Interlinking of science, foresight and policy: the case of neuroscience development in Russia

Nowadays the Brain/Neural Computer Interaction (BNCI) Horizon 2020 project is carried out in EU as the project, which coordinates the key players in human-computer interaction research. This project had replaced the carried out in 2010-2011 Future BNCI project, which had the same functions. Then, in Switzerland Human Brain Project was implemented in 2013. The project is part of the FET Flagships, its funding is provided by the eighth EU framework program for the development of research and technology in 2014-2020 years. The project is largely financed by the European Union and was provided for the establishment of a joint information infrastructure. The project is coordinated by Henry Markram and involves hundreds of scientists from 26 countries and 135 partner institutions. HBP project aims to create the world's first human and rodent brain model. HBP project is unprecedented in its scale and the largest in the history of the study of the human brain, the project budget is 1 bln 190 mln Euros. Financing of the project is designed for 10 years, until 2023.

'Understanding of the human brain is one of the challenges facing science of 21-st century' - is postulated in the report HBP. During 2011 - 2012 hundreds of reputable scientists in Europe (neurologists, neuromorphologists, neuropsychologists, neurophysiologists, specialists in neurocomputing technology and neurorobotic technology and others) studied the current state of brain research in order to study the device and principles of the brain in Europe and around the world. It was a Preparatory Study of HBP (HBP-PS).

It was concluded in HBP-PS that a sufficient quantity of fragmented and piecemeal facts about the structure and functioning of the brain exist, but principles underlying the brain operation have not been found out yet and there is no unified theory of the brain work. Also it was found that the level of technology of molecular biology, genetics and post-genomic technologies in neuroscience are critically close with the technology of informatics and computing, that will allow to do a major breakthrough in the understanding of the brain in the next few years. European researchers have made science-based expert conclusion about real possibility of creating an innovative methodology of systematic approach to research and development of a working model based on the new understanding of the structure and principles of the brain. According to the Document of the Consensus of European Brain Research Program, priority approach is top-down studies (from a particular disease to molecular mechanisms). The following diseases were recognized as research priorities: Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia; Parkinson's disease and concomitant loss of coordination; stroke and ischemic brain pathology; epilepsy and uncontrolled neuronal excitation; multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory brain diseases; encephalopathies, prion-related brain damage; traumatic brain injury; cancers of the brain; peripheral neuropathy.

The “FET Flagships Recommendations for Implementation document” summarizes results of the Eupopean FET Flagship study using Foresight methods [http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/programme/fet/flagship/doc/flagshipstudy_en.pdf]. The document analyzes different case studies, including priority direction neurotechnology as the eighth EU framework programme. Document's aims were to refine the flagship concept, analyze experiences and success factors of flagship-like initiatives, and to select flagship example topics as test cases for potential implementation frameworks. The second part of the study was focused on a framework for implementing FET Flagships, i.e. the legal framework, governance models, and instruments as well as on a roadmap and policy recommendations to support the launch of the flagships.

3.4.2 American case

The United States is undoubtedly the world leader in science and technology. The US science is the most advanced in the world, providing the highest quality and advanced development of the main directions of research (Danilin, 2011). Moreover, during the period from 2005 to 2015 USA is absolute world leader in publication and patent activity in neurotechnology domain around the world (Report towards "Neurotechnologies", 2014). The strength of the US economy caused by its knowledge-intensive, even in spite of a severe global financial and economic crisis, gives it top place in the world economic system. Notwithstanding on all its problems America maintains a strong position in high-tech markets and it is home to all the latest technological revolution and breakthrough technologies.

The essence of the key doctrine, which were adopted in late 90s, is that in the worsening conditions of international and domestic competition, the occurrence of foreign capital in the national interests Congress, business and socio-political circles had abandoned from the traditional declarations about the role of the private sector as the main stimulator of science and technology policy in the market economy (Seleznev, 2014). New feature was imposed legislatively on the federal government that is a large-scale R&D funding, not only for military purposes but also for purely civilian industries in key areas of science and technology policy with the condition of creating new designs, bringing them to industrial use and commercial introduction on the domestic market.

