Main approaches to solving solid waste management problems

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Main approaches to solving solid waste management problems

(Yorkina N.V., Cherniak Ye.B, Tarusova N.V.)

Introduction

The unsatisfactory environmental situation in Ukraine, and especially in its industrialized regions, related to household waste, has long since become a national catastrophe. The volume of waste accumulation in Ukraine reaches about 30 billion tons. In Ukraine, about 160 thousand hectares of land are occupied by waste. And this is one of the largest indicators of waste accumulation in the world [27]. This is confirmed by the fact that the total annual accumulation of waste in a country with a population of about 45.8 million people exceeds the corresponding total figures of Western Europe with a population of about 400 million people in 3-3.5 times. The situation in 2011-2012 is characterized by the further development of environmental threats associated with waste - their formation, accumulation, storage and disposal. Specific indicators of waste generation average 220-250 kg/year per capita, and in large cities reach 330-380 kg/year, respectively, and tend to increase. For comparison: in Belgium, Great Britain and Germany this figure reaches 340-380 kg/year, in Austria and Finland - about 600 kg, but in these countries almost all solid waste is processed [18].

Household waste makes a significant contribution to environmental pollution. They are formed in the process of human life and activity everywhere: in residential buildings, industrial enterprises, administrations, public organizations, non-industrial institutions, medical, commercial and other institutions and have no further use in these places, so their treatment becomes one of the most acute economic and environmental problems of society. This is the largest group of consumer waste in terms of accumulation, which differs from all other wastes in its origin and composition. management accumulation ukraine

Solid household waste poses sanitary and epidemiological hazards due to unpleasant odors and harmful chemical compounds that may be present or formed during the biodegradation of organic components of waste, as well as due to the presence of infectious and parasitic pathogens and high bacterial infection. Only 70% of Ukraine's population is covered by household waste disposal services, including only a third of the rural population, which leads to the annual creation of 16,000 unauthorized landfills on an area of more than a thousand hectares of land. As a result, unauthorized landfills and forest belts are polluted annually with 5 million tons of household waste [18].

The practice of initial accumulation and collection and removal of mixed municipal solid waste, which has developed in most settlements of Ukraine, causes unsanitary conditions at all stages of solid waste management due to biodegradation of organic components, significantly complicates sorting and selection of raw materials. to environmentally hazardous facilities, which emit biogas that pollutes the air and leachate that pollutes groundwater.

Officially, the collected household waste in Ukraine is disposed of on the territory of four and a half thousand landfills and landfills. A significant number of existing landfills and dumps have already exhausted their resources: 242 of them are inactive, 248 landfills are overloaded, and more than 1,100 do not meet environmental safety standards. Almost everywhere there are no leachate disposal systems, which increases the man-made hazards of these facilities. Landfills are being reclaimed improperly, and only 20% of those in need of reclamation are covered by relevant works [31].

Some landfills are located in the immediate vicinity of residential buildings, water bodies, in areas where landslides are intensifying, violating the requirements for sanitary protection zones. Therefore, in settlements, in particular, in Kyiv, Odesa, Kovalivka and Kosiv, in Ivano-Frankivsk region, and others, contradictions and social tensions do not subside.

Along with the problems of environmental pollution, Ukraine is very slow to solve the problem of using household waste for energy purposes and as a source of secondary raw materials (up to 40% of household waste contains resourceintensive components that can be returned to circulation - paper, glass, plastic, etc. The provisions of the Kyoto Protocol on landfill biogas utilization are not implemented [5].

Specific local features of the field of solid waste management require a harmonious combination of national and local approaches and industrial experience to solve existing problems. Currently, the basic norms on waste management are regulated by the Law of Ukraine "On Waste", Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of March 5, 1998 "On the main directions of state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and environmental safety" and Laws of Ukraine On Environmental Protection", "On Ensuring Sanitary and Epidemic Welfare of the Population", as well as other regulations. The amount of solid waste is constantly growing due to lifestyle changes.

