Modern approaches to the formation of the management style of management in the aspect of the development of his social capital

Annotation

The article reveals modern approaches to the formation of the manager's management style in the aspect of the development of his social capital. It has been established that the problem of forming an effective style of managerial activity of the head is considered in the system of socio-psychological knowledge.. Sociopsychological characteristics are given of the concept of a productive style of managerial activity are given, the criteria and indicators for its definition are substantiated. Substantive differences in the formation of models of management style of heads of state and non-state organizations are revealed, which are manifested in various profiles of effective styles, a system of value determinants that ensure the formation of subjective management models. It is shown that the main factors influencing the process under study are: the social situation of the leader's development; his individual psychological characteristics, character accentuations; features of the psychological position in the organizational and managerial structure, the subjective model of effective managerial activity, the system of attitudes and values of the manager, formed under the influence of his experience, contributing both to understanding the mechanisms for the formation of an effective management style and the construction of technologies for its optimization. Systematized ideas about the system of internal and external factors in the formation of a productive style of managerial activity of the head, which served as the basis for the model and specific technologies for its formation.

Key words: leader, management style, management style formation, social capital.

Анотація

Завацька Н.Є., Лосієвська О.Г., Федоров А.Ю., Жигаренко І.Є., Тоба М.В.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ФОРМУВАННЯ СТИЛЮ УПРАВЛІННЯ КЕРІВНИКА В АСПЕКТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЙОГО СОЦІАЛЬНОГО КАПІТАЛУ

У статті розкрито сучасні підходи щодо формування стилю управління керівника в аспекті розвитку його соціального капіталу. Встановлено, що проблему формування ефективного стилю управлінської діяльності керівника розглянуто у системі соціально-психологічних знань. Дано соціально-психологічну характеристику поняття продуктивного стилю управлінської діяльності, обґрунтовано критерії та показники його визначення. Виявлено змістовні відмінності у формуванні моделей стилю управління керівників державних та недержавних організацій, що виявляються у різних профілях ефективних стилів, системі ціннісних детермінант, які забезпечують формування суб'єктивних управлінських моделей. Показано, що основними факторами, які впливають на процес, що вивчається, виступають: соціальна ситуація розвитку керівника; його індивідуально-психологічні особливості; акцентуації характеру; особливості психологічної позиції в організаційно-управлінській структурі, суб'єктивна модель ефективної управлінської діяльності, система установок та цінностей керівника, сформовані під впливом його досвіду, що сприяють як розумінню механізмів формування ефективного стилю управління, так і побудові технологій його оптимізації. Систематизовано уявлення про систему внутрішніх та зовнішніх факторів формування продуктивного стилю управлінської діяльності керівника, що послужило основою моделі та конкретних технологій його формування.

Ключові слова: керівник, стиль управління, формування стилю управління, соціальний капітал.

Formulation of the problem

One of the central places in the search for reserves to improve the efficiency of managerial activity is rightfully occupied by studies devoted to the analysis of leadership styles in the aspect of developing the social competence of a leader. This fact is quite natural and is due, on the one hand, to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the steady growth of the influence of the process of democratization on all spheres of our life and, accordingly, the strengthening of the role of the subjective factor in management, and on the other hand, the need to find specific ways and technologies to increase the effectiveness of solving complex managerial tasks set by the modern practice of our life (Balabanova, Sardak, 2011). This leads to the need to analyze the variety of approaches, tactics and strategies that are implemented in the study of the style of managerial activity, both in theoretical and practical terms (Yankevy'ch, 2011).

Analysis of recent research and publications

The identified problem has always attracted the attention of researchers in various areas of knowledge: personality psychology, social psychology, acmeology, management psychology, etc. this question.

In the context of this study, when describing the individual characteristics of the behavior of a manager in an organization, we use the concept of "style of managerial activity", which, according to a number of authors, largely coincides with the concept of "management style", is somewhat wider in content and more reflects the features of functioning modern organizational structures (Karamushka, 2009).