Set of legislation carried on the State the main responsibility for the development of science and technology, promote scientific and technical progress, the implementation of new technological and industrial policy, the protection of private equity interests from foreign competition was a consequence of the need for a new hard state regulation in the field of R&D, because the private sector without the active assistance of state cannot solve the problem of maintaining competitiveness, overcoming the economic slowdown, worsening industrial production figures.

Nowadays the role of the US government is to support promising civilian technologies, bearing a future scientific and technological potential of the country in the 21st century. However, there is still strong link between military and civil sectors in science (Chumachenko and Lavrov, 2013). Achievements of military science sector are actively used in life of civil society.

The basic instruments of science and technology policy in the United States are the next (Danilin, 2011):

1. state expertise of innovation projects in order to assess the possible effects in the economy-wide;

2. active participation of the state in the financing of large-scale projects up to full public funding of the most efficient and high technology research;

3. encourage the creation of venture capital funds through partial or full funding in the most efficient research centers and venture capital firms during the first years;

4. strengthening antitrust measures against firms, impeding competition in the knowledge-intensive industries.

Economic and legal regulation of scientific and technological development is the most important function of the United States government agencies. Thus, USA has a very strong and over many years established legislative system which effectively supports implementation of scientific and technological achievements. The mechanism of state economic and legal regulation of scientific and technological development is determined by the unit of the federal US law. Implementation of scientific-technical and military-technical programs, the creation of new technologies, research in basic sciences on the orders of the state as well as all forms of its economic activity are based on the fully developed legal norms.

It is important to quickly enact legislation necessary for the development of science, technology and innovation sectors (Seleznev, 2014). For example, the universities in USA belong, as a rule, to States and if the science or technology commercialization needs some laws, they are quickly taken at the state level. However, in general, the mechanism of economic and legal regulation is distinguished in six levels, because long-term programs entail mobilizing huge financial and other material resources of the state as well as a detailed long-term planning and programming of the production of "top-down" in both the private and public sectors, the legal regulation is multidimensional. Each federal department implements R&D program in the framework of its tasks and functions, defined by its budget and the appropriate federal law. However, its further approval takes place within different commissions and sub-commissions, the Congress, the White House and specialized scientific council of president. Thus, a big number of adopted annually legislative acts and amendments to them are incorporated to a single "status law" that is the relevant sections of "US Code of laws" governing the state science and technology policy and the development of science and technology.

The USA has the strongest corporate science in the world (Chumachenko and Lavrov, 2013). Currently, either universities or government laboratories cannot compete with corporate science in cost-volume, the number of scientific personnel and the number of obtained patents. The vast majority of research is carried and almost all technological innovations are mastered in the commercial industrial sector.

The US has a long history of conducting Foresight studies in science and industrial spheres (Martin, 1995). First state field surveys were started in 1960s by National Academy of Science. From 1990s year Foresight is used actively by Department of Defense. First establishment of priority directions in science and technology was done using Foresight study in 1990s. Neuroscience domain as priority direction for USA was detected using Foresight much more late. In 2014 long-term strategy “BRAIN 2025” was elaborated for supporting the leadership position of USA in the neuroscience.

In 2001 the US National Science Foundation has put forward NBIC-initiative (the first letters of domains: N-nanotechnologies, B-biotechnologies, I-information technologies, C-cognitive technologies), in which one of the aims was stated as the improvement of human. The following projects were steps for its implementation. In 2003 year Allen Brain Atlas project was launched and already finished in 2012. Seven brain atlases have been published as outcome of the project. In 2008, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) initiated the Synapse programme (Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics) which are costed 95 million Euros (100 mln US dollars) for 5 years and aimed at scaling neuromorphic technologies to the level of living beings. The program was attended by such computer giants as IBM and Microsoft. In the period from 2010 to 2015 years Human Connectome Project was carried with a budget of 95 million Euros (100 mln US dollars), the task was to build a map of the human brain neuron connections. In 2011 the National Institutes of Health funded the direction of Neuroscience by 16000 grants totaling 5 billion Euros (5.5 bln US dollars) additionally.

