Роль візуалізаційних методів дослідження в діагностиці та менеджменті аксіального спондилоартриту

Діагностична оцінка аксіального спондилоартриту (аксСпА) з використанням рентгенографії, КТ, МРТ і застосування цих методів на практиці. Аналіз ефективності передових методів візуалізації для поліпшення діагностики та менеджменту пацієнтів з аксСпА.

Рубрика Медицина
Вид статья
Язык украинский
Дата добавления 17.06.2021
Размер файла 3,0 M

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Висновки

Упровадження МРТ ККС являє собою важливий крок уперед порівняно зі звичайною рентгенографією для діагностики аксСпА. Низькодозована КТ ККС також перевершує звичайну рентгенографію і може використовуватися в діагностичних цілях, коли доступ до МРТ обмежений. НКС у ККС є найпоширенішим ураженням на МРТ у пацієнтів з раннім аксСпА, але не має високої специфічності у молодих людей, які фізично активні. На відміну від цього ерозія і жирова метаплазія постають більш специфічними і можуть потенційно поліпшити діагностичну цінність у широкого кола пацієнтів, які звертаються до ревматолога з не- діагностованим болем у спині. Якою мірою структурні МРТ-ураження ККС покращують класифікаційні критерії ASAS, залишається утаємненим, і це питання повинне бути розглянуто у подальших дослідженнях.

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Резюме

Трудности диагностики спондилоартритов обусловлены в основном медленным, обычно в течение нескольких лет, развитием характерных рентгенологических изменений (сакроилеит, синдесмофиты и др.). Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) крестцово-подвздошных суставов считается ведущим визуализационным методом исследования в ранней диагностике аксиального спондилоартрита (аксСпА) и играет важную роль в прогнозировании течения этого заболевания. МРТ позволяет выявить воспалительные изменения различных тканей, в первую очередь отек костного мозга, который предшествует развитию структурных изменений. Однако ограниченный доступ к МРТ, высокая стоимость этого исследования и недостаток опыта врачей-диагностов в интерпретации МРТ привели к возрождению интереса к компьютерной томографии (КТ), особенно к разработке протоколов с излучением малой интенсивности для оценки крестцово-подвздошных суставов. Исследования оценки эффективности ингибиторов фактора некроза опухоли у пациентов с нерентгенографическим аксСпА обусловили лучшее понимание роли МРТ и КТ в отборе пациентов, которые могут хорошо отвечать на эту терапию. Диагностическая ценность активных и структурных повреждений для оценки прогностического риска и выбора подходящего лечения также является областью современных исследований. Цель данного обзора литературы -- характеристика диагностической оценки аксСпА с использованием обычной рентгенографии, КТ и МРТ и возможности применения различных методов на практике. Обсуждаются новые перспективные данные, поясняющие эволюцию недавно описанных на МРТ поражений и то, как эти данные могут улучшить понимание роли МРТ как диагностического и прогностического инструмента согласно новым рекомендациям ASAS по МРТ-диагностике аксСпА.

Ключевые слова: аксиальный спондилоартрит; диагностика; МРТ, КТ, рентгенография

Abstract

Difficulties in the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis are mainly due to the slow, usually for several years, development of characteristic radiological changes (sacroiliitis, syndesmophytes, etc.). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints is considered the leading imaging method in the early diagnosis of axial spondylo- arthritis and plays an important role in predicting the disease course. MRI helps detect inflammatory changes in various tissues, primarily bone edema, which precedes the development of structural changes. However, the limited access to MRI, the high cost of this study, and the lack of expertise in interpretation have revived interest in computed tomography (CT), especially the development of low-intensity radiation protocols for assessing the sacroiliac joints. Trials evaluating the efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis have led to a better understanding of MRI and CT role in selecting patients, which might respond well to this therapy. The diagnostic value of active and structural damage in assessing prognostic risk and selecting the appropriate treatment is also an area of modern researches. The purpose of this literature review' is to characterize the diagnostic assessment of axial spondyloarthritis using conventional radiography, CT and MRI and the possibility of applying various methods in practice. New promising data are discussed explaining the evolution of recently described MRI lesions and how these data can improve understanding of MRI role as a diagnostic and prognostic tool according to new recommendations of the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society for MRI diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis.

Keywords: axial spondyloarthritis; diagnosis; magnetic resonance imaging; computed tomography; radiography

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