Cognitive Neurology and Educational Psychology

By normal distribution, the most part of results in limits of one standard deflection (one y) by both sides, and it is in percentage correlation always the same and does not depend from quantity of standard deflection (y). It conforms about 68% of population (i.e. 34% elements are arranged to the left and 34% - to the right of mean). Just as this calculated, that 94, 45% elements of population by normal distribution does not overstep the limits of two standard deflections from mean (X±2y). In limits of three standard deflections (X±3y) the whole population (99, 73%) is placed. Standard deflection shapes equal intervals.

First researches determined that the mean meaning for tests of intellect was equaled 100, standard deflection - 15, by the method of intellect testing. This means that 68% of people demonstrate the coefficient of common intellect on the interval from 85 to 115 numbers; 13, 6% indexes have below the average and 13, 6% - above the average; 2, 2% of people from each side of distribution show too high or too low indexes.

There is a problem of determination of IQ in units of standard deflection, if the distribution of test numbers does not have normal distribution in character. Mostly it happens in empiric researches of intellect.

In modern psychology to reveal IQ of a person, scientists amply tests. In most IQ tests, person is offered to follow the instructions and to determine logic relations of classifications, analogies, synthesizing etc, between terms and abstracts, from which these sums are gathered. Sometimes these sums are built of drawings, geometrical figures etc. The success of the result of tests depends on how many sums were solved and then the index of intellect's coefficient is revealed.

Let's list the most popular tests of intellect in psychology.

In Russia is widely used Amthauer Intelligenz-Struktur-Test (IST). R. Amthauer considered intellect as a special substructure in entire structure of personality, which consists of different factors (speech, calculably-mathematical, spatial representation, mnemonic).

During working up the test, he issued from two presuppositions: 1) correlation of each subtest results with results by the whole text should be highest possible; 2) correlation between subtests should be minimal (but positive).

Test is intended to people of all ages (from 13 to 60 years), R. Amthauer introduced only survival rates, and he considered the dependency of social experience from age of a person.

He thought that the highest results received by the first four subtests supposed that the person had acquired theoretical faculties. In case of better results by the last five subtests, the more developed practical abilities.

Intellect's structure test of Amthauer consists of 9 subtests: logic selection, determination of common features, analogies, classifications, tasks on counting, rows of numbers, and alternative of figures, tasks on bricks, attention, which determines inductive thinking, combinatorial abilities and spatial imagination.

Wexler's angle intellect scale (WAIS) (1939, modification 1955) includes 11 subtests, which are divided into two scales, which measure verbal and non-verbal intellect.

Non-verbal intellect is some kind of totality of common faculties as opportunities of successful activity, which are free from culture influence and education. Structurally non-verbal intellect could be viewed through operational components of thinking, viz to conduct analogies dynamic summarizing, to classify and systematize, to abstract and concretize.

Verbal intellect is maturity of psycho cognitive functions simpliciter depending on influence of culture and education. In its base, it forms in studying and communication. Structurally verbal intellect is representing to understand words, coherent text, to operate logical, numeral and geometrical notions.

Verbal scale in Wexler's test contains subtests of common knowledge, of common understanding, arithmetical test, test to establish similarity between couple of notions, repetition of numerical rows, vocabulary test. Non-verbal scale contains next subtests: to encipher figures, to find missing details, bricks of Koss, order of pictures, to combine figures.

Raven's progressive matrixes were suggested by L. Penrose and J. Raven in 1936. They consist of tasks to reveal relations between abstract figures. These methods were developed under traditions of English school of studying intellect, the aim of which to measure G-factor (so-called common intellect - mental faculties answering for solving majority of intellect test) by revelation the relations between abstract figures. Method of “Raven's standard progressive matrixes” is intended for people in at the age of 11-65; method of “Raven's colored progressive matrixes” is intended for children at the age of 6-11 and adults at the age of 65-95.

Figure drawings in both methods are bounded definite dependence. One figure is lacking, it is below with other 6-8 figures. The task of a person - is to establish regularity, which bounds figures on the picture and on the questionnaire, to indicate number of a figure. As needed, you can solve first five tasks with the help of experimentalist.

Method of “Raven's standard progressive matrixes” consists of 60 schemes (5 series with 12 matrixes in each). Tasks are becoming more complicated from series to series.

Principle of correlation in matrix structure is used in series A. Here tasks are made like puzzles; you should add fragment to a picture. Performing this task acquires careful analyses of structure of main picture and finds these peculiarities in one of several fragments. Then it comes blending of the fragment and its comparison with the main part of a scheme.

B series is built of analogies between couples of figures. Person should find principle of building figures and starting from it, he should select missing fragment. It is important to determine symmetry axis, accordingly to which all figures are arranged in main model.

C series is built by the principle of progressive changes in figures matrixes. These figures in limits of one matrix are becoming more complicated and developed. New elements add to figures by accurate principle, and when we reveal it, we could find missing figure.

