Modulation of the visual cortex by non invasive brain stimulation

For the interaction Stimulation*Time we had some time windows not far from being significant (1-p=.495; 2-p=.158; 3-p=.106; 4-p=.124; 5-p=.318). This might be solved with a bigger sample too. Regarding the tendency in the actual data, with little effect for the first measure, increasing for the second and third and the reducing again on the fourth and fifth; we can presume that if getting significant results with this disposition we could see an increase in the after effect of anodal tDCS and how it fades, consistent with previous reports about the temporal line of tDCS effects (Lуpez-Alonso, Fernбndez-del-Olmo, Costantini, Gonzalez-Henriquez, & Cheeran, 2015; Nitsche & Paulus, 2000) increasing during a period of time after stimulation and then progressively dissipating.

In summary, in the current project we found that anodal tDCS over V1 tends to inhibit the cortical excitability of the visual cortex. A bigger sample size is needed to test the reliability of such effect.

Due to corona virus lockdown we were unable to collect more subjects but for the current project we plan to collect the estimated number of subjects. It will be interesting to find if this inhibition effect will be consistent or if it is because of the sample size and if we will find the expected facilitatory effect.

References

1. Amassian, V. E., Cracco, R. Q., Maccabee, P. J., Cracco, J. B., Rudell, A., & Eberle, L. (1989). Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 74(6), 458-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(89)90036-1

2. Antal, A., Ambrus, G. G., &Chaieb, L. (2014). Toward unraveling reading-related modulations of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity in the human visual cortex. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 642. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00642

3. Antal, A., Kincses, T. Z., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2003). Modulation of moving phosphene thresholds by transcranial direct current stimulation of V1 in human. Neuropsychologia, 41(13), 1802-1807.

4. Antal, A., Kincses, T. Z., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2003). Manipulation of phosphene thresholds by transcranial direct current stimulation in man. Experimental brain research, 150(3), 375-378.

5. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001). External modulation of visual perception in humans. Neuroreport, 12(16), 3553-3555.

6. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2006). Transcranial direct current stimulation and the visual cortex. Brain Research Bulletin, 68(6), 459-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.10.006

7. Antal, A., Terney, D., Poreisz, C., & Paulus, W. (2007). Towards unravelling task-related modulations of neuroplastic changes induced in the human motor cortex. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 26(9), 2687-2691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05896.x

8. Bachmann, T. (2011). Attention as a Process of Selection, Perception as a Process of Representation, and Phenomenal Experience as the Resulting Process of Perception Being Modulated by a Dedicated Consciousness Mechanism. Frontiers in Psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00387

9. Barker, A. T., Freeston, I. L., Jalinous, R., & Jarratt, J. A. (1987). Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system: an introduction and the results of an initial clinical evaluation. Neurosurgery, 20(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198701000-00024

10. Barnes, C. A. (2003). Long-term potentiation and the ageing brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358(1432), 765-772. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1244

11. Baudewig, J., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., & Frahm, J. (2001). Regional modulation of BOLD MRI responses to human sensorimotor activation by transcranial direct current stimulation. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 45(2), 196-201.

12. Beck, D. M., Muggleton, N., Walsh, V., &Lavie, N. (2006). Right parietal cortex plays a critical role in change blindness. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991), 16(5), 712-717. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj017

13. Boes, A., Kelly, M., Trapp, N., Stern, A., Press, D., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2018). Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Challenges and Opportunities for a New Clinical Specialty. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 30. appineuropsych17110262. 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17110262.

14. Bramham, C. R. (2008). Local protein synthesis, actin dynamics, and LTP consolidation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(5), 524-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.09.013

15. Brьckner, S., &Kammer, T. (2016). No Modulation of Visual Cortex Excitability by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0167697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167697

16. Caumo, W., Souza, I. C., Torres, I. L., Medeiros, L., Souza, A., Deitos, A., Fregni, F., & Volz, M. S. (2012). Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: a review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 3, 110.

