Realia in the Beehive by Camilo Jose Cela and its translations

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Realia in the Beehive by Camilo Jose Cela and its translations

Lesia M. Kotsiuk,

PhD (Philology), docent Ostroh Academy National University

Oleksii A. Pelypenko,

senior lecturer Ostroh Academy National University

Olha O. Pelypenko,

senior lecturer Ostroh Academy National University

Realia in the Beehive by Camilo Jose Cela and its translations

The article applies modern digital methods of text analysis to analyse realia's functioning in Camilo Jose Sela's novel "Beehive" and their rendering into the Ukrainian language in two translations: Petro Sokolovskyi and Anatolii Sobutskyi in 1979 and S. Borshchevskyi in 2011. The authors review previous linguistic research on the definition of the national-specific vocabulary, its grouping by thematic principle, and analyse the works on realia in the Spanish-Ukrainian language pair. The procedure of studying the functioning of realia in the novel andfinding their equivalents in the analysed translations involves the use of corpus linguistics methodology, namely, creating a corpus of parallel texts using the cloud translation management system Memsource and using the AntConc corpus manager to generate word lists and search for the necessary contexts. Considerable attention is paid to the procedure of identifying in the source (Spanish) text mono- and polylexemes with a national-specific meaning, their classification, and search for equivalents in translations of different years in Ukrainian. Based on the analysis of the source text's corpus employing the AntConc programme, a list of realia was formed. Later, the way they are rendered into Ukrainian was analysed. Most often, realia are presented through transliteration, substitution, omission, and various types of translation.

Keywords: realia, parallel corpus, corpus-manager, translation.

РЕАЛІЇ У "ВУЛИКУ" КАМІЛО ХОСЕ СЕЛА ТА ЙОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДАХ

Леся Миколаївна Коцюк,

канд. філол. наук, доцент

Національний університет "Острозька академія"

Олексій Антонович Пелипенко,

ст. викладач Національний університет "Острозька академія"

Ольга Олександрівна Пелипенко,

ст. викладач Національний університет "Острозька академія"

У статті застосовано сучасні цифрові методи аналізу тексту для аналізу функціонування реалій у романі Каміло Хосе Сели "Вулик" та їх передачі українською мовою у двох перекладах: Петра Соколовського та Анатолія Собуцького 1979 р. та С. Борщевського 2011 р. Автори здійснюють огляд попередніх лінгвістичних досліджень щодо визначення національно-специфічної лексики, її групування за тематичним принципом та аналіз творів про реалії в іспано-українській мовній парі. Процедура дослідження функціонування реалій у романі та пошуку їхніх еквівалентів у аналізованих перекладах передбачає використання методології корпусної лінгвістики, а саме створення корпусу паралельних текстів за допомогою хмарної системи керування перекладами Memsource та використання диспетчера корпусів AntConc для генерації списків слів і пошук потрібних контекстів. Значну увагу приділено процедурі виявлення у вихідному (іспанському) тексті моно- та полілексем із національно-специфічним значенням, їх класифікації та пошуку еквівалентів у перекладах різних років українською мовою. На основі аналізу корпусу вихідного тексту за допомогою програми AntConc сформовано список реалій. Пізніше було проаналізовано спосіб їх перекладу українською мовою. Найчастіше реалії подаються за допомогою транслітерації, заміни, пропуску та різних видів перекладу.

Ключові слова: реалії, паралельний корпус, корпус-менеджер, переклад. novel translations linguistic

La Colmena by Camilo Jose Cela introduces the readers to the Spanish capital's everyday life during the period considered a post-war for Spain, but as a full swing of World War II for most of Europe. Cela's participation in the Civil War against the Republicans created a controversial reputation for him, but this didn't prevent the audience from showing interest in his work. Yet in 1980, a translation into Russian by E. Lysenko [Sela, 1980] was published for the first time. Soon after

Francisco Franco's death, the Ukrainian readers saw the translation into Ukrainian by Petro Sokolovskyi and Anatolii Sobutskyi [Sela, 1979], which was followed by the translation made three decades later by S. Borshchevskyi [Sela, 2011]. The lapse of time between the latter translations was very dramatic: while the version of Petro Sokolovskyi and Anatolii Sobutskyi was published a few years after the constitutional monarchy in Spain had replaced Franco's Regime, and when the Soviet Regime was at the height of its power, Serhii Borshchevskyi already carried out his work in other conditions, when after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in Ukrainian society many taboos (which in their time prevented the novel from being published in Spain) disappeared, and the attitude of readers towards many phenomena of public life changed.

