Idea artistic characteristics of children's prose in Nakhchivan region (late 19th century early 20th century)

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Nakhchivan State University (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan)

Idea artistic characteristics of children's prose in Nakhchivan region (late 19th century early 20th century)

Ismayilova Nazakat

Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.

Abstract

In this scientific article, examples of children's prose in Azerbaijan at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century in the Nakhchivan literary environment were investigated and analyzed in terms of genre, theme, plot, composition, language, and style. As for researchers this age is the formation period of children's prose. The emergence, formation, and evolution of this genre in Azerbaijani literature is directly evaluated as the dialectical development of national life. Azerbaijani prose - Azerbaijani way of thinking, national character, national issues, national language, parlance and intonation, manifestations of national style - where one, several, or all of these components coincide with Western-Eastern prose dimensions, so the sign of nationality in artistic prose starts here.

It has been shown that the samples of children's prose created in the Nakhchivan region differ in terms of purpose, artistic-aesthetic effect, a number of original features, genre typology, theme, style, idea-content and artistic aspects as a part of the artistic prose thinking of that period. The main theme of these literary examples based on folklore and classical literary traditions was the promotion of science-education, education, and our national values.

It is concluded that one of the important aspects of Azerbaijani literature at the beginning of the 20th century was to describe childcare in the works written for children and to produce such works. In each of these works, colorful works with various ideals and thoughts have been created, that resonate with today. On the basis of children's characters, social and moral deficiencies are criticized by worrying about the future fate of children and protecting them. Today, these works, examples of our literature dedicated to children, have serious value. From the beginning of the 20th century, the number of perfect, accomplished children's prose samples based on the literary tradition begins to increase in quantity.

Keywords: Azerbaijani literature, children's prose, Muhammad Taghi Sidgi, Eynali Bey Sultanov, Mammadali Safarov, Ali Sabri, Huseyn Rasizadeh, Alakbar (Garib) Abbasov, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Tofig Mahmud Huseyn Ibrahimov, Mammad Said Ordbadi

Ідея художньої характеристики дитячої прози в Нахчиванському регіоні (кінець 19 століття, початок 20 століття)

Ісмаїлова Назакат

Нахчиванський державний університет (Нахчивань, Азербайджан)

Анотація

children prose azerbaijani literature

У цій науковій статті приклади дитячої прози в Азербайджані в кінці 19 століття і на початку 20 століття в літературному середовищі Нахчивань були досліджені і проаналізовані з точки зору жанру, теми, сюжету, композиції, мови і стилю. Як на думку дослідників, цей вік є періодом становлення дитячої прози. Виникнення, становлення та еволюція цього жанру в азербайджанській літературі безпосередньо оцінюється як діалектичний розвиток національного життя. Азербайджанська проза-азербайджанський спосіб мислення, національний характер, національна проблематика, національна мова, мова та інтонація, прояви національного стилю - там, де одна, кілька або всі ці складові збігаються із західно-східними прозовими вимірами, тому ознака національності в художній прозі починається саме тут.

Показано, що зразки дитячої прози, створені в Нахчиванському регіоні, відрізняються за призначенням, художньо-естетичним ефектом, низкою оригінальних особливостей, жанровою типологією, темою, стилем, ідейно-змістовним та художнім аспектами як складової художньо-прозового мислення того періоду. Головною темою цих літературних прикладів, заснованих на фольклорі та класичних літературних традиціях, була популяризація науки-освіти, освіти, наших національних цінностей.

Зроблено висновок, що одним з важливих аспектів азербайджанської літератури початку 20-го століття був опис догляду за дітьми в творах, написаних для дітей, і створення таких творів. У кожному з цих творів створені барвисті твори з різноманітними ідеалами і думками, які перегукуються з сьогоднішнім днем. На ґрунті дитячих характерів критикують соціальні та моральні недоліки, переживаючи за подальшу долю дітей і захищаючи їх. Сьогодні ці твори, зразки нашої літератури, присвяченої дітям, мають серйозну цінність. З початку 20 століття починає збільшуватися кількість досконалих, досконалих зразків дитячої прози, заснованих на літературній традиції.