17. Chaieb, L., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2008). Gender-specific modulation of short-term neuroplasticity in the visual cortex induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. Visual Neuroscience, 25(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523808080097

18. Driver, J., &Mattingley, J. B. (1998). Parietal neglect and visual awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 1(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/217

19. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191.

20. Filmer, H. L., Dux, P. E., &Mattingley, J. B. (2015). Dissociable effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS reveal distinct functional roles for right parietal cortex in the detection of single and competing stimuli. Neuropsychologia, 74, 120-126.

21. Gandiga, P. C., Hummel, F. C., & Cohen, L. G. (2006). Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(4), 845-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003

22. Heinen, K., Sagliano, L., Candini, M., Husain, M., Cappelletti, M., & Zokaei, N. (2016). Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over posterior parietal cortex enhances distinct aspects of visual working memory. Neuropsychologia, 87, 35-42.

23. Horvath, J. C., Forte, J. D., & Carter, O. (2015). Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: a systematic review. Neuropsychologia, 66, 213-236.

24. Hsieh, P.-J., Colas, J. T., & Kanwisher, N. (2011). Pop-Out Without Awareness: Unseen Feature Singletons Capture Attention Only When Top-Down Attention Is Available. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1220-1226.

25. Huerta, P. T., & Lisman, J. E. (1995). Bidirectional synaptic plasticity induced by a single burst during cholinergic theta oscillation in CA1 in vitro. Neuron, 15(5), 1053-1063.

26. Im, C. H., Lee, S. J., & Lee, C. (2017). P095 Optimal tDCS electrode montages to stimulate nonsuperficial cortex: A simulation study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 128(3), e56.

27. Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M., &Lavidor, M. (2012). tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review. Experimental Brain Research, 216(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2891-9

28. Kar, K., &Krekelberg, B. (2012). Transcranial electrical stimulation over visual cortex evokes phosphenes with a retinal origin. Journal of Neurophysiology, 108(8), 2173-2178. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00505.2012

29. Kramer, A. F., & Erickson, K. I. (2007). Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 342-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.009

30. Lamme, V. A. F. (2000). Neural Mechanisms of Visual Awareness: A Linking Proposition. Brain and Mind, 1(3), 385-406. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011569019782

31. Lamme, V. A. F. (2003). Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(1), 12-18.

32. Lamme, V. A. F., Supиr, H., Landman, R., Roelfsema, P. R., &Spekreijse, H. (2000). The role of primary visual cortex (V1) in visual awareness. Vision Research, 40(10-12), 1507-1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00243-6

33. Lennie, P. (1998). Single units and visual cortical organization. Perception, 27(8), 889-935. https://doi.org/10.1068/p270889

34. Lуpez-Alonso, V., Fernбndez-del-Olmo, M., Costantini, A., Gonzalez-Henriquez, J. J., & Cheeran, B. (2015). Intra-individual variability in the response to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 126(12), 2342-2347.

35. Lцvsund, P., Цberg, P. Е., & Nilsson, S. E. G. (1980). Magneto-and electrophosphenes: a comparative study. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 18(6), 758-764.

36. Mazzi, C., Savazzi, S., Abrahamyan, A., & Ruzzoli, M. (2017). Reliability of TMS phosphene threshold estimation: Toward a standardized protocol. Brain stimulation, 10(3), 609-617.

37. McEwen, B. S. (1994). How do sex and stress hormones affect nerve cells? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 743, 1-16; discussion 17-18.

38. Miniussi, C., Harris, J. A., & Ruzzoli, M. (2013). Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience. Neuroscience &Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1702-1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014

39. Molaee-Ardekani, B., Mбrquez-Ruiz, J., Merlet, I., Leal-Campanario, R., Gruart, A., Sбnchez-Campusano, R.,... & Wendling, F. (2013). Effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on cortical activity: a computational modeling study. Brain stimulation, 6(1), 25-39.