In this context, it is interesting to compare the approaches observed in the two translations concerning rendering the names of the objects and characteristic phenomena for the everyday life of Spanish society (realia) of those times. We try to apply modern technologies to extract and analyse textual data. Computer advances have significantly helped to minimise the time spent on data analysis in all areas of science, so it is not surprising that many linguistic studies also use the achievements of corpus linguistics to analyse and test their results.

Theoretical Basis: Realia

The lexicon, usually designated by the term realia, was introduced into translation studies in the 1960s by the Bulgarian scholars S. Vlakhov and S. Florin [Vlakhov, Florin, 1980]. Roksolana Zorivchak, a famous Ukrainian realia researcher, defines the term as "mono- and polylexemic units, the main lexical meaning of which contains (in terms of binary comparison) a complex of ethnocultural information traditionally assigned to it, alien to the objective reality of the host language." [Zorivchak, 1989, p. 58]. It should be noted that these language units have received enough attention from researchers all over the world in the spheres of comparative linguistics, the theory of translation, cultural linguistics. Among them are the Ukrainian researchers (R. Zorivchak [Zorivchak 1989, 1994], V. Koptilov [Koptilov 1971, 2003], O. Cherednychenko [Cherednychenko, p. 207], etc.) who show ways to overcome linguistic obstacles caused by cultural differences. Though, we found only some dedicated to the comparative analysis of realia in the fictional texts in Spanish- Russian context: i.e., the research of the Spanish realia of on the material of the novel by E. Mendoza No News from Gurb [Lilikovich, 2013]; the problem of realia translation from Spanish into Russian [Martinez, I. B., Ismagilova, A. R., Palutina, O. G. & Valle, Y. del., 2017], the techniques of translating the realia, referred to "everyday life" frame, of One Hundred Years of Solitude by G. Marquez in translations from Spanish into Russian [Tarasova, 2019]. Not numerous are the works investigating the analysed notion in the Spanish-Ukrainian context. Among them are: the diploma works by Olha Mhaloblishvili, who explores the main characteristics of realia of the Spanish language and considers the peculiarities of the translation of Colombian realia from Spanish into Ukrainian in the works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez [Mhaloblishvili, 2019], and O. Purlins'ka [Purlins'ka, 2019] - the investigation of the socio-cultural aspect of the Ukrainian translation of the novel by Carlos Ruiz Zafon Prisoner of Heaven; the publication by V. Balabaieva [Balabaieva, 2008] summarising Spanish phraseological units and idiomatic expression and presenting their Ukrainian equivalents.

There are several classifications of the nationally marked lexicon proposed by scholars, the most detailed being that of S. Vlakhov and S. Florin, who include within this term the following groups of words:

• geographical realia that, in their turn, can be subdivided into:

• physical geography and meteorology objects,

• names of geographical things linked to human activity;

• denominations of endemic species.

• ethnographic realia that are divided into those representing:

• everyday life;

• labour activity;

• arts and culture;

• ethnic objects and slams;

• measures and money [Vlakhov, 1980, p. 432-456].

Later, V. S. Vinogradov [Vinogradov, 2001] suggested an alternative classification shared as well by Ukrainian linguists R. P. Zorivchak, T. R. Kyiak, O. D. Ohui, H. H. Verba, and others, and which we will follow in this article:

a) realia of the everyday life;

b) ethnographic and mythologic realia;

c) realia of the natural world;

d) realia of the state and administrative system, as well as of the social life;

e) onomastic realia;

f) associative realia etc. [Vinogradov, 2001].

The methodology of data extraction and analysis

The development of the information society and the society of knowledge has led to rapid progress in computer technology for natural language processing, which has set new challenges for linguistics to study the language system's various properties. The tasks facing all linguistics areas now require the study of various linguistic phenomena, structures, units, relations, etc., not on the individual, albeit illustrative, examples, but in their full, representative volume. Such a task requires special computer tools of research, particularly the involvement of corpus linguistics. Having analysed the linguists' works studying realia in different languages, we encountered nothing about how they extract and analyse the language data. In the process of our investigation, we will go through different stages and make use of modern technologies of text analysis. The steps are: (1) extracting the words out of the source text; (2) filtering the words for the realia items; (3) creating the parallel corpus of the translations of the source text; (4) analysis of the translation of realia in different variants of translation into Ukrainian and Russian.