The studied phenomenon has a traditional division, dating back to K. Levin, into authoritarian, democratic and liberal leadership styles. However, in the domestic culture, such a division contains a certain evaluative content, which at the moment, under the influence of the reorganization of the economic and political foundations of our state, has been largely transformed. So, if the authoritarian style carried a negative semantic connotation, and the democratic one, despite all the reservations, was considered positive, now such a clear differentiation is not observed. Moreover, at the moment, in some cases, one can observe a picture that is diametrically opposed to the one just described, this has led to the fact that the semantic content of the concept of management style has become very vague, and its semantic boundaries are blurred (Karamushka, Moskal'ov, 2011).

The emergence of a new type of enterprise, the ability to select people for the organization, taking into account the characteristics of the tasks of the organization and the real abilities of employees - all this has a direct impact on the content component of the management style. At the same time, when trying to analyze the essence of this phenomenon and determine the style that the leader implements in his practice, they still resort to methods developed during the period of stable existence of our state.

It seems to us that a productive way to solve the identified problem is its multifactorial complex analysis using the psychological-acmeological approach. This will allow both to identify the conditions that ensure the formation of the style of management activity, and to develop effective strategies and technologies for optimizing this process. The solution to this problem may consist in developing a new look at the style of managerial activity, using new methodological tools that study this phenomenon.

The relevance of studying both theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of the style of managerial activity is beyond doubt. This determined the choice of the research direction.

The purpose of the article is to reveal modern approaches to the formation of a manager's management style in the aspect of developing his social capital.

Presentation of the main material and results of the study.

The main hypotheses of the study:

1. The rapidly changing socio-economic situation in the country significantly affects the specifics of the formation of the style of managerial activity of managers. This influence largely depends on the social competence of managers and on the specific area of managerial activity.

2. The formation of an effective style of managerial activity significantly depends on the social competence of managers. At the same time, there are significant relationships: between the stylistic characteristics of managerial activity, on the one hand, and the installation components in the structure of the manager's consciousness, which form the basis of the manager's managerial position, his subjective model of managerial activity, the implicit theory of the employee's personality, models of effective management, etc., on the other. ; between the subjective model of effective managerial activity and the sphere of management, which has a significant impact on the change in the managerial position of the manager, his understanding of the goals and objectives of management; between the psychological-acmeological and individual-psychological characteristics of the leader's personality and the subjective model of managerial activity, attitudes and stereotypes in the perception of managerial situations, the real style of management implemented by the leader.

3. Traditionally used methods for studying the style of managerial activity are often insensitive to many of the characteristics that make up the socio-psychological portrait of the manager, which largely determine the style of managerial activity.

The main objectives of the study:

1. Based on the materials of domestic and foreign authors, conduct a theoretical analysis of the current state of the research problem and determine the most effective ways to solve it.

2. On the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical research, conduct a meaningful analysis, identify criteria and indicators for assessing the effective style of managerial activity and the features of its formation.

3. Reveal the relationship between the manager's style of management and his social competence.

4. To study the conditions for the formation of an effective style of managerial activity and the main factors influencing it.

5. Develop methodological tools and describe technologies for forecasting and forming a productive style of management activity.

The following methods were used as research methods: methods of theoretical and historical analysis, generalization and interpretation of scientific data, empirical methods - observation, questioning, survey, confidential conversation, expert survey, testing - using classical methods (SMOL questionnaire, LeonhardShmishek questionnaire, method for determining individual leadership style of A. Zhuravlev in the modification of V. Zakharov and others) and special questionnaires developed by us.

Empirical base and main stages of the study. The total number of people who took part in the study was more than 750 people aged 25 to 70, including managers and a personnel reserve.

At the first stage of the study, the following were carried out: analysis of the literature on the research problem, development of theoretical provisions, setting goals and objectives of the study.

