Innovative regional development

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Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics

INNOVATIVE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Proshkina Oksana Nikolaevna

master student

The main topic of this paper is concerned about innovative development in the regions. Thereby, research question is what factors can influence the innovative development in the regions. Although there are big amount of papers are devoted to the issue of innovations, scientists have not generated a common opinion on this topic. First part of the article contains basic innovation system concepts. Second part of this work consists of comparative analysis of different approaches which touch the topic of evaluation of innovative activity and efficiency in regions. Received information can help the state to enhance the profits from innovation sphere, maintain sustainable development of society and increase competitiveness of the country.

Keywords: economic development, innovation efficiency, innovations, innovative activity, knowledge, national innovation system, region innovation system innovative activity region efficiency

Today development of science is an essential condition for creating a base for sustainable spiritual, intellectual, technological and economic development of society and the state. High technology is a point that can solve the most ambitious goals of any country. Using innovative products, many countries are able not only overcome the downturn in the economy, but also provide its reformation and full the market with various competitive products. Improvement of innovation implies a shift to an economy which is, based on knowledge, innovation, new ideas, new machines, systems and technologies in the various spheres of human activity.

European School which is primary based on the works of Freeman and Lundvall understands the term of innovation system in the broad sense. It is considered not only as a production, but also as a distribution, acquisition and use of knowledge through learning processes.

B.Lundvall and C.Freeman are among the leaders of the development of the national innovation system's (NIS) theory. Lundvall defines two general methodological principles. The first is that knowledge plays special role in the economic development [7]. The second principle is refers to the main factor of economic dynamics which is the competition among entrepreneurs based on innovation. Similarly, Freeman maintains these main principles [3].

Representatives of considered approaches are focused primarily on learning and accumulation of knowledge, They also highlight institutional aspects of knowledge and various forms of interaction between innovators. The main idea of this approach is that economic activity and dynamics caused by different types of innovation and learning processes, which create and use new technologies. In this idea is considered that the learning process is collective, universal and is influenced both by formal institutions and social norms and values. The first group of institutions are universities, corporations and different regulatory systems. The second one is refers to creating and spreading of knowledge. These two groups are basic premises of the economic activity. Education is understood in the broadest sense. It is considered as the knowledge accumulation and using it in future activities.

Lundvall suggests that the innovation system is formed from the elements and relationships which interact in the production, distribution and use of new and economically useful knowledge [7]. Also he claims that national system includes elements and relationships ruled by the government. Thus, the definition is focused on the intra characteristics such as elements of the system and the interactions between them without limiting the scope of these specific elements.

Freeman defines innovation system as a network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies [7]. Also in his work special attention is paid to the historical development of national institutions which are understood as the result of historical socio-economic trends. An example is the study of Japanese economy, in which C. Freeman introduces the concept of NIS. He analyze the rapid development of Japan in the second half of the twentieth century.

Thus, in these definitions similarities of NIS are observed:

· the systemic nature of the NIS or an aggregate consideration of its special way of interacting elements;

· the institutional aspect or the impact of society's formal and informal institutions on the pace and scale of development of innovation;

· the functional feature which considers that the main function of NIS is spreading of new knowledge and technologies.

The concept of innovation systems take into account the entire complex of determinants of knowledge's production and especially its spread. Therefore, now this concept is widely used by scientists, analysts and international organizations in order to analyze the problems of innovative systems and to develop proposals for eliminating these troubles. Nevertheless, in the world there is no unified understanding of innovative system's specific structure and it differs significantly in different researches.

In the European Union there is a two-tier measurement system of innovation development: level EIS (European Innovation System) and at the level of EU regions (RIS). The evaluation system of innovative development of European countries has been used since 2000 year. Also the system of evaluation innovative development of the regions of the EU is based on EIS. RIS has become part of the performance of the country survey. Thereby now innovative activity of European Union countries is measured on the basis of 29 indicators, and in order to assess the innovative development in regions 16 indicators are used.

Scientific figures such as the Fritsch, Slavtchev, Andre's Rodri'guez-Pose, Riccardo Crescenzi, Jan Fagerberg, Martin Srholec, Bart Verspagen, Laura de Dominicis, Raymond Florax, Henri de Groot and others are contributed to the study of innovation development. Each author has his own opinion on the factors that affect the development process.

Michael Fritsch and Viktor Slavtchev in their article cover the topic of differences in the efficiency of different innovation systems in regions [5]. The main purpose of the study is to answer the question of what indicators are able to explain differences in the effectiveness of innovation systems in different regions. The basis of their work is the concept of the knowledge production function. As a result, they have identified a list of factors that have positive and negative effects on the efficiency of the system. These researchers find that knowledge spillovers sector within the private and public sector have a positive impact on private innovation. For instance, universities and similar institutions interacted with private-sector firms have a positive effect on the innovative sphere. The authors emphasize that the magnitude of this effect increases when the innovation of the private sector coincides with research topics in scientific universities. According to the article another factor that has a positive effect on innovation performance is population density. In their study they claim that activities of research and development (R&D) are more productive in agglomerations then in the countryside. They prove their claim and come to conclusion that the West German innovation system is more efficient than the East one. They points out that a close interaction between elements of RIS and the division of labor greatly strengthen the effectiveness of innovation system.