40. Monte-Silva, K., Kuo, M.-F., Hessenthaler, S., Fresnoza, S., Liebetanz, D., Paulus, W., &Nitsche, M. A. (2013). Induction of Late LTP-Like Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex by Repeated Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 6(3), 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.011

41. Moos, K., Vossel, S., Weidner, R., Sparing, R., & Fink, G. R. (2012). Modulation of top-down control of visual attention by cathodal tDCS over right IPS. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(46), 16360-16368.

42. Moreno-Duarte, Ingrid, Nigel Gebodh, Pedro Schestatsky, BerkanGuleyupoglu, Davide Reato, MaromBikson, and Felipe Fregni. `Chapter 2 - Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS), Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (TACS), Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (TPCS), and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (TRNS)'. In The Stimulated Brain, edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh, 35-59. San Diego: Academic Press, 2014.

43. Moutoussis, K. (2009). Brain activation and the locus of visual awareness. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2(3), 265-267. https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.2.3.8039

44. Moutoussis, K., Keliris, G., Kourtzi, Z., &Logothetis, N. (2005). A binocular rivalry study of motion perception in the human brain. Vision Research, 45(17), 2231-2243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.02.007

45. Moutoussis, K., & Zeki, S. (2002). The relationship between cortical activation and perception investigated with invisible stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(14), 9527-9532. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142305699

46. Moutoussis, K., & Zeki, S. (2006). Seeing invisible motion: a human FMRI study. Current Biology: CB, 16(6), 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.062

47. Muckli, L., Kriegeskorte, N., Lanfermann, H., Zanella, F. E., Singer, W., & Goebel, R. (2002). Apparent motion: event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of perceptual switches and States. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 22(9), RC219. https://doi.org/20026362

48. Nicholson, P. (2002). The Soma Code, Parts I-III: Luminous Visions in the RIG VEDA. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF VEDIC STUDIES, Vol. 8, 1-64. https://doi.org/10.11588/ejvs.2002.3.940

49. Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. The Journal of Physiology, 527 Pt 3, 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x

50. Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001). Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology, 57(10), 1899-1901.

51. Nitsche, M. A., Schauenburg, A., Lang, N., Liebetanz, D., Exner, C., Paulus, W., &Tergau, F. (2003). Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 15(4), 619-626.

52. Obeso, I., Oliviero, A., & Jahanshahi, M. (2016). Editorial: Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Neurology and Psychiatry. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10. 10.3389/fnins.2016.00574.

53. Oliviero, A., Mordillo-Mateos, L., Arias, P., Panyavin, I., Foffani, G., & Aguilar, J. (2011). Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation of the human motor cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 589(Pt 20), 4949-4958. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211953

54. Pascual-Leone, A., & Walsh, V. (2001). Fast Backprojections from the Motion to the Primary Visual Area Necessary for Visual Awareness. Science, 292(5516), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057099

55. Paulus, W. (2010). On the difficulties of separating retinal from cortical origins of phosphenes when using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

56. Paulus, W. (2011). Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES-tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 21(5), 602-617.

57. Peters, M. A., Thompson, B., Merabet, L. B., Wu, A. D., & Shams, L. (2013). Anodal tDCS to V1 blocks visual perceptual learning consolidation. Neuropsychologia, 51(7), 1234-1239.

58. Pirulli, C., Fertonani, A., & Miniussi, C. (2014). Is neural hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation always detrimental at the behaviorallevel?.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 226.

59. Radman, T., Ramos, R. L., Brumberg, J. C., &Bikson, M. (2009). Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro. Brain stimulation, 2(4), 215-228.

60. Rees, G. (2007). Neural correlates of the contents of visual awareness in humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 877-886. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2094

61. Ridding, M. C., & Ziemann, U. (2010). Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects. The Journal of Physiology, 588(Pt 13), 2291-2304. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190314

62. Roe, J. M., Nesheim, M., Mathiesen, N. C., Moberget, T., Alnжs, D., &Sneve, M. H. (2016). The effects of tDCS upon sustained visual attention are dependent on cognitive load. Neuropsychologia, 80, 1-8.

63. Rosenkranz, K., Nitsche, M. A., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2000). Diminution of training-induced transient motor cortex plasticity by weak transcranial direct current stimulation in the human. Neuroscience letters, 296(1), 61-63.

64. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. the Safety of TMS Consensus Group. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 120. 2008-39. 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016.

65. Rossini, P., Burke, D., Chen, R., Daskalakis, Z.,Iorio, R., Lazzaro, V., Ferreri, F., Fitzgerald, P., George, M., Hallett, M.,Lefaucheur, J.P.,Langguth, B., Matsumoto, H.,Miniussi, C.,Nitsche, M., Pascual-Leone, A., Paulus, W., Rossi, S.,&Ziemann, U. (2015). Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clinical Neurophysiology, 89. 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.001.

66. Sale, M. V., Ridding, M. C., & Nordstrom, M. A. (2008). Cortisol inhibits neuroplasticity induction in human motor cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(33), 8285-8293. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1963-08.2008

67. Schutter, D. J., &Hortensius, R. (2010). Retinal origin of phosphenes to transcranial alternating current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(7), 1080-1084.

68. Sczesny-Kaiser, M., Beckhaus, K., Dinse, H. R., Schwenkreis, P., Tegenthoff, M., &Hцffken, O. (2016). Repetitive Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induced Excitability Changes of Primary Visual Cortex and Visual Learning Effects-A Pilot Study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00116

69. Thickbroom, G. W. (2007). Transcranial magnetic stimulation and synaptic plasticity: experimental framework and human models. Experimental Brain Research, 180(4), 583-593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-0991-3

70. Thielscher, A., Antunes, A. and Saturnino, G.B. (2015), Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: a useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? IEEE EMBS 2015, Milano, Italy

71. Tong, F., & Engel, S. A. (2001). Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation. Nature, 411(6834), 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1038/35075583

72. Turatto, M., Sandrini, M., &Miniussi, C. (2004). The role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in visual change awareness: NeuroReport, 15(16), 2549-2552. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200411150-00024

73. Vestito, L., Rosellini, S., Mantero, M., & Bandini, F. (2014). Long-Term Effects of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation in Chronic Post-Stroke Aphasia: A Pilot Study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00785

74. Wagner, T., Valero-Cabre, A., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 9, 527-565. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100

75. Woods, A. J., Antal, A., Bikson, M., Boggio, P. S., Brunoni, A. R., Celnik, P., Cohen, L. G., Fregni, F., Herrmann, C. S., Kappenman, E. S., Knotkova, H., Liebetanz, D., Miniussi, C., Miranda, P. C., Paulus, W., Priori, A., Reato, D., Stagg, C., Wenderoth, N., &Nitsche, M. A. (2016). A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 127(2), 1031-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012

76. Ziemann, U., Meintzschel, F., Korchounov, A., &Iliж, T. V. (2006). Pharmacological Modulation of Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 20(2), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968306287154

Appendix 1

SPSS Output of Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA for Sham Condition

Descriptive Statistics
	Mean	Std. Deviation	N
Sham Pre 1	60,00	5,033	7
Sham Pre 2	60,57	5,062	7
Sham Pre 3	60,00	6,831	7
Sham Pre 4	61,86	6,719	7
Sham Pre 5	62,86	4,811	7
Sham Post 1	61,29	4,716	7
Sham Post 2	61,57	5,028	7
Sham Post 3	63,43	6,161	7
Sham Post 4	60,71	8,098	7
Sham Post 5	63,00	5,888	7

Multivariate Testsa
Effect	Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powerc
PrePost	Pillai's Trace	,195	1,451b	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
	Wilks' Lambda	,805	1,451b	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
	Hotelling's Trace	,242	1,451b	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
	Roy's Largest Root	,242	1,451b	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
Time	Pillai's Trace	,799	2,976b	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
	Wilks' Lambda	,201	2,976b	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
	Hotelling's Trace	3,967	2,976b	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
	Roy's Largest Root	3,967	2,976b	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
PrePost * Time	Pillai's Trace	,936	10,928b	4,000	3,000	,039	43,711	,706
	Wilks' Lambda	,064	10,928b	4,000	3,000	,039	43,711	,706
	Hotelling's Trace	14,570	10,928b	4,000	3,000	,039	43,711	,706
	Roy's Largest Root	14,570	10,928b	4,000	3,000	,039	43,711	,706
a. Design: Intercept Within Subjects Design: PrePos + Time + PrePos * Time
b. Exact statistic
c. Computed using alpha =,05