At the second stage, the study of the literature continued, a pilot study of the selected problem was carried out, which made it possible to build a generalized model, develop and begin experimental work, and obtain the main data array.

At the third stage, a generalization and analysis of the results obtained were carried out, recommendations were developed for the formation of an effective style of managerial activity, and prospects for further work were determined.

It has been established that the problem of forming an effective style of managerial activity of the head is considered in the system of psychological and acmeological knowledge. The psychological and acmeological characteristics of the concept of a productive style of managerial activity are given, the criteria and indicators for its definition are substantiated. Substantive differences in the formation of models of management style of heads of state and non-state organizations are revealed, which are manifested in various profiles of effective styles, a system of value determinants that ensure the formation of subjective management models. It is shown that the main factors influencing the process under study are: the social situation of the leader's development; his individual psychological characteristics, character accentuations; features of the psychological position in the organizational and managerial structure, the subjective model of effective managerial activity, the system of attitudes and values of the leader, formed under the influence of his experience, contributing to both understanding the mechanisms for the formation of an effective management style, and building technologies for its optimization. Systematized ideas about the system of internal and external factors in the formation of a productive style of managerial activity of the head, which served as the basis for the model and specific technologies for its formation. This makes a certain contribution to the development of managerial acmeology.

It has been established that the style of managerial activity is a complex formation with a multi-level determination. Changing the style of management in today's rapidly changing conditions is determined both by the change in the socioeconomic conditions of public life, and by the characteristics of the leader's personality, due to age, experience in professional management activities, the social situation of development, marital status, the number of children in the family, education, etc. which are reflected in the manager's specific understanding of the meaning and goals of management activities and his attitude to his own and organizational goals and objectives.

The presence of significant differences in the leadership styles of effective leaders in the system of public service, state production and management and the nonstate sphere of production and business is evidence-based. So, the most effective in the sphere of state production and management are leaders with a predominance of democratic components in style, focused on the initiative and creativity of subordinates, while in the non-state sphere today leaders with a certain predominance of an authoritarian style demonstrate the highest efficiency.

The relationship between the features of the formation of the managerial activity style of the head and the psychological and acmeological characteristics of his personality has been established. Significant relationships were found between the features of the formation of an individual style of managerial activity and gender and age characteristics of managers; individual professional biography, managerial experience, deeply determined individual psychological characteristics that indirectly influence the formation of the style of managerial activity, influencing the dynamics of character accentuations, proximity - distance of the leader in relation to various groups of subordinates, the degree of acceptance by the leader of managerial and organizational tasks, orientation managers on various aspects of interpersonal and business relations, etc.

The identified factors serve as the basis for building specific technologies for individual work with managers to develop a productive style of managerial activity, taking into account the individual psychological and personal characteristics of the subject of management.

The materials of the conducted research formed the basis of practical work with managers within the framework of a special training on the formation of an effective individual style of managerial activity, taking into account the individual psychological and psychological-acmeological characteristics of managers.

It is stated that the style of managerial activity, in its substantive aspect, should be considered as a system of sustainable methods, strategies and tactics of behavior, to which the manager is mainly oriented in his managerial activity. At the same time, on the one hand, there is a significant connection between these strategies and the system of values, motives, meanings of managerial activity, basic attitudes, and the general life strategy of the leader. On the other hand, this system itself, as well as a complex of stable patterns of behavior that manifest themselves in various areas of activity that are significant for a person, including professional activity, has a deep determination, the roots of which can be found in the individual history of the subject of management, including both the features of his development in childhood, and the features of its formation as a professional specialist in adulthood.

The formation of the style of managerial activity is largely determined by the external conditions of life and work of the leader (features of the socio-economic situation in the country, the scope of managerial activity, etc.), which, influencing behavior through the system of meanings and basic life attitudes of the subject of management, set directions in dynamics individual style.