D series is built by the principle of regrouping of figures in matrix. A person should find this regrouping, which takes place in horizontal and vertical position.

E series is built by the principle of decomposition figures of main picture on elements. Missing figures could be found, if the principle of analyses and synthesis is understood.

Method of “Raven's colored progressive matrixes” is consist of 36 schemes of series A, AB, B (12 matrixes contain each series).

General ability test bath (GATB) includes verbal and practical series of tasks. GATB was based on the factor analyses from 50 tests, in the course of which were identified 9 main factors, including verbal faculties, to operate with numbers, to apprehend precisely, to understand precisely, motor coordination, fingers' motility, hands' motility. GATB includes 12 tests, measuring these main factors. All subtests are speed tests.

As many tests of intellect are measured not only as mental faculties, but also as individual's attitude to the culture. Thus were made attempts to create so-called culturally-independent intellect tests, which measured non-verbal abilities.

Culturally-free intellect test (CFIT) was offered by R. Kettle in 1958, which measured “clear” intellect. This test was created on the base of perceptive tasks, in which intellect is revealed through perception. Among test's tasks - were tasks on recognition and continuation of appropriate dimension in figures' rows etc.

It is necessary to say that high profile choosing tests are having opportunities of concrete method for solving research tasks.

Thus in children's pathopsychology is usually used child's variant of Wexler's test. In school practice, where the major task - is to reveal school difficulties, which are connected with intellectual development - is used Amthauer's test. When we need to certify adults - we use methods of express-diagnostics of intellect (for example, Vanderlik's adapted test).

For solving such research task as measuring mean level of national intellect, we ought to use methods, which acquire a row of characteristics, which make it convenient for providing wide-ranging investigations: rather simple in providing methods (does not acquire test's high qualification); short in time; applying in different age groups; estimation of people with different educational, cultural and speech level.

I. Usolzeva hold analyzes, which showed that “Raven's progressive matrixes” posses all these characteristics. Besides, these methods were accorded world recognition. Thus, most of R. Linn's data about national intellects of different countries was picked by the methods of “Raven's progressive matrixes”, as it allows providing cross-cultural researches. Besides, correlation of information, received with the help of “Raven's progressive matrixes” and results of other intellect tests could be 0, 75, this tells about its high measuring abilities.

In already mentioned research of MUH “Intellectual potential of Russia”, in which were involved about 4 364 people of different sex in age from 6 to 95, was received distribution of intellect indexes (using methods of “Raven's progressive matrixes”).

As showed indexes of asymmetry and excess, received by empiric distribution of test's balls, were too asymmetric, at that fashion (more probable meaning) has greater value than average of distribution. Therefore, we have a progress as mean coefficient of Russian intellect is growing. This hypothesis and its results more detailed would be viewed below.

First intellect indexes by “Raven's progressive matrixes” were converted to balls next:

zi= У(xi - x)/S +M,

where xi - initial index i; x - simple average by Raven's test; S - standard deflection by Raven's test; M - average of distribution by standard intellect scale (M=100); У - standard deflection by standard scale of intellect (У= 15).

To make possible the comparison of results of our research with results of foreign scientists, was offered to use English indexes (x=41, 97 and S=10, 63) as more typical Europeans. In this way we “calibrate” all data by one scale. English intellect in this case some kind of “psycho Greenwich” of intellect's level.

Here are represented parameters of national intellect of Russian people, received with the help of method “Raven's progressive matrixes”, transferred into standard scale of intellect by formula and “calibrate” relatively English intellect.

Scientists rested upon “ideal intellect” some kind of abstraction as actually people think slowly, often make mistakes, get tiered, become intellectually lazy and yield to complicated tasks. There is definite contradiction in measuring approach: “ideal intellect” is not used in practice. Each test could be potentially written with 100% success that is why people should be arranged on one line. Mean intellectual person - the most meeting individual, who solves tasks with probability of 50% or for “mean” time.

There are other methods in modern psychology for measuring intellect faculties. In MUH was developed another method measuring temp of education of classification operations.

Education - is a process, in which essential part occupies building of thought models of studied events. Understanding of structure of events includes separation essential elements in it, knowing connections between them. Classification is a union by groups of elements, which are characterized by common semantic connection for each group. Thus, classification is a semantic operation, which participates in realization of connections between events and understands its insight structures.

Study time in any educational institution is limited; individual temp, in which proceeds all thinking processes, is a factor of productivity of mastering. Probably, the more dynamic thinking operations, the more information would be mastered. That is why index of affectivity of classifications considers time, which was spent on performing tasks.

Method VAT, suggested in MUH, acquires advantages for providing mass researches of intellect: it is directed on diagnostics of intellectual faculties, spent short time, had computer version, estimated temporary parameters of intellectual activities and standardized relatively scale of intellect. Work under perfection of VAT method is continuing and its results about students' abilities would allow taking into consideration planning of studies.

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