In 2014, in the frame of DARPA Biotechnology Department BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative project had been formed, that was announced by USA government. The project has period from 2014 to 2024, the costs for project will amount to 290 million Euros (300 mln US dollars) every year. The last objective of the project is to understand the human brain, to find new ways of treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and brain trauma) [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/initiatives]. Private sector participates in project not only as performers (like, for example, Google X), but also as private funds. Thus, Allen Institute for Brain Science allocates 55 million Euros (60 mln US dollars) annually for the study of brain activity, leading to the perception and decision-making, Howard Hughes Medical Institute gives 25 million Euros (30 mln US dollars) for the development of new imaging technologies and understanding how information is stored and processed in neural networks, Salk Institute for Biological Studies provides 24 million Euros (28 mln US dollars) for the development of a deep understanding of the brain, individual genes to neuronal networks and behavior, Kavli Foundation allocates 3.5 million Euros (4 mln US dollars) annually to expand knowledge in the field of the treatment of debilitating diseases and conditions.

"BRAIN Initiative will accelerate the development and application of new technologies that allow conducting the dynamic studies of the brain, demonstrating how individual brain cells and the complex neural networks interact with each other in the process of thinking. These technologies open up new possibilities for understanding how recording, processing, use, storage and retrieval of vast amounts of information occur in brain, and shed a light on the complex links between brain function and behavior" (Interim report BRAIN Working Group, 2013).

The program "BRAIN Initiative" of National Institute of Health suggests a strategy of neuroscience development “BRAIN 2025”. Strategy includes the development of technology in the field of neuroscience during the first five years, and in the next five years - focusing on the integration of technology in the basic research of the brain. So, on the first stage, the development of technologies will be stimulated by existing scientific discoveries, while the technology will determine discoveries on the second phase. The analysis of neuron networking is defined as priority direction of development, which potentially leading to revolutionary advances. Since understanding of these networks requires the identification and description of the components of cells, the determination of their synaptic connections with each other, the detection of their dynamic activity patterns as a functioning circuit in vivo, as well as the understanding of the algorithm governing the processing of information in networks and between interacting networks in the brain, then in general, this will allow to implement a qualitative shift in many areas of neuroscience.

In 2015 MIT Media Lab started project Enigma, the main aim of which development of decentralized computation platform with guaranteed privacy using neuromorphic algorithms with funding in 47 million Euros.

3.4.3 Chinese case

The development of science and technology in China is considered to be an increasingly important factor in the success of economic reform and building a society of prosperity. The main focus of research in China is on the natural sciences as well as the latest technologies. The country's leadership develops long-term plans for the development of science and technologies and adjusts specific sectoral objectives, ensuring the growth of the most important resource indicators of scientific and technical sphere - the share of spending on education and research activities in the GDP (Ivanova, 2013).

At the report of China Premier Wen Jiabao on the 5th session of the National People's Congress of the 11th convocation in March 2012 the program of intellectual renewal of country till 2020 was declared (Atkinson, 2014). In June 2012 at the 16th Academy of Natural Sciences (ANS) meeting the President Hu Jintao put six major tasks for the workers of Science and Technology in China:

1) support of innovation as a driver of development;

2) close link science and technology with the economy, the transformation of science and technology into a productive force;

3) the development of science and technology for the benefit of the people;

4) establishment of a mechanism of innovation in the field of science and technology;

5) training of young specialists;

6) enhancing the role of scientific advice, the establishment of scientific data bank.

Management of Chinese Academy of Sciences believes that the competitiveness of China's science is caused by a clear definition of research objectives, allocation of the main scientific research, optimizing the placement (Atkinson, 2014). Thus, in 2012 a program of domestic reforms - "135" was launched in accordance with that each institution on the basis of scientific and technical strategic requirements of the country clearly defines the scope of research activities for the next five years as well as the 3 major breakthrough in the field of science and 5 outstanding research students.