Mauchly's Test of Sphericitya
Measure: MEASURE_1
Within Subjects Effect	Mauchly's W	Approx. Chi-Square	df	Sig.	Epsilonb
					Greenhouse-Geisser	Huynh-Feldt	Lower-bound
PrePost	1,000	,000	0	.	1,000	1,000	1,000
Time	,003	26,254	9	,003	,323	,375	,250
PrePost * Time	,003	25,330	9	,004	,384	,490	,250

Tests the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is proportional to an identity matrix.

a. Design: Intercept

Within Subjects Design: PrePos + Time + PrePos * Time

b. May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of significance. Corrected tests are displayed in the Tests of Within-Subjects Effects table.

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powera
PrePost	Sphericity Assumed	15,557	1	15,557	1,451	,274	1,451	,175
	Greenhouse-Geisser	15,557	1,000	15,557	1,451	,274	1,451	,175
	Huynh-Feldt	15,557	1,000	15,557	1,451	,274	1,451	,175
	Lower-bound	15,557	1,000	15,557	1,451	,274	1,451	,175
Error(PrePost)	Sphericity Assumed	64,343	6	10,724
	Greenhouse-Geisser	64,343	6,000	10,724
	Huynh-Feldt	64,343	6,000	10,724
	Lower-bound	64,343	6,000	10,724
Time	Sphericity Assumed	42,657	4	10,664	1,548	,220	6,192	,405
	Greenhouse-Geisser	42,657	1,294	32,976	1,548	,260	2,002	,209
	Huynh-Feldt	42,657	1,499	28,456	1,548	,258	2,320	,226
	Lower-bound	42,657	1,000	42,657	1,548	,260	1,548	,184
Error(Time)	Sphericity Assumed	165,343	24	6,889
	Greenhouse-Geisser	165,343	7,762	21,303
	Huynh-Feldt	165,343	8,994	18,383
	Lower-bound	165,343	6,000	27,557
PrePost * Time	Sphericity Assumed	39,514	4	9,879	1,623	,201	6,492	,423
	Greenhouse-Geisser	39,514	1,535	25,736	1,623	,245	2,492	,238
	Huynh-Feldt	39,514	1,959	20,167	1,623	,238	3,180	,273
	Lower-bound	39,514	1,000	39,514	1,623	,250	1,623	,190
Error(PrePost*Time)	Sphericity Assumed	146,086	24	6,087
	Greenhouse-Geisser	146,086	9,212	15,858
	Huynh-Feldt	146,086	11,756	12,426
	Lower-bound	146,086	6,000	24,348
a. Computed using alpha =,05

Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts

Measure: MEASURE_1

Source	PrePos	Time	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powera
PrePos	Linear		15,557	1	15,557	1,451	,274	1,451	,175
Error(PrePos)	Linear		64,343	6	10,724
Time		Linear	32,064	1	32,064	3,796	,099	3,796	,375
		Quadratic	1,842	1	1,842	,139	,722	,139	,062
		Cubic	4,829	1	4,829	1,028	,350	1,028	,138
		Order 4	3,922	1	3,922	3,259	,121	3,259	,331
Error(Time)		Linear	50,686	6	8,448
		Quadratic	79,265	6	13,211
		Cubic	28,171	6	4,695
		Order 4	7,220	6	1,203
PrePos * Time	Linear	Linear	6,864	1	6,864	,503	,505	,503	,093
		Quadratic	3,719	1	3,719	,663	,447	,663	,106
		Cubic	3,457	1	3,457	2,750	,148	2,750	,288
		Order 4	25,473	1	25,473	6,650	,042	6,650	,579
Error(PrePos*Time)	Linear	Linear	81,886	6	13,648
		Quadratic	33,673	6	5,612
		Cubic	7,543	6	1,257
		Order 4	22,984	6	3,831
a. Computed using alpha =,05

