The social significance of allergies in children born to mothers with allergies

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Department of ambulatory medicine and physical education

Tashkent pediatric medical institute

The social significance of allergies in children born to mothers with allergies

Devorova M.B, Ph.D. assistant professor

Abstract

The article includes data from literary analysis on aspects of the social significance of allergies in children born to mothers with allergic diseases, which are important for physicians, especially pediatricians.

Keywords: allergies, pregnancy, aspects, complications, children

Allergic diseases belong to the most common in children, and in recent years there has been a significant increase in the frequency and more severe course of allergic diseases, in connection with which they are considered in modern society as a major medical and social problem. The frequency of allergic diseases, according to different authors, varies widely, depending on the diagnostic criteria used and methods of epidemiological research. Statistics showed that the prevalence of bronchial asthma according to domestic and foreign authors ranges from 0.2 to 8.1%. At the same time, according to the generalized data of the ISAAC study (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children), the frequency of asthma symptoms ranges from 1.0 to 30.8%. Allergic rhinitis and pollinosis in different regions make up 0.2-20%, atopic dermatitis and eczema - 1.6-4.2%.

The authors of foreign and domestic literature noted that one of the reasons for the variation in the prevalence rates of allergic diseases in children is the lack of a standard epidemiological survey methodology and uniform diagnostic criteria, representativeness of groups for a reliable comparison of the results obtained. At the same time, essential hypodiagnosis of allergic diseases is also noted.

Epidemiologically defined prevalence rates of allergic diseases often exceed the official statistics twice, therefore, data based on referral to doctors do not reflect the true spread of this pathology and confirm the need for epidemiological studies. The social significance of the problem and the economic burden of allergic diseases also dictate the need for such research.

As is known from the literature, the development of allergic diseases depends on the interaction of genetic susceptibility on the one hand and the influence of environmental allergens, as well as non-specific factors (smoking, air pollution and infection) on the other. It should be noted that the last three or four decades The incidence of asthma and other allergopathologies throughout the world has increased markedly, being too short a period of time for the emergence of new genetic changes. Therefore, basically all studies are focused on the study of various environmental factors that, to one degree or another, may be involved in high rates of allergy growth.

Domestic authors have stated that the question of heredity in allergy showed that it was burdened in 49.4% in the group with established allergic diseases, whereas in non-allergic children only, and 18% of cases. Established cases of similar diseases of relatives in children with allergies in 58% of cases were recorded by the mother, in 37% - in relatives on the maternal line, in 11.6% - from the father, in 11.6% - in relatives on the paternal side. In 16% of children, hereditary burden was on two lines of relationship, children without allergies, but with identified hereditary burden, the structure was about the same, but there were no cases of burden and on two lines.

To date, data on the prevalence of allergic diseases, mainly determined by the results of statistical reports compiled by medical institutions for accessibility. However, this information does not give a true picture.

The epidemic increase in the number of allergic diseases over the past 30-40 years is obvious. In childhood, the most common are three clinical forms of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. It is generally recognized that official statistics, based on indicators of patient attendance at medical institutions, do not correspond to the true prevalence of diseases.

Clinical studies on standardized international programs show that the frequency of allergic diseases has increased over the last decade by 2 times and reached 30% among the child population. Allergic diseases are one of the main items of expenditure from treatment, hospitalization and causes of deterioration in the quality of life of children and their parents. In this connection, adequate prevention of allergy in children, its timely detection and proper treatment is of great importance. allergy child diagnosis pregnancy woman

Allergic diseases are complex and multifactorial in nature. Some of the factors are generally recognized and well-studied, for example, genetic predisposition, others have been actively studied in recent years. Particular attention is attracted by the role of infectious agents that can change the nature and fork of the body's immune response.

The authors found that, due to the complexity of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, literature data on the effects of viral and bacterial pathogens on them are often contradictory and cause more confusion than evidence. On the other hand, in 70% of children, the first attack of asthma occurs against the background of acute respiratory infections; among them there is a high proportion of infected with mycoplasmas, chlamydia, cy- tomsgalovirus.

The ability of some viruses to bacteria to initiate the production of specific immunoglobulins of class E has been proven. Thus, to study the role of individual factors in the development of allergy, long-term studies are needed, starting with the birth of a child.

In recent years, there has been a tendency to an increase in the population of the number of children with clinical manifestations of immunopathological syndromes: the syndrome of viral infection, protective allergic, autoimmune, immuno-proliferative. The first 2 of them are the most common and often combined with each other. It is of interest to study their mutual influence, the characteristics of formation and manifestation, and the diagnosis of therapy.

Recent studies have shown significant immune disorders in children with allergic diseases. However, methods of laboratory diagnosis of allergies are very limited. A search for new methods of diagnosing allergies is required. In addition, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of immune disorders at the present stage is not defined, which may be particularly relevant given the combined forms of allergic and infectious syndromes. Characterization of leukocyte phagocytic activity, assessment of the contribution of the absorption activity of different types of phagocytic cells (including eosinophils and monocytes) requires clarification.

Digs the prevalence of allergic diseases, its frequent combination with other immune disorders are the cause of the constant search for safe n effective prevention methods and treatment. The presence of concomitant infectious disorders requires reasonable use in the complex therapy of ethnological and immunomodulat- ing agents, determination of indications, development of methods and methods for monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.

An analysis of the literature has shown that the problem of studying the true prevalence of allergic diseases in children with the study of the results of evidence-based epidemiological research is becoming increasingly relevant. Estimation of the true prevalence of allergic diseases is extremely relevant, as it allows to determine the most significant risk factors and outline ways to effectively prevent allergic diseases (A3) in children. Most researchers predict a further increase in allergies, which dictates the search for new ways to solve the problem, in particular, the introduction of modern methods of prevention. The most effective is the primary prevention, designed to prevent the development of allergies, while the secondary or tertiary prevention are aimed at alleviating the severity of the course or reducing the risk of complications of existing allergic diseases. Since the immune system begins to form in utero, sensitization is possible even during pregnancy and preventive measures should be taken already in this period. Numerous studies show that when allergens act on the body of a pregnant woman, the fetus activates T-cell immunity along the Th2 path. This contributes to an earlier manifestation of the atopic immune response in the newborn, especially with a genetic predisposition to the development of atopic diseases.

In conclusion, the literature review can be noted that the timely diagnosis and control of allergic diseases in women are necessary to improve the course of pregnancy and minimize the risk of developing allergic diseases in a child.

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