Based on the above, the relevance of the topic was determined, which is to analyze the problem of accumulation and management of solid waste in the Melitopol district of Zaporozhye region and identify ways to overcome it.

Results and discussions

The amount of waste accumulated in Ukraine allows us to refer it to one of the most man-made countries in the world. In recent years, there have been positive trends in the field of state regulation of the waste management system, but to date in Ukraine has not created an appropriate regulatory framework that would gradually approach the requirements of European legislation. The relevant ministries and departments, the public of the country do not pay enough attention to control the generation and disposal of waste, its impact on human health and the environment. The situation cannot be considered satisfactory. The discrepancy between the progressive accumulation of waste and measures aimed at preventing its generation, disposal, disposal and removal, threatens not only the deepening of the environmental crisis, but also exacerbate the socio-economic situation in general.

According to research conducted by experts in this field, the forms, methods, levers of state influence aimed at sustainable development, used in different countries around the world, are formed under the influence of many factors and have significant differences in their scope depending on location or region, the current management model, the general state of socio-economic development and other factors. In addition, the means of state influence in each of the countries differ depending on which aspect of development they are aimed at, and what tasks they have to solve in this regard [46].

Today, solid waste management should include mandatory steps, including the following:

- development of a program to reduce the volume of solid waste;

- wide introduction of secondary use of waste fractions with consumer properties;

- use of relevant fractions of solid waste as raw materials for production processes;

- utilization of energy potential of waste;

- disposal of solid waste residues that do not have useful properties in environmentally neutral landfills.

Modern practice of solid waste management should assume the principle of sustainable development and can be summarized in the following list of operations:

- reduction;

- secondary use;

- processing;

- energy production;

- burial of remains.

Analysis of the results of solving similar problems in other regions shows that the ways to solve the problem of solid waste are different, as well as different socio-economic situation in the regions of Ukraine. From this point of view, Melitopol district is no exception, because it is in the early stages of development and formation of all sectors of the economy, and therefore the problems with waste management are also considerable.

The foreign experience of solving this problem is radically different from the Ukrainian one, because in developed countries there is an effectively functioning market economy, which ensures a constant growth of living standards related to living standards and environmental quality. In addition, developed countries have a strong middle class that dictates its conditions for economic development and environmental quality. These countries have free funds to invest in the development of infrastructure for waste processing and disposal. In addition, there are government strategies and programs for sustainable development in the field of solid waste management.

An example is the techniques used by some European countries to regulate waste management, namely:

- Italian system of using alternative energy on the basis of the law of the same name and the use of secondary resources;

- Germany's "dual system", which is aimed at selling licenses to entrepreneurs to use the "Green Dot" mark, which exempts from the mandatory acceptance and disposal of their packaging. The license fee is deducted from the calculation of weight and packaging material;

- introduction by Austria of separate collection of glass and cullet by color, as well as sorting of garbage by the population by component composition;

- the entry into force by France of the decree "On the equipment of enterprises in such a way that consumers can hand over used packaging for recycling", which automatically imposed liability for waste on packers and importers, etc.

The current ecological situation in Ukraine, and especially in such industrialized regions of the South-Eastern region of Ukraine as Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Luhansk, and especially Zaporizhia, which includes the Melitopol region, is related to industrial and household waste, has long been a source of concern and requires urgent and focused action in its solution. Some steps are being taken in this direction, but they are not compatible with the scale of the problem, as evidenced by the proper state of affairs.

Analysis of the situation shows the need to draw close attention to this problem of all segments of the population and public authorities. The dynamics and volumes of different types of waste in recent years indicate a steady and significant increase in hazardous illegal behavior and an increase in the threat to the environment. Therefore, the creation of the most effective mechanism for waste management is an important environmental and economic task, in the solution of which each of us must contribute.