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1

Transformed Variable: Average

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powera
Intercept	265003,557	1	265003,557	916,998	,000	916,998	1,000
Error	1733,943	6	288,990
a. Computed using alpha =,05

Estimated Marginal Means

1. Grand Mean
Measure: MEASURE_1
Mean	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval
		Lower Bound	Upper Bound
61,529	2,032	56,557	66,500

2. PrePos

Estimates
Measure: MEASURE_1
PrePos	Mean	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval
			Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	61,057	1,933	56,328	65,786
2	62,000	2,197	56,623	67,377

Pairwise Comparisons
Measure: MEASURE_1
(I) PrePos	(J) PrePos	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.a	95% Confidence Interval for Differencea
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	2	-,943	,783	,274	-2,858	,973
2	1	,943	,783	,274	-,973	2,858
Based on estimated marginal means
a. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no adjustments).

Multivariate Tests
	Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powerb
Pillai's trace	,195	1,451a	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
Wilks' lambda	,805	1,451a	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
Hotelling's trace	,242	1,451a	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
Roy's largest root	,242	1,451a	1,000	6,000	,274	1,451	,175
Each F tests the multivariate effect of PrePos. These tests are based on the linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means.
a. Exact statistic
b. Computed using alpha =,05



3. Time

Estimates
Measure: MEASURE_1
Time	Mean	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval
			Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	60,643	1,748	56,365	64,920
2	61,071	1,866	56,506	65,637
3	61,714	2,395	55,854	67,575
4	61,286	2,661	54,774	67,797
5	62,929	1,804	58,514	67,343

Pairwise Comparisons
Measure: MEASURE_1
(I) Time	(J) Time	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.b	95% Confidence Interval for Differenceb
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	2	-,429	,528	,448	-1,721	,864
	3	-1,071	1,307	,444	-4,269	2,126
	4	-,643	1,650	,710	-4,680	3,395
	5	-2,286*	,747	,022	-4,113	-,458
2	1	,429	,528	,448	-,864	1,721
	3	-,643	,843	,475	-2,706	1,420
	4	-,214	1,149	,858	-3,025	2,597
	5	-1,857*	,389	,003	-2,809	-,905
3	1	1,071	1,307	,444	-2,126	4,269
	2	,643	,843	,475	-1,420	2,706
	4	,429	,550	,466	-,918	1,775
	5	-1,214	,858	,207	-3,314	,885
4	1	,643	1,650	,710	-3,395	4,680
	2	,214	1,149	,858	-2,597	3,025
	3	-,429	,550	,466	-1,775	,918
	5	-1,643	1,164	,208	-4,490	1,204
5	1	2,286*	,747	,022	,458	4,113
	2	1,857*	,389	,003	,905	2,809
	3	1,214	,858	,207	-,885	3,314
	4	1,643	1,164	,208	-1,204	4,490
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the,05 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no adjustments).

Multivariate Tests
	Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powerb
Pillai's trace	,799	2,976a	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
Wilks' lambda	,201	2,976a	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
Hotelling's trace	3,967	2,976a	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
Roy's largest root	3,967	2,976a	4,000	3,000	,199	11,902	,268
Each F tests the multivariate effect of Time. These tests are based on the linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means.
a. Exact statistic
b. Computed using alpha =,05

4. PrePos * Time

Estimates
Measure: MEASURE_1
PrePos	Time	Mean	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval
				Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	1	60,000	1,902	55,345	64,655
	2	60,571	1,913	55,890	65,253
	3	60,000	2,582	53,682	66,318
	4	61,857	2,539	55,643	68,071
	5	62,857	1,818	58,408	67,306
2	1	61,286	1,782	56,924	65,647
	2	61,571	1,901	56,921	66,222
	3	63,429	2,328	57,731	69,126
	4	60,714	3,061	53,225	68,203
	5	63,000	2,225	57,555	68,445

<...