Despite some problems in China policy of innovative development has already brought positive results (Ivanova, 2013). Academy of Sciences is increasing the total amount of financing R&D, reforming and improving the model of resources allocation moving from a system of accounting the total cost of the research institutes to the system of accounting the programmes' cost and specialists. Gradually a new material resource allocation system is being built, in which the main criterion for granting research become real return and concrete results, thereby encouraging achievement the results in scientific work. The mechanism of joint investment funds (public funds of enterprises and private investors) is being formed, training of scientific personnel, the construction of the scientific base and international cooperation are conducted. An important role in the link between science and practice, play a high-tech innovative companies, which significantly reduce the time from the appearance of scientific ideas to the patent application.

Moreover, since 2006 China has been establishing the scientific and practical cooperation between the military and civil sectors in the technical field, to form state defense innovation system based on both civil and military development, to encourage the establishment of closer links between the civil and defense sectors in areas such as strategic development and planning, research, commercialization of research results (Annual Report to Congress on the Military Power of the People's Republic of China, 2006).

The ANS in China has done a great contribution for technological development strategy of the country in means of a series of presentations on the theme “Innovation 2050: Scientific and Technical Chinese Revolution and the Future”. Over 300 experts worked for over a year on this outlook and it was concluded that the world is on the verge of technological breakthroughs and new scientific and technological revolution that will occur in the next 10-20 years. The particular technological development plan - the roadmap - defines the main strategic steps of the scientific and technological development of the country's main objectives and the achievement of objectives in three stages: in 2020, 2030 and 2050. Roadmap provides the development of eight priority key strategic areas support scientific and technological innovation, including information networks, which could be built on the basic of neuroscientific knowledge.

In January 2011 the ANS adopted a development plan for the next decade. The document titled "Innovation 2020" is sets a vector of development and research for China's scientific institutions and raises a number of strategic objectives in the medium term. After numerous discussions, the scientists and the ANS experts selected eight most relevant research projects. All these projects are in the fundamental planes, among them regenerative medicine implying neurotechnologies, which implementation in the next decade could lead to the emergence of new industrial areas and the revolution in old ones. "Innovation 2020" also reflects China's ambition to develop high-tech industries. Implementation of these plans will allow science in China to become one of the leaders in this field.

Since 1999 year, China has supported more than 50 projects in the direction of brain research and its dysfunctions (ASI Analytical report, 2015). The Chinese China Brain Project was designed in 2008 year and already finished. A kind of artificial brain by evolutionary development of tens thousands of neural network modules with a programmable electronic circuit boards of graphics processors “Celoxica” was created.

9In 2010 the concept of «Brainnetome» was formulated with funding in 200 mln yuans (27 mln Euros). To fully understand the pattern of brain functioning, Chinese scientists introduced the concept of «Brainnetome», which literally can be represented in the integration of the quantities "brain-net-ome", where the "ome" is the basic unit of study (Jiang, 2013). Thus, the organization of the brain is represented as a hierarchy of complex units on different temporal and spatial scales. «Brainnetome» includes five lines of research: (I) identifying the neural networks of the brain, (II) the dynamics and characteristics of the neural networks of the brain, (III) the functionality and dysfunctions of neural networks of the brain, (IV) the genetic basis of neural networks of the brain, (V) imitation and modeling for «Brainnetome» (Yao et al., 2010). At present the project «Brainnetome» is one of the strategic priorities for China in the long run for more than 20 years. One of the main sources of funding is the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.

