Consolidating the tendencies of a previous experience, representing them in the modern interpretation, the essay is an example of a work (in the sense of genre) multifaceted and debatable, covering the contexts of the humanities tradition, difficult to demarcate into certain boundaries, characteristics, periods.
Due to the fact that literary critics cannot inscribe a work in the canon and comprehend the definitions of the genre, which is characterized by variability of forms and content, there are different literary interpretations of this phenomenon. The main task ofthe study is to understand the origin and development of the essay in the world and domestic literary tradition, because its "vagueness" is primarily associated with the already mentioned "blurred boundaries" and "impossibility of their delineation." essay genre thematic
Analysis of recent research and publications. Research on the origin, place and role of modern essays is very diverse: a large number of works are devoted to the theoretical understanding of this problem. The ideas about the origin of the essay were realized in the works of S. Shebelist, M. Balaklitsky, T. Shevchenko, T. Meiserskaya, Y. Nesterenko, M. Hnatiuk, K. Silman, T. Tselyukh, O. Hook, N. Myroshkina, G. Klochek. The conceptualization of the term develops in the researches of T. Levchuk, O. Khoma, V. Skuratovsky. Articles and publications are devoted to the theoretical understanding of the origin of the essay as a literary work, the object of scientific delineation in the literary tradition of today and the attempt to generalize the results of research.
Presenting the main material. The first representation of the essay as a genre can be seen in the publication of a three-volume book by a French philosopher and Renaissance writer Michel Montaigne "Les Essais" (translated from French "Samples"). The author, in the form of an essayistmoralist, attempted to write the work under the slogan "Who am I?", personifying human thought, devoid of dogmatism and scholasticism, full of categories of fearlessness and criticism.
As for the uncharacteristic for the Renaissance manner of presentation, the work was a syncretic formation of various genres: from philosophical explorations, poems in prose, to everyday life and critical essays. In the language of the original, Montaigne's work is called "Essays", which from the very beginning is open to external influences. It should be noted that it is in such attempts at authorial writing that the so-called "metamorphic genre" (T. Levchuk) is formed, which from the very beginning finds itself outside the canons of literary creativity.
A collection of the first essays of the English tradition, presented by Francis Bacon's Essays, in which the author emphasized the direct origin of an essay on the ancient tradition, namely the works of Aristotle, Plato's dialogues and the recitations of Lucian, John Milton “The Tenure of Service of Kings and Magistrates”. However, the main development of essays and essayistic thought dates back to modern times.
Certainly, the stylistic syncretism, change of writing style and free character in the choice of themes allowed the artists of that period to implement in the works the product of assimilation of various arts, philosophical and spiritual practices, which transformed not only the manner of writing literary works, the recipient. It is obvious that such conditions have been favorable for the development of essay writing.
As an independent genre in the field of Ukrainian literature, the essay began to function only in the twentieth century in the works of I. Franko, P Kulish, V. Vynnychenko on the basis of the Lviv magazine "Visnyk" edited by D. Dontsov. A little later, he appeared in the works of the sixties, known in the magazines "October", "Dnipro", the newspaper "Literary Ukraine". The genre flourished in the 1990s in the works of Yu. Andrukhovych, O. Zabuzhko, T Prokhaska, andM. Ryabchuk.
Given the literary thought, the essay is a representative of an objective reality, a subject of reflection and expression of aesthetic categories, which, due to the high level of intellectual and spiritual content, reveals to the reader "experience" with different connotations, filling the space with broad cultural context and art. images. This multi-vector specificity of the genre, perhaps, contributes to the formation of individual reader's opinion, leveling stereotypes and acquired experience, which often correlates with the subject comprehension and aesthetic mastery of the world. It should be noted that this understanding allows us to consider essays in the context of social-communicative approach, discursive practices, removing essays from the category of unusual works of Ukrainian literature.
Mostly, the German theorists began work on a literary-critical understanding ofthe essay as a genre. In 1910 G. Lukach wrote the text "On the Nature and Form of the Essay: Letter to Leo Popper ", where he put forward the following understanding of the genre: якщо поезія, себто сфера літератури вигадки, породжена одвічним людським прагненням зупинити мить життя в усій чуттєвій повноті, то така ж фундаментальна потреба в поглибленому аналізі безпосереднього досвіду задовольняється жанром есею [9]. G. Lukach notes that the essay is a universal genre, the main purpose of which is an in-depth analysis of human experience gained in the process of understanding objective reality.