Pairwise Comparisons
Measure: MEASURE_1
Time	(I) PrePos	(J) PrePos	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.b	95% Confidence Interval for Differenceb
						Lower Bound	Upper Bound
1	1	2	-1,286	1,169	,314	-4,147	1,576
	2	1	1,286	1,169	,314	-1,576	4,147
2	1	2	-1,000	,787	,251	-2,925	,925
	2	1	1,000	,787	,251	-,925	2,925
3	1	2	-3,429*	1,110	,021	-6,144	-,713
	2	1	3,429*	1,110	,021	,713	6,144
4	1	2	1,143	1,818	,553	-3,306	5,592
	2	1	-1,143	1,818	,553	-5,592	3,306
5	1	2	-,143	1,870	,942	-4,718	4,433
	2	1	,143	1,870	,942	-4,433	4,718
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the,05 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no adjustments).
Multivariate Tests
Time	Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Powerb
1	Pillai's trace	,168	1,209a	1,000	6,000	,314	1,209	,154
	Wilks' lambda	,832	1,209a	1,000	6,000	,314	1,209	,154
	Hotelling's trace	,201	1,209a	1,000	6,000	,314	1,209	,154
	Roy's largest root	,201	1,209a	1,000	6,000	,314	1,209	,154

Страница:

•  1 
•  2 
•  3 

дипломная работа "Modulation of the visual cortex by non invasive brain stimulation" скачать

Подобные документы

• Visual diagnostics at comas

  Coma - a life-threatening condition characterized by loss of consciousness, the lack of response to stimuli. Its classification, mechanism of development and symptoms. Types of supratentorial and subtentorial brain displacement. Diagnosis of the disease.
  
  презентация [1,4 M], добавлен 24.03.2015
  

• The brain

  The brain as one of the largest and most complex organ in the human body. The physiological function of the brain, its divisions and share. The cerebral cortex of man. The principles of domination of the right and left hemispheres of different people.
  
  презентация [1,1 M], добавлен 20.11.2014
  

• Lungs

  Respiratory system brief. Structure of the Lungs. Structure of the Lungs. Examples of ailments of the lung: asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis. The characteristics and causes of diseases that cause them.. Visual of healthy vs. non healthy lungs.
  
  презентация [162,8 K], добавлен 27.11.2013
  

• Healthy lifestyle

  8 bad habits that reduce youth and life. Effect of nicotine to the brain, nervous system and the associated excess sweating. The composition of tobacco smoke. Closely relation of sport and health. The harm of smoking for women, the human psyche.
  
  презентация [777,7 K], добавлен 07.11.2014
  

• Coma and brain death

  Definition, pathophysiology, aetiologies (structural lesions, herniation syndromes, metabolic disturbances) of coma. Physical examination and investigations. Differential diagnosis - the pseudocomas. Prognostic signs in coma from global cerebral ischemia.
  
  презентация [875,4 K], добавлен 24.03.2015
  

• Drug addiction

  Addiction as a brain disease. Why Some are Addicted and others not. Symptoms of drug addiction. Local treatment facilities. Tips for recovery. Interesting statistics. Mental disorders, depression or anxiety. Method of drug use: smoking or injecting.
  
  презентация [4,7 M], добавлен 26.03.2016
  

• The Black Death

  The history of plague. The disease. Mortality. Physicians. The physicians of the fourteenth century and the Black Death. Effects of The Black Death: religion, other effects. The Black Death in European architecture as in literature.
  
  реферат [23,1 K], добавлен 23.01.2008
  

• Agranulocytosis

  Agranulocytosis - pathologic condition, which is characterized by a greatly decreased number of circulating neutrophils. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of this disease. Hereditary disease due to genetic mutations. Signs and symptoms, treatment.
  
  презентация [1,8 M], добавлен 25.02.2014
  

• Pneumonia

  Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia. Symptoms, diagnostics, treatment and prevention of this disease.
  