Ключові слова: азербайджанська література, дитяча проза, Мухаммад Тагі Сідгі, Ейналі бей Султанов, Мамедалі Сафаров, Алі Сабрі, Гусейн Расізаде, Алакбар (Гаріб) Аббасов, Джаліл Мамедгулузаде, Тофіг Махмуд Гусейн Ібрагімов, Мамед Саїд Ордбаді

Introduction

It has been shown that the samples of children's prose created in the Nakhchivan region differ in terms of purpose, artistic-aesthetic effect, a number of original features, genre typology, theme, style, idea-content and artistic aspects as a part of the artistic prose thinking of that period. The main theme of these literary examples based on folklore and classical literary traditions was the promotion of science-education, education, and our national values. It is known that the main ideological aspect of children's literature is the subject of education. V.G. Belinsky once wrote: "Children's books are written for educational purposes. Education is a very big task: it determines a person's destiny" [Belinsky, 1948, p. 126]. And in this way, he shows the essence of children's literature.

Research area

The Nakhchivan region also has share in the development of children's prose, which has undergone a unique evolution in Azerbaijani literature. Muhammad Taghi Sidgi, Eynali Bey Sultanov, Mammadali Safarov, Ali Sabri, Huseyn Rasizadeh, Alakbar (Garib) Abbasov, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Tofig Mahmud Huseyn Ibrahimov, Mammad Said Ordbadi, etc. who made great contributions to the formation and development of Azerbaijani children's literature at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century have created a number of interesting prose examples for the enlightenment of the younger generation.

Written with the rich events suitable for children's thinking, the attractive plot, the sweetness of narration, and the simplicity of the language M.T. Sidgi's "Exemplars of Morality", "Gift to Girls", E. Sultanov's "The Faithless Will Overcome the Faithless", "Cross the River, Then Be Proud", “Fairness”, "King's Clown", M. Safarov's "Student who comes late to school", "Naughty child", "Hardworking school student", "Student who is not interested in lessons", "This is a bad student", "Ahmed who loves to read", "Fridays", J. Mammadguluzade's "Ice", "Pirverdi's Rooster", "Two Apples", "Bearded Child", "Dallek"(“Barber”), "Thief Cow", "Oriental Faculty" and other prose examples form moral qualities such as faith in life, self-power, patriotism, love for humanity, loyalty, respect for elders, and kindness in children's mind.

Academician I. Habibbayli highly appreciates the activities of M.T. Sidgi, who has exceptional contribution to the formation of Nakhchivan children's literature and writes: "M.T. Sidgi wrote interesting works of art in various genres of children's literature: Enlightenment poems, poetic reminders, rhyming stories and didactic stories form the basis of his children's works. Poems written by the artist for children mainly consist of educational reminders" (Askerova, 2012, p. 18].

The stories with simple plots included in the textbook "Gift to Girls" by M.T. Sidgi, an outstanding educator-intellectual, whose main focus is the struggle for a happy future, well-educated young people and adolescents, are readable artistic examples that reflect concise and interesting events. The author's textbook "Ethical examples” includes more than 15 instructive stories. The essence of the events described in these moral and didactic stories is revealed through the characters of polite, well-mannered, zealous, brave, sometimes immodest, lazy, indifferent children. In the stories in both textbooks, the author clarifies his pedagogical ideas with obvious examples. Generally, in the works of author, the progressive ideas of the period, sympathy for school and science, respect for the teacher, and the issue of educating the youth are in the foreground.

Researcher N. Aliyeva writes: "Mohammed Taghi Sidgi entered the world of literature during the period of democratization of society and formation of general development in Azerbaijan and created memorable examples of children's literature. His activity in this field encompasses a particular stage" (Eyvazov, 2002, p. 17).

M.T. Sidgi clarifies his pedagogical ideas with visual examples in the stories included in his textbooks "Ethical examples" and "Gift to girls". During his activity, he skillfully revived children's images and portraits in Pedagogical examples such as "Disobedient child", "Unjealous and lazy child", "Polite and well- mannered child", "Generous child", "Liar child", "The story of satisfied child", "Discouraged child", "Brave and courageous child", which were the product of his personal observation. Except two or three artistic examples in the "Moral Examples" textbook, most of the children's stories here are given in the background of the teacher-author's pedagogical thoughts. These stories are instructive examples to visually justify the author's enlightened discretion. There are 40 story-type dictations in the "Moral Examples" textbook. "Polite and educated child", "Truthful child", "Liar child", "Pleased child", "Stingy and envious child", "Brave and courageous child" etc. artistic examples are independent stories, these stories do not contain educational-pedagogical considerations.