Ukrainian modern essays began to develop more actively after the twentieth century in the works of K. Silman, O. Hook, Y. Nesterenko, S. Shebelista, T. Tseliukh, O. Zelik, N. Myroshkina, O. Slyvynsky. In the works of these researchers, we should note, the problems of poetics of the genre, the subject of the essay, as well as its discursive properties and aesthetic functions, which are implemented in the communicative strategies of the author.
S. Shebelist in work "Theoretical Aspects of the Essay Genre" (2007) notes «виникнувши в момент переходу від середньовічного мислення до науки нового часу, цей жанр відображає нову ситуацію пізнання: ізольоване «Я» перед обличчям світу, про який нічого невідомо напевно. Есей щоразу починає заново, пропонує особистий досвід, а не професійні знання» [9].
Indeed, the author represents the idea that the essay genre combines in its form and content a situation of experience and cognition that meets the intellectual and spiritual needs of the recipient, filling the category of "unknown", "isolated", offering solutions by empiricism rather than a scholastic, gradual application of already known concepts acquired in the process of establishing causal relationships.
Researcher K. Silman in the work "Essay as a Genre at the Intersection of Literature and Journalism" (2019) emphasizes the impermanence of the features of the essay as a genre, which is quite justified, classifying them as immanent: «Есей як небелетристичний жанр, якому властиві як художні, так і публіцистичні риси і який вирізняється вільною композицією, яскравим вираженням авторської індивідуальності та актуальністю обговорюваної теми. Залежно від сфери функціонування есею, він може змінювати набір домінантних і периферійних ознак та набувати нових» [7, с. 139].
The author notes that despite the large number of differential features of the essay, their presence is not only volatile but also variable, which corresponds to the given context, the dominance of which will change depending on the author's strategy and reader's perception. However, the researcher's remarks about the systematization and informativeness of the studied phenomenon are quite accurate. According to the author, the essay increasingly acquires the categories of integrity, coherence, articulation, linearity, informativeness, prospecting / retrospection and completeness from the standpoint of their representation.
O. Hook in the article "Formation of the Identity of the Essay Genre: Methodological Aspect" analyzes the origin of the essay as one of the debatable phenomena and genres of modern genealogy, noting that the ancestor of the genre is ancient literature and philosophy, but the most significant features of the genre traditions and expand the concept of essays in scientific systems. Also interesting is the idea that the essay is formed in the stream of genres "with increased reflection and author's assessment", which allows us to reflect on the above ideas about the genre's compliance with the needs of the time.
The author decisively notes: «на відміну від жанрової домінанти роману, що є творінням замкнутої в собі, вигаданої реальності, есеїзація долає ці рамки художньої умовності, ліквідує романізацію реальності, переводить її у нескінченний потік текстуальності» [4, с. 37]. This means that writers oppose fiction, and represent in their works the space of modernity, that is, the objective reality of the recipient himself. In other words, the systematicity and perfection of the work is supported by the authority of the author himself, but is questioned by the reader's interpretation.
T. Shevchenko in the monograph "Essays of Ukrainian Writers as a Phenomenon of Literature of the late XXth - the beginning of the XXIst century" (2019) theoretically comprehends the nature of the essay and its place among the various genres of Ukrainian literature. The researcher chiefly outlines the essay as an artistic-discursive practice in the modern literary process. Analyzing in the monograph the work of M. Markovsky, N. Myroshkina, A. Dmitrovsky and many other researchers, the author notes: «головні ознаки жанру (в традиційному розумінні) такі: конвенційні відносини між автором та адресатом; спадковість сприйняття; повторювання ознак; історична рухомість; зв'язок з епохою» [11, с. 29]. The researcher emphasizes the detailed analysis of the form of "ensemble association of writers' essays" in the context of the topological turn in culture and the literary process in general.
According to the researcher Yu. Osadcha in the work "Essay and Novelistic Writing as a Way to" Think "Literature" (2006) it is noteworthy that «есеїстичне письмо, як притаманний насамперед его-белетристиці спосіб побудови авторського дискурсу має безпосередній генетичний зв'язок есеїстичною літературою та перейняло від неї ряд особливостей. Проте цей тип письма не обмежується есеєм як жанровою формою та цілком може бути реалізований в інших формах» [6, с. 30] The researcher substantiates the opinion that essay writing is not limited to only one form and is characterized by their invariance. This represents the studied phenomenon as multifaceted, unstable and dependent on the author's intention.