In the Melitopol district, as in most regions of the country, there are virtually no services for efficient processing and reuse of solid waste. The waste management infrastructure itself is not developed. However, in the case of sufficient economic development and economic growth of the region and at the same time improving living standards, there are significant prospects for the introduction of new cost-effective technologies for solid waste management, which will lead to the development of services for recycling and reuse.

In this regard, we can say that in recent years the Melitopol City Executive Committee has established a commission to implement the Kyoto Protocol. As a result, active cooperation began to be established with Austrian companies, which proposed promising projects for the construction of a waste processing complex in the area.

The Ukraine-Austria project has a number of advantages in terms of waste management, once implemented:

- processing of all types of garbage and consumer waste (waste-free production);

- production of processed consumer goods from recycled materials;

- re-equipment of existing landfills and dumps with subsequent reclamation;

- creation of a financial mechanism that will significantly reduce the pressure on the budgets of regional and local levels through the integrated use of cost-effective and environmentally friendly waste management technologies, rational organization of material flows using existing legislation to reduce financial costs and taxes, etc.

The above measures will reduce the burden on the national economy, improve the overall economic picture of the district, and as a result, reach a new level of development of all sectors of the economy.

Thus, the specialists of Melitopol district have enough proposals and programs on waste management in this matter. However, it should be understood that the population should be the main participant in any municipal waste management program. It is his active participation and cooperation that is the key to success in some countries, while indifference nullifies efforts in others. Working with the population requires the greatest costs. The experience of implementing a separate waste collection system in the five new federal states of Germany has shown that a lot has been spent on educating the population (including educational work in kindergartens, schools, vocational and higher education institutions, and promoting the need for separate waste collection in the media). more money than to create a system and solve technical problems.

The development of the infrastructure and industry of waste management in Melitopol district should also be connected with the financial participation of citizens in the formation of a sustainable economy. Solving this problem will raise the level of socio-ecological and economic efficiency of the use of secondary household resources and environmental measures. It will ensure the development of the market for processing and use of secondary resources, will also solve a number of social problems.

Conclusions

1. On the territory of Melitopol district 19 landfills of solid household waste are registered, which occupy 50 hectares of land. They are used by residents of 67 settlements, which number almost 56 thousand people.

2. Garbage collection and disposal services are provided to only 7 villages, the rest of the population takes them out on their own, often creating landfills.

3. The reasons for the creation of natural dumps are the poverty of the majority of the local population and the inability to pay utility bills in full against the background of weakness of state power, irresponsibility of the population.

4. Accumulation of waste in Melitopol district took place abruptly. This indicates that outbreaks and falls in their formation in some years can be attributed to factors of socioeconomic, demographic, cultural origin.

5. During the development of economic development plans of Melitopol district, the construction of new landfills for solid waste disposal was envisaged, which was not fully implemented.

6. Currently, the busiest among the existing solid waste landfills are the city and landfill in the village. Peaceful.

7. The structure of waste accumulated at landfills in Melitopol district shows that the largest percentage falls on the formation of food residues, paper and plastic. Legal recycling of these components, especially plastic, is almost non-existent. Their value as secondary raw materials is unlimited, so with sound management it is both a profit for the country and a clean environment for the people.

8. Non-compliance with technical and sanitary requirements of most of the landfills in the district and lack of control over the component composition of garbage removed to them, automatically causes their negative impact on all components of the environment and, consequently, on local health.

9. Effective solution of issues related to the elimination or limitation of the negative impact of solid waste on the environment and human health is possible only on the basis of measures that take into account the current state of the economy, prospects for socio-economic development of the district. cultural and ethical considerations.

10. In the Melitopol district, some work is being done to reduce the negative impact of landfills on the environment. Among them: the creation of a parliamentary group and scientists of the city, who are developing measures to implement the Kyoto Protocol. Of great importance in the fight against garbage is the cooperation with Austrian organizations, which together with domestic scientists have developed the project "Ukraine-Austria", aimed at building a recycling complex. Regional and district environmental waste management programs are also being actively developed.

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