The concept of «Brainnetome» served as the impetus for initiation of a number of programs and projects in China. In 2010, the project on the study of the brain was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China ("973 Programme"). The concept of "973 Programme" was introduced already at that time, and all projects from this area were called "973 Project". In 2011, the project «Research Plan for Neural Circuits of Emotion and Memory» was launched with a budget of 200 million yuans (27 mln Euros) for 8 years. In 2012, the Chinese Academy of Sciences approved the strategic priority research program «Functional Connectome Project» cost 300 million yuans (40 mln Euros) for 5 years (with the possibility of prolongation on 5-10 years). The objectives of this program are functional atlas of the brain neural networks for perception, memory, emotion and the study of their violations as well as the development of advanced technologies to achieve these goals. In March 2013 a joint Sino-Australian research project on the brain within the «Brainnetome» was launched. The main base is concentrated in the Institute of Automation (CASIA) in China and the Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) in Australia. The purpose of the interaction and joint research is to create a new generation of brain atlas «Brainnetome Atlas» for solving variety of tasks related to the study of the brain (Akil et al., 2010).

In 2015 the technological initiative in the field of artificial intelligence called «China Brain» was proposed by the head of the search engine Baidu, Robin Li (ASI Analytical report, 2015). He believes that it should be a state program on the same scale as the American "Apollo" was. The initiative will focus on areas such as human-computer interaction, Big Data, autonomous vehicles, intelligent medical diagnosis, drones, combat robots.

4. Results

In this chapter needs for improvements and changes in Russian case are designated. Results of strengths' analysis in studied cases and advantages of each case in realization of science and technology policy are presented. The experience applicability for Russian case is shown.

4.1 Needs for improvements and changes in Russian case

Consideration of Russian neurotechnology case with attention on the current state of innovation system in Russia and degree of Science, Foresight and Policy interlinkage in the country, consideration of Russian NeuroNet project and results of the series of interviews with representatives of the project, thorough studies of successful foreign neurotechnology cases allow distinguishing the next set of weaknesses in Russian neuroscience domain:

1.complicated and not transparent finance mechanism of research;

2.lack of funding;

3.absence of the mechanism of science achievements commercialization;

4.insufficient functioning of special economic zones, technoparks and business incubators;

5.weak mechanism of economic and legal regulation;

6.weakened education system in the country;

7.insufficient experience in forming clear goals and strategies using Foresight and scientific evidences;

8.insufficient involvement of business segment.

Further, possible solutions for improvement of identified weaknesses in Russian neurotechnology case are presented using foreign experience. The findings can be named reinforcing and counselling information for alignment of policy strategy for development of Russian neurotechnology case.

4.2 Experience of best foreign neuroscience cases applicable for improving Russian case

Switzerland is example of strongest educational system in the world. The training at all levels is related to main priorities of country. Swiss policy makers understand the presence of essential interlinking between education, human ability to create knowledge and innovation development of countries in due course. Moreover, the existence of technology transfer centers next to universities and their close connection with industrial parks and start-up centers provide rapid and due commercialization of gained research and technological results and facilitate young industrial companies. With limited resources, well-developed education, science and technology have enabled the country to achieve sustained success in many areas, while Russia having benefits of natural resource takes lagging position.

The development of the country innovation scenario starts with improving education. Although education in Russia is still considered as strong thanks to Soviet time elaboration, recent years it lost its positions on global level. Thus, Switzerland experience in governance of education can be very good example for Russia in enhancing its educational system. First of all, state has to enhance the financing of training activity and do not decrease average level of education. Moreover, more teachers and students should be involved in research process in universities. Also Russian policy makers have to pay attention to the functioning of Swiss research results commercialization system. Although a number of technoparks and business incubators appeared in Russia during last years, they still do not perform their functions. Using experience of existing technology transfer centers next to universities can be very useful for Russia.

Moreover, wide use of benefits from scientific and industrial achievements for people welfare in Switzerland have to be taken into account by Russian policy and Foresight makers during forming the strategy of new products and technologies implementation into everyday life of society.

The US experience showed that purely market-based mechanism is used by the private sector is not able to ensure the modernization of the country. There are strong needs in an active state involvement and severe measures for state regulation in the fields of science and technology, particularly in the sphere of property rights protection, including intellectual property, protection of rights of entry to the market, the development of competition policy, judiciary and etc. All above-mentioned points are not strengths of Russian science and technology policy.