Addressing the issue of self-identification, researcher G. Shvets in the work "Essays by Vasyl Barka: Genre Specifics and Issues" (2006) emphasizes: «головним для есеїстики є спрямованість на самоствердження, самоідентифікацію письменника» [8, с. 19] Probably, this happens in the process of creating an essay, reproducing its space and time, the system of characters and a set of conflicts.
However, the question of self-identification in the work is quite debatable, because referring to the opinion of R. Bart and his concept of "author's death", we can see that the author's death begins where the work ends and the reader's interpretation is born. The researcher also emphasizes: «сьогодні есеїстика - один із лідерів літературного процесу», which is fullyjustified by the wild popularity of the genre among writers of metamodernism.
We find similar ideas in the works of O. Hnatiuk in the work "Essay is a Way of Life, where Culture is Foundation" (2018) addresses the genre nature of the essay and the problems of its origin. The researcher notes: «Есей - це не художня проза, не публіцистична стаття, не журналістський нарис, не ескіз, не репортаж, не фейлетон, не спогад і не наукова розвідка (хоч елементом есею, себто прикладом чогось, унаочненням явища, вкрапленням може бути і спогад, і погляд репортажиста, і публіцистика) » [2]. Before the researcher, the essay appears as something more than just a literary work: «Есей - це спосіб життя, вякому фундаментом єкультура. Есей - це активний пошук, себто рефлексія або запис індивідуального пошуку правди, намагань її осягнути, прагнення зрозуміти себе і світ. Слово “пошук”, мабуть, заслуговує на основне місце. Есей - це завжди діалог з кимось / чимось (наприклад, традицією), не монолог. Есей - це неповторність стилю, думки, світобачення. Есей - це синкретизм, себто поєднання художньості й документалізму, історизму та автобіографізму з філософськими амбіціями» [2].
The author notes that the essay is a constant contradiction and combination of opposites: artistic and scientific, "rigor and freedom", "old- fashionedness and modernity". An in-depth analysis of the nature of the genre in the researcher's works explains the hypertest, the intertextuality of essays and rethinks the new realities of modern Ukrainian literature.
G. Klochek in the work "The Phenomenal Essays of Eugene Malaniuk: seven signs" notes: «слово «феноменальний» вживаємо в значенні надзвичайний, винятковий, рідкісний... І якщо це визначення застосовуємо щодо есеїстики, то таким чином немовби возводимо її до рівня видатного, нетлінного літературного явища, що піднесене до рівня класики, здатної витримати випробування часом. І, як явище, приналежне до класичного літературного фонду, воно потребує постійних пізнавальних зусиль - не тільки сьогодні, а й завтра, і післязавтра.» [5]. The researcher outlines the place and role of essays in the literary process, using the word "phenomenal", identifying it with classical literature, but emphasizing the need for a constant process of cognition of the literary phenomenon, constant search and discovery, knowledge of essays not only as a literary phenomenon, but as the integrity of deep meanings.
M. Balaklytsky in work "Essays as an Artistic and Journalistic Genre." refers to Ukrainian essays and notes, that it is «відзначається романтичним підходом, оптимізмом при висвітленні трагічних явищ української історії, посиленим історичним дискурсом, спрямованістю на пробудження української національної свідомості з редукуванням авторського «я» на користь глобальних проблем національної історії» [1, с. 27]. This is mainly due to the fact that the Ukrainian typology of essays provides examples of mixed genre formations, focusing on autonomous artistic reality, which is a reflection of the thinking of the deep individual "I" of the artist, realized through the prism of perception.
Conclusions and prospects for further research. Evidently, it is quite obvious that the modern Ukrainian literary process is impossible to imagine without essays, which are fully represented in modern literature by numerous works, different in form, subject matter, issues and genres. The emergence of essays is rightly due to the needs of the recipient and the author himself, which are implemented in a unique, nonstandard form of communication. This unusual form has become a reflection of new experience on modern concepts of the world. In the literary process, among other genres and types of literary work, the essay occupies a prominent place, because being a work individualized, non-standard, unsystematic, but mature, captures the author's imagination and reader's need as cultural understanding and transition to a new era of Ukrainian literature.