In the textbook "Gifts for Girls" by M.T. Sidgin there are many didactic examples with a simple plot. In the story "Sitara and her aunt" her love for her father and mother is presented in an unforgettable way. The writer shows that "...God is in heaven, and parents are on earth, there is no greater blessing than a mother. The stories "Ruqiyya's rumor" and "The story of the child with a broken leg" also talk about parent-child relationships. A number of stories talk about the benefits of learning science and knowledge.

The dialogue between the girls named Izzat and Saadat in the story "The Conversation of Two Sisters" is interesting. Saadat's younger sister said, "What is our goal in studying science? What is the benefit to us?" answers the questions as follows: "My little sister! You are still young. You are not aware of the pleasure and benefits of science. Know that nothing in the world has been created without science, and science is needed in every matter and behavior of a person. The dignity of man and the difference between human and animal is known by science. You too study science, so that you will be happy in this world and the hereafter" (Huseyn, 1982, p. 107).

Science is at the core of all the author's ideas and thoughts. Signs such as tendency to psychological problems, evaluation of the inner world and feelings of an ordinary person are the main merits of prose examples written by the writer for children. Two different mother characters were created in the story "Mothers Adornment". One of them is vulgar by nature. This vulgar woman visits the house of a modest woman. When she expressed her desire to see woman's jewels, the woman pointed to the children returning home from school and said "my jewels, property and wealth, my pride and glory are my beloved children (Eyvazov, 2002, p. 109).

The author draws attention to the role of the mother in the education of the child and notes that: "The mother is the first person who teaches and educates the child. The mother's attitudes and behaviors, situations and actions are reflected in the children's heart. Knowledgeable and intelligent mothers are engaged in the education and upbringing of their children, starting from the time of breastfeeding. Parents of high moral standards prefer their children's upbringing to their grooming. (Eyvazov, 2002, p. 108-109).

Though Mammadali Sidgi Safarov's, one of the students of Nakhchivan literary environment, activity is directly related to education, but he is also known as the author of valuable works written for children. According to the research of Professor H. Hashimli and PhD in philology Naila Samadovan, about writer's legacy it is clear that M.S. Safarov worked in the field of media as well as pedagogical activity. He collaborated with "Molla Nasreddin" and "Maktab" collections, translated official and journalistic materials into our language, did useful works for the development of our national theater, wrote valuable articles and memoirs about various personalities, and finally produced instructive and admonishing verse works, plays, as well as wrote prose works (Huseyn, 1982, p. 36).

M. Safarov, who continued the ideas of his father, the great educationalist-pedagogue M.T. Sidgi, is the author of reminders such as "Student who comes to school late", "Naughty child", "Hardworking school student", "Student with no enthusiasm for lessons", "This is a bad student", "Ahmed who loves to read" The author's didactic stories published in the "School" magazine under the signature of Mammadali Sidgi can be evaluated as a perfect example of art due to the original composition, the possibilities of using the image and artistic representation means in accordance with the idea-aesthetic taste of the time.

The story "From the words of a hard-working student" in which exhortation became the leading tool was published in the 13th issue of the "School" magazine on September 20, 1914. In this work, the author created the character of a student who is distinguished by his activity and discipline, who prepares for the lesson with enthusiasm, as an example for children who study poorly and have no enthusiasm for lessons. A diligent student is looking forward to the opening day of school. The author presents his feelings through emotive terms like this: "The school has opened, and students are starting to arrive slowly. From today on, I go to school every day and meet newcomers". It is clear from the content of the story that the student's daily school life is not framed by verbal achievements. He also brings other children who wish to study to the school and enrolls them. He helps children when they have difficulties in their studies. "... Seeing them in such a sad mood, I go and talk to them. In order to make them happy, I take them around the rooms, classrooms and other places of our school and give them engagements. (Habibbayli, 1997, p. 119).