Thus, the US example of strong legislative system which effectively supports implementation of scientific and technological achievements may be useful for Russia. The US experience in the multidimensional mechanism of economic and legal regulation with simultaneous capacity to quickly enact legislation necessary for the development of science, technology and innovation sectors locally have to be considered by Russian policy-makers. Moreover, the US strongest corporate science has to be taken into account as example due to the aspiration of Russian policy to develop R&D segment in business.

Besides, historically USA has strong research activity in the military domain. Achievements from defense research are widely used by society and it is the base for civil research. Russia does not such strong military research which could support civil, however, policy makers have to keep in mind that establishment of the scientific and practical cooperation between the military and civil sectors in the scientific and technical field could bring to Russia benefits.

China has a rapid country economics development recent time based on science achievements. As Chinese believe that the growth of Chinese science competitiveness is caused by their capacity to accurately determine the scientific objectives and allocate responsibilities for obtaining results. Thus, China showed a good example of forming policy strategy for long-term science and technology development in the country owing to large scale Foresight studies with the involvement of broad number of scientists. Moreover, now China is completely changing the financing mechanism of research. There are increase in the total amount of financing R&D, reforming and improving the model of resources allocation, forming of mechanism of joint investment funds (public funds of enterprises and private investors).

The experience of the using Foresight, the development of roadmaps for various areas is still insufficient in Russia. In order to develop this area of research Chinese experience of science based Foresight for clear definition of goal and strategy can be taken into account. As to enhancement of mechanism of research funding and destroying the corruption and lack of transparency in finance sector the Chinese measures can be sampled: to move from a system of accounting the total cost of the research institutes to the system of accounting the programmes' cost and specialists, to form new material resource allocation system, in which the main criterion for granting research become concrete results and real return, and to increase funding for science.

5. Discussion

In the sixth chapter the anticipated impact on society of new neurotechnologies is discussed with the respect to preparedness degree of policy for breakthroughs implementation. Different scenarios of the future according to the degree of neurotechnologies development and policy regulation are presented.

5.1 Implementation of new neurotechnologies

The interconnection between science and technology and society are becoming more complicated with time. This relationship requires adequate policy response for their regulation. Notwithstanding on social and economic benefits from use of neurotechnologies, their implementation is possible only though special and long lasting registration procedures which require a proper financing. The optimization of development and the use of practical applications of neurotechnology domain demand constant development of legislative and regulatory framework. Scientific achievements in the domain lead to appearance of methods, products, approaches, which require the development of new principals in control and efficiency, demands for neurotechnology products turnover.

As the high-priority legislative acts regulating the usage of products in every country can be called such as, for instances, the law of using medical products, the law of using neurostimulation in education or the law of personal knowledge defense. Moreover, in the anticipation of new internet appearance this technology has to pass many ethical procedures in order to be allowed to use. All laws as a complex will provide legitimization and harmonization of using scientific developments.

In order to study impact degree of new neurotechnologies on society the speed of technology development and policy preparedness for their implementation are taken into account as extrapolations. So, rapid or slow technological development is taken on the X-axis. High and low interest of policy in the implementation of new neurotechnologies is taken on the Y-axis. Four polar scenarios for the future were obtained: Neurotechnological world, Breakthroughs for publications, Government struggles with low development of neurotechnology and The frozen science.

5.1.1 “Neurotechnological world”

The most attractive scenario “Neurotechnological world” is a result of rapid technological development and high interest of policy in the introduction of new breakthroughs into everyday life. Thus, neurotechnologies application in the context of the five main areas of society life: medicine, communication, education, sport and military; with proper government of technology adaptation is composed as follows.

Based on the decoding thoughts technology communication of people is carried mentally from brain to brain using neuroimplants or noninvasive devices. There is an increase in the depth of meaning, productivity and speed of communication. Elimination of the need for real contact between people has reduced labor migration, as a consequence, the population density is leveled. Emotions now can be transferred by means of communication. Understanding animal language facilitates the training and treatment of pets. People now take wild animals as pets which cannot be tamed previously.