Thus, the analysis of the works of modern theorists of essays allows us to represent this phenomenon as an exceptional component of the modern literary process, which requires a broader study and delineation of the concept as a stable cultural and artistic phenomenon. We must state that the growing interest in essays has led to an increasing of research attention to it. Given the works considered, it is important and promising to study in the future the interaction between the literary process and the development of essays, the artist and the concept of the work in the context of discursive practices, the reader and essay as a performative phenomenon in modern literature.
References
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2. Гнатюк О. Есей - це спосіб життя, у якому фундаментом є культура. 2018.
3. Гром'як Р.Т. До вивчення джерел розвитку літературних видів і жанрів. Давнє і сучасне : вибрані статті з літературознавства. Тернопіль : Лілея, 1997. С. 42-45.
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презентация [5,0 M], добавлен 14.12.2011Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko was a Ukrainian poet, also an artist and a humanist. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, of modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian.
реферат [394,4 K], добавлен 23.04.2007The literature of the USA: colonial literature, unique american style and lyric. Realism, Twain, and James, postmodernism, modern humorist literature. Postcolonial poetry, Whitman and Dickinson, modernism. Proto-comic books. Superman and superheroes.
реферат [58,0 K], добавлен 02.05.2011William Shakespeare as the father of English literature and the great author of America. His place in drama of 16th century and influence on American English. Literary devices in works and development style. Basic his works: classification and chronology.
курсовая работа [32,8 K], добавлен 24.03.2014The study of biography and literary work of Jack London. A study of his artistic, political and social activities. Writing American adventure writer, informative, science-fiction stories and novels. The artistic method of the writer in the works.
презентация [799,5 K], добавлен 10.05.2015The biography of English writer Mary Evans. A study of the best pastoral novels in English literature of the nineteenth century. Writing a writer of popular novels, social-critical stories and poems. The success of well-known novels of George Eliot.
статья [9,0 K], добавлен 29.10.2015Modern development of tragedy, the main futures of the hero. A short biography and features a creative way of Arthur Miller, assessment of his literary achievements and heritage. Tragedy of Miller in "The crucible", features images of the main character.
курсовая работа [32,3 K], добавлен 08.07.2016Charles Dickens life. Charles Dickens’ works written in Christmas story genre. Review about his creativity. The differential features between Dickens’ and Irving’s Christmas stories. Critical views to the stories Somebody’s Luggage and Mrs. Lirriper’s.
дипломная работа [79,1 K], добавлен 21.02.2008Literature, poetry and theater of the United States, their distinctive characteristics and development history. The literary role in the national identity, racism reflections. Comparative analysis of the "To kill a mockingbird", "Going to meet the man".
курсовая работа [80,5 K], добавлен 21.05.2015Short characteristic of creativity and literary activity of the most outstanding representatives of English literature of the twentieth century: H.G. Wells, G.B. Shaw, W.S. Maugham, J.R.R. Tolkien, A. Baron, A.A. Milne, P. Hamilton, Agatha Christie.
реферат [31,4 K], добавлен 06.01.2013History of American Literature. The novels of Mark Twain. Biography and Writing. "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". "Huckleberry Finn": main themes, motives, problems, language. "Huckleberry Finn". It’s role and importance for American Literature.
реферат [25,6 K], добавлен 31.08.2015The Life Story of E. Hemingway. Economical Style of the Author. The Technique of Flashback and Reflecting the Events of His Own Life. Stark Minimalism of Writing Style in the Novel. The Reflection of the Author’s Life and World History in the Novel.
курсовая работа [1,9 M], добавлен 09.07.2013Henry Miller is an American writer known as a literary innovator for his brilliant writing. His works has been a topical theme for critics for a long time and still his novels remain on the top of the most eccentric and ironic works of the 20 century.
реферат [40,3 K], добавлен 25.11.2013Role of the writings of James Joyce in the world literature. Description the most widespread books by James Joyce: "Dubliners", "Ulysses". Young Irish artist Stephen Dedalus as hero of the novel. An Analysis interesting facts the work of James Joyce.
реферат [48,5 K], добавлен 10.04.2012Historical background of english literature, the making of England. Beowulf: the oldest english epic. Old english poetry: the seafarer and the wanderer. Early christian literature: Bible story in old english verse. Caedmon, Bede, Cynewulf and King Alfred.
лекция [18,2 K], добавлен 12.01.2015Life and work of Irish writers of the late Victorian era, George Bernard Shaw. Consideration of the interpretation of the myth of the Greek playwright Ovid about the sculptor Pygmalion Cypriots against the backdrop of Smollett's novels and Ibsen.
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