The theme of innovation efficiency is also discussed in the article of Andre's Rodri'guez-Pose and Riccardo Crescenzi [7]. Unlike other listed authors they try to combine three different approaches in their paper. According to the work, they analyze the interaction of investment with R&D, features of economic growth, the existence of effective regional systems and inhomogeneous distribution of knowledge. In order to analyze these three components the authors construct a regression model for 25 countries which are part of the European Union. In the empirical analysis they find that a complex and close relationship of local and external researches enhances the innovative activity in all regions.

Another work connected with the topic is written by Riccardo Crescenzi, Andreґs Rodrэґguez-Pose and Michael Storper [1]. Scientists also create a regression model and point out that, on the one hand, knowledge, people and capital mobility have a positive effect on innovation. On the other hand, the authors claim that institutional and cultural barriers prevent innovative sector from developing.

Jan Fagerberg, Martin Srholec and Bart Verspagen also consider the topic of innovative activity. In their study they consider the impact of innovation in the broad sense [4]. According to this work innovation is refers to trying of doing something new or improving something old. As a result, scientists have concluded that the country should have special opportunities to improve the efficiency of innovation.

Almost all the authors have different methods of innovative development's measuring. However, they all come to the conclusion that the innovative sector of the economy develops unevenly in the regions. Listed scientists identify one major problem - spatial inequality of regions. They agree that inequality inhibits the development of innovation and reduces its efficiency. However, scientists comments this situation in different ways.

Michael Fritsch and Viktor Slavtchev say that the location of innovation is not accidental and add that innovative structures are concentrated in certain areas [5]. Scientists also suggest that one reason for this phenomenon is the variation in access and quality of the material. The second reason is geographically restricted distribution of knowledge. These reasons lead to different levels of release. Authors do not provide any piece of empirical evidence and conclude that the problem is rather sparse.

The study of Andreґs Rodrэґguez-Pose and Riccardo Crescenzi also touch the problem of spatial inequality of region's innovative development [7]. In their paper they estimate what role the geographical distance plays in the process of innovation. Also authors propose a comparative analysis of innovative systems in two regions: United States and Europe. Using the linear model of innovation, scholars maintain that local innovative activities are crucial for the production of new knowledge and for the economic exploitation of existing knowledge. Moreover they points out that it is an important factor in European regions. Economic geography also contributes to the development of socio-economic differences. The authors conduct several empirical analysis and conclude that the uneven development of the innovation system appears due to three factors: some regions have low local capacity; information is not equivalent to economically useful knowledge; technological improvements in communication infrastructures do not affected all kinds of information in the same way. Moreover, the scientists declare that knowledge production in both continents is governed by different geographical processes. In the paper it is said that the United States should be considered as leader in innovation area. There are several reasons why Europe cannot be identified as a leader. Firstly, in Europe regions level of factors mobility is lower than in the United States. Secondly, despite rapid economic integration, distinct national and regional systems of innovation persist in Europe. A third reason is refers to American's unity in understanding what innovative system is and for what purposes it is needed. In conclusion the scientists say that geographical processes is very important factor of innovative activity.

Schartinger, Schibany and Gassler have written one more work which touches the topic of innovative systems [8]. Considering the Austrian regions in particular, they come to conclusion that one another reason of spatial inequality of region's innovative development is connected with some barriers between universities and business sector. This problem makes it difficult to transfer knowledge from one area to another. According to results of logistic regressions this trouble is caused by differences in cultures of areas and by the lack of information.

To sum up all the studies it can be inferred that regional environment have a rather strong impact on region's development and business activities itself. The availability of the region to use education, organization, technological innovation products, learning networks and entrepreneurship influence in the right way improves innovative and economic development. Only complex of factor can be considered in the research. However, most of authors mention following crucial factors: useful knowledge and effective collaboration of different elements of innovative system.

In result of analysis of different articles several general factors of innovation efficiency have been found. These variables touch such aspects as: Institutes which generate knowledge and encourage its dissemination; innovative business activity; innovation infrastructure; integration elements of RIS.

References

1. Crescenzi R., Rodrнguez-Pose A., Storper M. The territorial dynamics of innovation: a Europe-United States comparative analysis //Journal of Economic Geography. 2007. С. lbm030.

2. De Dominicis L., Florax R. J. G. M., De Groot H. L. F. Regional clusters of innovative activity in Europe: are social capital and geographical proximity key determinants? //Applied Economics. 2013. Т. 45. №. 17. С. 2325-2335.

3. Freeman C. The `National System of Innovation'in historical perspective //Cambridge Journal of economics. 1995. Т. 19. №. 1. С. 5-24.

4. Fagerberg J., Srholec M., Verspagen B. Innovation and economic development //Handbook of the Economics of Innovation. 2010. Т. 2. С. 833-872.

5. Fritsch M., Slavtchev V. Determinants of the efficiency of regional innovation systems //Regional Studies. 2011. Т. 45. №. 7. С. 905-918.

6. Lundvall B. A. User-producer relationships, national systems of innovation and internationalisation //National systems of innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning. 1992. С. 45-67.

7. Rodrнguez-Pose A., Crescenzi R. Research and development, spillovers, innovation systems, and the genesis of regional growth in Europe //Regional studies. 2008. Т. 42. №. 1. С. 51-67.

8. Schartinger D., Schibany A., Gassler H. Interactive relations between universities and firms: empirical evidence for Austria //The Journal of Technology Transfer. 2001. Т. 26. №. 3. С. 255-268.

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