In the field of medicine use of biometrics provides timely and accurate diagnosis, many diseases are detected at an early stage. Also disease prevention is conducted. Such risk factors as stress, fatigue, lack of sleep are under control. Thanks to neuroprostheses there are not people with disabilities any more, the use of exoskeletons improves the human capabilities. Cyborgization is becoming common. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis are in the past. Neurochips successfully combat diseases and provide prevention of the nervous system. Neurointerface brain-computer allows patients, who had lost the power of speech, to communicate with others. People with disabilities can manage environment using chips.

With the ability to control the state via biofeedback or neurostimulation high efficiency of learning had been achieved, memory had been increased, information is rapidly absorbed. Synthetic thinking is developing that reduces the need of analytical thinking. Education develops through gaming component, which increases the motivation to learn new and develop existing skills. Now you can use the human brain as a data storage device: write down new information, manage it, delete that no longer need, and get the memories from the unconscious. Now all people have an equal opportunity to receive and assimilate information.

Neurosport using game interface and devices creating a virtual environment is very popular now for developing cognitive abilities. Technological advances have reduced the need to move for people, because now the majority of daily transactions is made by means of thought and robotic assistants. In this regard, the increased need to maintain the level of physical activity for the health of the world's population. All spheres of human life turned into some semblance of game: games came from screens of monitors into the real life, which greatly increased motivation to exercise. At the same time the training process has become much easier due to the continuous biofeedback. As a result, all people, without exception, athletically stacked.

Moreover, brain stimulation technologies are used widely in the interests of the army and security services for improving of educational process, treatment after post-traumatic stress disorders and special operations.

5.1.2 “Breakthroughs for publications”

The scenario “Breakthroughs for publications” is a consequence of rapid technological development and low interest of policy in the implementation of new technologies into everyday life. Huge amount of research is conducted very actively in all spheres of science. The best achievements are being published in the journals with the best impact factors. However, all new knowledge is not used for production of new technologies and products. All genius ideas are left on the paper. Some of them had appeared in the form of new technologies, yet coexist of such technologies with already widely known technologies is very difficult for new ones. It is no place for novel products, processes and services. Government are not interested in the implementation of new technologies and products into everyday life because of complicated processes for their adaptation and divided market between stakeholders who are not interested in competition with new products.

Thus, a little implementation of breakthroughs in neurotechnologies allow to stabilize a morbidity from degenerative diseases. Using bionic neuroprosthesis communicating directly with the brain, sensors, replacing the organs of senses, synthetic drugs, making it possible to maintain mental and physical activity at a high level, allowed winning a disability, but their introduction into wide practice is severely restricted due to ineffective policies in the field of healthcare. Exoskeletons allow making a person stronger, faster and fitter are invented, but such technologies are used only in sport and astronautics.

All patients are treated according to the pattern of traditional medicine, without regard to individual parameters. Many diseases still are tried to win by treatment of their symptoms. Biometric devices are used for monitoring of vital functions only in high-tech centers for the treatment of critically ill patients.

5.1.3 “Government struggles with low development of neurotechnology”

The scenario “Government struggles with low development of neurotechnology” is a consequence of slow technological development in the neurotechnology domain, but high interest of policy in development of new such technologies. Development of promising neurotechnologies was forbidden by Global Ethics Council. All scientific research and studies in the neurotechnology domain were stopped and achieved results were forbidden to use in creation of new technologies. However, at the same time policy makers understand the need of new technologies and do attempts to struggle with decision of ethics council but till present time can do nothing with this. Government actively implements already existing technologies into everyday life.