  презентация [279,8 K], добавлен 12.11.2013
  

• Effects of caries

  Disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth. Demineralization of the mineral portion of enamel and dentine followed by disintegration of their organic material. Classification of caries. Prevention and treatment of caries. The composition of the pulp.
  
  презентация [424,6 K], добавлен 14.12.2016
  

• Экспертные системы – основа технологии информатизации врачебной деятельности

  Информатизация общества в целом и медицины в частности: экспертные, самообучающиеся интеллектуальные системы и примеры их использования в медицине в лечебно-диагностических технологиях, телемедицине. искусственные нейронные сети, система Data Mining.
  
  реферат [332,7 K], добавлен 24.12.2009
  

• Применение экспертных систем в медицине

  Искусственные нейронные сети как математические модели и их программные реализации, строящиеся по образу биологических нейронных сетей. Знакомство с основными особенностями применения экспертных систем в медицине. Общая характеристика методов Data Mining.
  
  презентация [141,0 K], добавлен 17.05.2014
  

• Основы программирования на Visual Basic

  Язык программирования Visual Basic: краткая история возникновения, значение и общая характеристика. Изучение основных свойств Visual Basic, синтаксис языка. Обзор ключевых операторов Visual Basic, пользовательские процедуры и функции данного языка.
  
  контрольная работа [36,4 K], добавлен 23.07.2014
  

• Язык логического программирования Visual Prolog

  Основы языка Visual Prolog. Введение в логическое программирование. Особенности составления прологов, синтаксис логики предикатов. Программы на Visual Prolog. Унификация и поиск с возвратом. Использование нескольких значений как единого целого.
  
  лекция [120,5 K], добавлен 28.05.2010
  

• Язык программирования Visual Basic for Applications

  Рождение и развитие Basic. Краткое описание Visual Basic for Applications. Новые возможности Visual Basic 5.0. Пример взаимодействия Excel и Visual Basic. Программирование табличных функций. Встраивание, применение функций. Формы, средства управления OLE.
  
  реферат [20,7 K], добавлен 11.03.2010
  

• Создание и обработка Баз данных средствами Visual Basic 6.0

  Программный проект Баз данных средствами Visual Basic 6.0. Проектирование структуры таблицы базы данных Visual Basic 6.0. Заполнение созданных таблиц БД исходными данными. Создание пользовательского меню. Вид формы и свойства элементов управления.
  
  курсовая работа [3,0 M], добавлен 19.06.2010
  

• Основы работы в системах Turbo Pascal и Visual C++6.0

  Программирование и структура программы на языке Turbo Pascal и MS Visual C++6.0. Вычисление площади круга. Реализация программы в системе Turbo Pascal и MS VISUAL C++6.0 для Windows. Структура окна ТРW. Сохранение текста программы в файле на диске.
  
  лабораторная работа [3,7 M], добавлен 22.03.2012
  

• Загальна характеристика елементів мови програмування VBA (Visual Basic for Application)

  Характеристика мови програмування VBA (Visual Basic for Application): можливості й засоби. Використання редактора Visual Basic. Створення та виконання VBA-програм. Типи даних, змінні й константи, операції й вирази. Керуючі оператори, процедури й функції.
  
  реферат [29,9 K], добавлен 28.06.2011
  

• Каталог файлов на Visual C++

  Стандартные функции для работы с динамической памятью. Представление списков цепочками звеньев. Организация файлового каталога в файловой системе в виде линейного списка на языке Visual C++. Создание блок-схемы и инструкции по работе с программой.
  
  курсовая работа [252,0 K], добавлен 22.01.2015
  

• Диаграммы в Visual Basic

  Разработка программного продукта с помощью языка программирования Visual Basic. Описание интерфейса пользователя и возможностей программы. Исходный код основных модулей. Программа, демонстрирующая основные возможности диаграмм и среды Visual Basic.
  
  контрольная работа [989,9 K], добавлен 29.03.2011
  

Другие документы, подобные "Modulation of the visual cortex by non invasive brain stimulation"

• главная
• рубрики
• по алфавиту
• вернуться в начало страницы
• вернуться к началу текста
• вернуться к подобным работам