At the beginning of the 20th century, Jalil Mammadguluzade, who brought a new form and style to Azerbaijani literature, also wrote realistic stories that played an important role in shaping the thinking and artistic imagination of young readers. The artistic prose of Mirza Jalil, whose creativity has become a great literary school and a factor determining the success of works written in this genre in our literature as a whole. In the words of the literary critic, writer Elchin: "Today, the formation and development of Azerbaijani prose as a separate genre owes primarily to this small genre - "droplet” (Eyvazov, 2002, p. 140).

In terms of style, aesthetic ideal and artistic expression, the works written by the author about children in his prose works began to appear from his teaching period. Of course, being in contact with children, Mirza Jalil not only taught them the secrets of science, but also instilled in their memories the social deformities that left a mark on their thoughts. Thus, the tendency to write works that can significantly affect children's future development begins here. It should also be noted that the writer's works about children coincide with the period when children's literature was formed as a science. The author does not hesitate to write the realities of the Islamic world in his children's works, and he mentioned and criticized the flaws in the society as well. He touched upon the complex and contradictory social relations of the period in his stories, which are a manifestation of moral and spritual values, such as "Mailbox", "Ice", "Pirverdi's Rooster", "Two Apples", "Bearded Child", "Dallek", "Faculty of the East", "Cow Thief", "Grain Doctor”, as well as in the story "Danabash Village Stories.

The writer's story "Mailbox" is an achievement of our children's prose. In the story with an original and simple plot, C. Mammadguluzade approached the problems of the period from an enlightened perspective in the example of the generalized image of Novruzali.

Critic Y. Garayev writes: "J. Mammadguluzade, first of all, creates a completely new realistic prose hero, describes him in the concrete environment of modern social relations and relations. As we mentioned, this hero is called "ordinary", "small", "little" hero in literary studies as an aesthetic term. For the first time, Mirza Jalil brings to our prose these "ordinary people", who are intimately acquainted with the realistic artistic thought of the 20th century" (Habibbayli, 1997, p. 175).

As a great master of short stories, J. Mammadguluzade describes the ideas and life events in his works with such interest and reality that every child can clearly understand, think about, compare and make independent judgments about that event. Writer always compares negative and positive qualities to convey moral qualities more effectively by easily instilling the main idea of his work to children. For example, in the story "The Bearded Boy", the writer speaking from the position of enlightenment describes the concerns of the father who is worried about writing on the walls. But he feels more worried about her children lying out of fear than writing on the wall. In the story "The Bearded Child", Jalil Mammadguluzade, in addition to the main idea of the work, urges parents to fight against harmful habits such as lying, cowardice, not listening to the adults that can become habitual (Garayev, 2013, p. 97).

In the stories "Quiet Evenings" and "Genghis", in which H. Ibrahimov prefers to express the inner feelings and thoughts of the characters, the full characters of children and teenagers differ sharply from the previous ones due to their lifestyle, outlook, and behavior. The desire to form a strong character in children was one of the most essential issues H. Ibrahimov faced as a writer. From this point of view, it is interesting that the author uses modern methods and original nuances in the psychological description of the inner worlds of the images he created and gives preference to the national thinking factor in the description of moral and spiritual values.

"The development of Azerbaijani children's prose, created in the 60s and 80s, draws attention as an interesting period. Our writers, who came to our literature with children's prose in these years, succeeded in creating a new literary environment in art. It is no coincidence that the prose that started in the 60s was called "new prose" in literary criticism (Askerova, 2012, p. 278). Trends towards democratization in society during these years led to a new evolution of children's prose, both in content and form. New events and images began to emerge in this area as well.

Prominent critic M. Jafar evaluates the problem of character as one of the most basic requirements of children's literature and writes: “Children's attitude towards work should not be limited to fun activities, digging the ground, sweeping the garden or chimney, and hunting for fish and rabbits. In children's literature, articles that encourage the new generation to engage in thoughtprovoking mental work, to master scientific principles, to enrich their knowledge and to learn languages should have an important place” (Mammad, 2019, p. 135).

These qualities can also be applied to the creativity of Tofig Mahmud, who had serious artistic achievements in the development of children's prose in the 60s. T Mahmud headed the magazine "Dove”, which had an exceptional role in the development of children's literature, until the end of his life. His collection of stories published for children such as "Pot", "My window is open", "Alpinists", "Mother's lap", "My daughter's questions", "Waves", "The beauty of Butterfly" "I will stay with this light", "Happy poems", "Mountains rising in the distance", etc. are rich in new ideas, form and features style. The characters depicted in these works are different in terms of character and outlook. Thus, the perfect qualities of the characters are revealed in the interesting, lively dialogues created by the author.