Thus, there are actively using mobile connection and Internet Web 3.0. People continue to use and develop all opportunities for connection. Every year many different applications and IT technologies not basing on neuromorphic algorithms are released. Remote education is becoming more popular under the ubiquity of the Internet. Entertainment industry is enhancing thank to IT technologies. Computer games absorb more and more young people in their networks that effects on the physical health of population. In medicine some robotics equipment for operation and outdated methods of neurorehabilitation are used actively. Old understanding of the brain mechanisms allows to adjust somehow its work through neurorehabilitation providing invasive and non-invasive influence on the relevant brain subsystem. However, chronic stress, industrial and household injuries, pollution and other negative sides of civilization effect on the viability of neurons and the brain as a whole in higher level than medicine can managed. Thus, there is still increase in general morbidity. The level of disability is growing with incidence rates. Life longevity is stagnant.

5.1.4 “The frozen science”

The negative scenario “The frozen science” is a result of slow technological development and low interest of policy in the development and adaptation of new technologies. Due to difficulties in global geopolitics countries switched their focus from technology development and their implementation on issues of countries' defense. Thus, science and technology development is temporarily frozen. Policy for their regulation and adaptation is not being formed. Degree of technologies' development and their integration into society life were stopped at the level of 2016 year.

Currently, there is a decrease of population life longevity, mortality and morbidity have increased markedly. Disability population has increased dramatically due to the wars. Global society waits a dilution of tension in the political situation in the world.

Conclusion

Science and technology had come on the forefront as main factors of economic development of countries nowadays. A key factor in the development of the state becomes its innovation activity, which is defined as the intensity of the introduction into economic circulation of high quality new products and technologies as well as new types of equipment, materials, objects and forms of labor and production management.

The great task of the science, technology and innovation (STI) development was imposed on the policy. Political regulation has a crucial role in the efficiency of any science or technology domain development and defines the future of economy and society. Due to the fact policy makers need effective instruments for helping in formulation of proper decisions and strategies. Such tools are the involvement of the scientific evidences and the use of Foresight methods in policy formulation. If the usage of Foresight studies for policy-making has become already a clear tendency worldwide, that conclusion about the need to involve scientists who have expertise in the relevant areas for policy enhancement was done only recently.

The effective development of any domain cannot exist without a common strong mechanism for STI realization. Proper interlinkage of Science, Foresight and Policy is becoming a basis for a due and rapid development of any scientific domain. Moreover, the relationship between science and society requires adequate elaboration of strategy for implementation of new technologies in everyday life using interlinking of the Scientific Foresight and Policy.

With the example of neuroscience domain, the present has showed the importance of each part in Science, Foresight and Policy interlinking in particular and their mutual interaction for development of the domain. Thus, Switzerland and USA having strong scientific and technological policy with the support of scientific evidences and properly conducting Foresight studies show first results in neuroscience domain and good achievements in other priority directions. China, still having some weaknesses in policy regulation of science and technology, already now shows good achievements in research in general as well as in neuroscience domain, simultaneously improving policy thanks to strong experience in Foresight and science interlinking.

Although Russia had already made great efforts in creating of strong innovation system in frame of which development of any scientific or technological domain should go easy and properly, there are still needs for improvement. Russian policy makers had to pay attention to enhancement of interaction between Science, Foresight and Policy that allows improving each part of the interlinking individually. Then their strong interaction will become the driving force of research, fruition of which will provide economy increase and beneficial impact on society.

Conducting of present study was limited by inability of thorough study of neurotechnology projects, because of recent appearance the most of them and absence of revolutionary achievements up to present time. Moreover, it was not possible to find reliable information on the foreign projects. Conducting of individual interviews with representatives of foreign projects was not feasibly. At the same time series of interviews with spokesmen from Russian project showed the subjective nature of the responses. According to the case study in neurotechnology domain, not all countries declare their development of neuroscience domain in the form of project, thus, many countries having good research in neuroscience were not compared in the case study. Already in the near future the success in realization of neurotechnology projects will show the quality of Science, Foresight and Policy interlinking in countries as ground for science and technology development generally. Thus, it would be very relevant to continue present study and conduct comparative research of these projects when reliable information about their realization and achievements will be accessible. Before that in continuation of considering the concept of Science, Foresight and Policy interlinkage the examination of statement that any scientific domain demands a similar mechanism for its implementation will be appropriate to study.

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