The optimal ratio between the objective requirements of the social and organizational environment, which define the most effective model of invariant strategies and tactics of management activity, and the internal prerequisites that determine the leader's preferred choice of a particular management style, makes it possible to single out for each management subject an individual productive style of management activity that ensures work efficiency and minimizes psychological costs in its implementation.

As effective prognostic methods for studying the productive style of managerial activity, indirect methods of its identification are used, aimed primarily at studying the system of basic attitudes and values of the leader, his managerial concept and the subjective model of effective managerial activity, individual professional biography and the entire system of factors in the formation of the leader as professional.

The formation of an effective style of managerial activity is possible on the basis of a specially developed system of psychological and acmeological technologies for the awareness by the subject of management of his capabilities and boundaries for the use of various strategies and tactics of managerial activity that best meet both his own personality and the requirements of organizational reality.

Conclusions. In general, the study confirmed the hypotheses put forward and made it possible to obtain new data on the formation of style characteristics of managerial activity in modern conditions. It should be noted that the problem under study is of a pronounced interdisciplinary nature, which led to the need to consider it in the system of psychological and acmeological knowledge, taking into account socio-economic, economic and socio-psychological factors.

At the same time, the invariant functional characteristics of his activity and the specifics of their implementation were taken as the basis for identifying specific indicators of the manager's individual style of managerial activity. As the study showed, the criteria for the effectiveness of managerial activities of the head are both objective indicators, which, first of all, are the specific results of the organization's activities, and subjective indicators, first of all, satisfaction and motivation of the staff, authority and informal status of the head.

The study made it possible to identify substantive differences in the formation of management style models for leaders of state and non-state organizations, to analyze the main factors influencing the process under study: the social situation of development; individual psychological characteristics of the leader, accentuation of his character; features of the psychological position in the organizational and managerial structure, the subjective model of effective managerial activity, the system of attitudes and values of the manager, formed under the influence of his experience.

The study showed that the change in the style of management in today's rapidly changing circumstances is caused by the very change in the socio-economic conditions of public life, as well as the characteristics of the leader's personality, age, experience in professional management activities, the social situation of development, marital status, the number of children in the family, education, etc.

In the course of the empirical study, it was found that the style of managerial activity is a complex formation with a multi-level determination. It is largely determined by both external and internal factors, which are reflected in the manager's specific understanding of the meaning and goals of management and his attitude to his own and organizational goals and objectives.

The hypotheses put forward by us about the existence of a multifactorial relationship between the process of leadership style formation and the internal and external factors that determine this process were also confirmed.

At the same time, significant factors were discovered that made it possible to outline the main directions of individual work with managers to find and form an individual style of managerial activity that is most adequate both to external conditions and to the internal psychological and acmeological characteristics of the leader's personality.

In addition, the study showed the presence of significant differences in the styles of effective leaders in the civil service and the non-state sphere, production and business. At the same time, as our data show, the most effective in the field of public administration are leaders with a predominance of democratic components in style, focused on the initiative and creativity of subordinates, while in the non-state sphere today leaders with a certain predominance of an authoritarian style show the highest efficiency.

The data obtained made it possible to build an integral system of practical work and determine the optimal position of a person in the system of intraorganizational relations, his most preferable position in managerial organizations of a certain type. The work includes: individual diagnostics and counseling, the purpose of which is to find out one's own capabilities and find the optimal position in the management structure (definition of an effective role; determination of opportunities to overcome one's own limitations; identification of an effective style of managerial activity and search for the most productive way of management); development of individual technology for optimally effective management; analytical work to determine the individual effectiveness of the leader; creation of own bank of special technologies and management techniques; development of individual rules for effective leadership, etc.

The work done showed the need to continue a series of similar studies and outlined their promising areas: psychological and acmeological analysis of the formation of style characteristics of the activities of effective leaders at various levels of the organizational and managerial hierarchy; development of a special complex methodological apparatus for diagnosing an individual style of managerial activity and determining its effectiveness, etc.

Література