T. Mahmud's stories "Waves", "Woodman's Talk", "Hero Pilot's Brother", "A tale about soldiers", "Incident on the island", "Mother Seagull", "Brave Jockey", "Light", "Blacksmith's Wrath Good man", "Butterfly and crow" etc. literary fairy tales and the narrative "The Dwarf's Talks" serve the development of children's thinking and artistic imagination. These works have a significant impact on the psychology and worldview of children, as well as on the formation of their spiritual qualities. The author's heroes are described in such a way that children can choose these characters that are ideal for them. For example, Faig who is proud of her captain father ("Waves"), the statue of Kamila Kahraman swearing in front of the statue of partisan Mehdi Huseynzade, Salima ("Soldier's Photo"), who wants to immortalize the picture of her uncle who died heroically in the war, are role models for children.

In T Mahmud's stories "Woodman's Talk", "Mother Seagull", "On the Meadow" children's sensitivity is described in unity with nature. For example, in the story "Mother Seagull", a bird who feels that her eggs are in danger asks people for help. The messages the author wants to convey to children in the thoughts of Grandfather Shirali and little Davud in the story "On the Meadow" point to more serious matters. The author urges the children to guard the beauty of every inch of our Motherland with their life.

The relationship system, which constantly worries children and teenagers, finds its artistic solution in Tofig Mahmud's "Fair Elephant", "Both Beautiful and Native", "Butterfly and Crow", "Good Man", "Woodman", "Soltantoyugu", "The Tale of the Gray Sparrow", "The secret of a valley" and others. The heroes in these works, which are based on the plot of myth and fairy tale genres, are intelligent, careful, brave and gentle. The writer advises children to always be helpful and kind. Faramez, the little hero of the story "Good Man", realizes that goodness is the most valuable quality in the world thanks to the kindness shown to him by others. After that, his character and his attitude towards those around him changes and improves. He also shows mercy to the helpless, the hungry, like the people who give a helping hand to him.

Professor E. Akimova writes: "At the beginning of the 20th century, one of the reasons that prompted enlightened intellectuals - teachers and writers to write children's texts - was the lack of books for students to read in schools. Therefore, enlightened writers took care of writing not only textbooks but also books for extracurricular reading in their mother tongue. These intellectuals were thinking about the development of children's literature in all its scope and shades. In other words, besides how to write, they also expressed their concerns about what to write and what type of text to create. Not only children's poems, fables, fairy tales, but also writing powerful stories were the reasons that made them think” (Akimova, 2021, pp. 18-20).

Conclusions

In conclusion, we can say that one of the important aspects of Azerbaijani literature at the beginning of the 20th century was to describe childcare in the works written for children and to produce such works. In each of these works, colorful works with various ideals and thoughts have been created, that resonate with today. On the basis of children's characters, social and moral deficiencies are criticized by worrying about the future fate of children and protecting them. Today, these works, examples of our literature dedicated to children, have serious value. From the beginning of the 20th century, the number of perfect, accomplished children's prose samples based on the literary tradition begins to increase in quantity.

Beginning from the 1980s, Nakhchivan children's fiction is distinguished by the completeness of the described events and the perfection of the images. This manifested itself mostly in the searches for artistic form and idea-content. Prose works intended for the little ones were dominated not only by entertainment, but also by the description of serious moral problems. In the description of author, the issues of imagery were the main object of artistic judgment in Nakhchivan children's prose of the 80s. Thus, the images system of this field, the setting of characters, the aesthetic expression of moral and spiritual values was formed in a completely different way, in accordance with the requirements of contemporary literary and theoretical thought (Mammadov, 2015).

In these prose examples, which are rich in national colors, the author called the youth to education and culture, progress, and science, and instilled in them the fanaticism of the Motherland. Distinguished by his knowledge, erudition, and progressive attitude towards social events, the enlightener-writer draws the attention of children and teenagers to the characters he creates with high artistry in his prose works, and to the necessity of solving moral problems. Thus, he instills in them the ideas of courage, struggle, willpower, fighting for moral values.

References

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