The translator's highest goal is to translate the text so that the reader of the translation is impressed the same way the reader of the source text does. It is recommended that the translator fully preserve the source text's meaning, even if they are nationally or culturally specific, using all available means. The main difficulty while reproducing realities in translation appears because the use of any translation method does not guarantee the preservation of the full range of connotations and associations that arise in the source text reader's mind [Vlakhov, 1980]. Many researchers have considered the question of reproducing the semantic and stylistic functions of realities in translation. Among them are the thorough works of Ukrainian and Russian linguists R. Zorivchak [Zorivchak, 1994], І. Korunets [Korunets, 2008] A. Shveitser [Shveitser, 1988], L. Barkhudarov [Barkhudarov, 1975]. They coined some terms describing the ways of interpreting realia: transcription/transliteration, descriptive, approximate, or contextual translation, substitution, calque, omission. In our research, the practices of rendering realia from Spanish into Ukrainian were summarised, and in Table 2, we present quantitative data on the issue.

Table 2

Ways of Rendering Spanish Realia from the Novel La Colmena by Camilo Jose Cela into Ukrainian by Translators Rendering realia employing

In general, we can observe that the translators of the two versions present the same frequency of applying transliteration, calque, approximate translation, and contextual translation to render realia into the other language. Simultaneously, we noticed that Sokolovskyi P. and Sobutskyi A. are more than S. Borshchevskyi prone to use substitution method while rendering certain realia, choosing the equivalent from a different thematic group. In most cases, the substitution happens when the translators tried to avoid using the lexicon associated with the subject of sexual relations and minorities for the subjective evaluation, preferring the words, although considered offensive, of some other etymology (see Table 3). In such cases, S. Borshchevskyi tends to find an exact translation.

Table 3

The Choice of Realia Equivalent Belonging to Subjective Evaluation Thematic Group by the Translators

Sometimes in the translations by P. Sokolovskyi and A. Sobutskyi, the substitutions happen caused by the lack of understanding of the original text (see Table 4):

Table 4

Problems of Understanding the Original Text Represented in Translation

In the first case, the translators confused the coin of five or ten centimos (perra chica or perra gorda) with fruit (the pear - грушО), and in the second, the white metal widely used to imitate silver (alpaca or nickel silver) with the animal domesticated and bred in the Andes (alpacca). In this case, P. Sokolovskyi and A. Sobutskyi omit the name of the material, and S. Borshchevskyi, despite his previous option, resorts to transliteration. Nevertheless, as such, mistakes were rare, and they concern secondary details; they generally did not prevent the readers from enjoying the novel. Cases of transliteration, approximation and omission happen predominantly with the realia denoting onomastic, ethnographic, and mythological notions. Sometimes, one and the same unit is rendered differently in the analysed translations (see Table 5).

Table 5

Transliteration and Omission and Approximation Methods while Rendering Realia into Ukrainian

Quite unanimous were the translators while rendering the realia out of the thematic groups of Natural World (see Table 6), which is not strange as the animals and birds in Spain and Ukraine don't differ much.

Table 6

Method of Translation to Render Realia into Ukrainian

Conclusions

Realia are units of language, the lexical meaning of which is embodied in a complex of ethnocultural information, unknown to the objective reality of the target audience. A complex methodology of corpus linguistics was chosen to analyse the ways realia function in the source text and in the Ukrainian translations: (1) extracting the words out of the source text; (2) filtering the words for the realia items; (3) creating the parallel corpus of the translations of the source text; (4) analysis of the translation of realia in different variants of translation into Ukrainian. The procedure appeared to be effective as it minimised the time spent on data extraction. Still, the research process depended much on the analysis conducted by a human while looking through the word lists and concordance lines. As a result, we have chosen and analysed 357 lexical units, classifying them into thematic groups and finding their equivalents in the translated novel. Spanish realia is often presented in Ukrainian translations through transliteration, substitution, omission, and various types of translation. It may also be indicated that the translations, each one in their time, contributed to the Ukrainian audience becoming familiar with the Spanish literature and culture.

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