Study of physiological and psychological indices of university students

Размещено на http://allbest.ru

1National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport

2National University “Odessa Academy of Law

1Mousa Jamil Graduate Student

1Korobeynikova L.G. Doctor of Science, Professor

2Maximovich N.Y.Senior Lecturer”

Kyiv, Ukraine

Abstract

Purpose: assessment of functional indices of external respiration, the level of physical health and the general state of the autonomic nervous system of university students.

Material: There were examined 192 students aged 18-21 years. All examined were divided into groups depending on gender, age and future profession. Anthropometric indices and parameters of the circulatory system were studied. Spirometer was used to measure the respiratory system functional indices. An express assessment of physical health level was made. Index of functional changes, the Kerdo vegetation index, the orthostatic index, and the Skibinskaya index were calculated. Stange test, Hench test and Martin-Kushelevsky's test were conducted.

Results: The results are showed that the minute blood volume was higher in all examined young girls, whereas in young boys designers and pharmacists aged 17-18 years and 19-21 years, respectively it was lower than due values. Similar data were obtained after the Ruffier test (dynamic load tolerance).

The index of vital lung capacity (VC) was significantly lower than due values in all students. The parameters of maximal pulmonary ventilation indicated good functional ability of the external respiration apparatus in young boys. This index was higher than that of young girls and exceeded due values. The adaptation capacities of the student body (index of functional changes (IFI)) were at a satisfactory level. The indices of physical health level of all students had average values.

Conclusions: Studies have revealed the most characteristic shifts of cardiorespiratory system indices, which are most expressed in students. Cardiorespiratory system shifts are caused by the influence of a complex of factors: increased academic load; requirements for the professionalization process continuity; performance of various structured activity types, manipulations, a high degree of responsibility. Increased pulse rate and minute blood volume; prevalence of the hyperkinetic type of blood circulation self-regulation at rest; irrational cardiovascular system response to dosed physical load; positive value of the Kerdo vegetation index; decreased ventilatory lung capacity and reserve capacity of cardiorespiratory system; tension of adaptation mechanisms; average level of physical health were recorded in students.

Keywords: students, physiological indices, physical health level, profession.

Анотація

Дослідження фізіологічних і психологічних показників студентів університету

Муса Джаміль, Коробейнікова Л.Г., Максимович Н.Ю.

Мета дослідження - оцінювання функціональних показників зовнішнього дихання, рівня фізичного здоров'я і загального стану вегетативної нервової системи студентів університету.

Учасники: Обстежено 192 студенти у віці 18-21 рік. Усі обстежені були розділені на групи залежно від статі, віку і майбутньої професії. Організація дослідження. Вивчалися антропометричні показники і параметри системи кровообігу. Вимір функціональних показників дихальної системи здійснювали за допомогою спірометра. Розраховували індекс функціональних змін, вегетативний індекс Кердо, ортостатичний індекс, індекс Скибинської. Проводили проби Штанге, Генчі, Мартине-Кушелевського. Висновки: Дослідження виявили найбільш характерні зрушення кардіореспіраторної системи, які викликані впливом комплексу чинників: підвищеним академічним навантаженням; вимогами безперервності процесу професіоналізації; виконання різних структурованих видів діяльності, маніпуляцій, високою мірою відповідальності. У студентів зареєстровано: збільшення пульсу і хвилинного об'єму крові; переважання гіперкінетичного типу саморегуляції кровообігу у спокої; нераціональну реакцію серцево-судинної системи на дозоване фізичне навантаження; позитивну величину вегетативного індексу Кердо; зниження вентиляційних здібностей легких і резервних можливостей кардіореспіраторної системи; напруга механізмів адаптації; середній рівень фізичного здоров'я.

Ключові слова: студенти, фізіологічні показники, рівень фізичного здоров'я, професія.

Introduction

In recent years, a critical level of Ukrainian population health status has been noted. This is especially true for students. It is during this period that the future professional and carrier of the nation intellectual potential is formed. The health of a young specialist is assuming high public importance.

The current state of the higher education organization is characterized by a constant increase of educational loads in the face of pronounced psychoemotional tension and low motor activity level [1]. This creates the prerequisites for chronic fatigue development. Chronic fatigue influences the reduction in performance, physical fitness and the deterioration of the health of students [2]. The main reason for the deterioration of students' health is chronic psychoemotional stress associated with high mental loads, perception and processing of various information in a compressed time frame and intensive use of computer technology in the educational process [3, 4].

Physical development is one of the main indices characterizing the population health status. The respiratory system is considered an indicator of psychoemotional tension state. It is one of the body key systems. The respiratory system determines the body adaptation abilities to a wide variety of environmental factors [5, 6].

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the body functioning [7]. It ensures the maintenance of homeostasis and affects various forms of mental and physical responses.

To program physical education classes with account for the profession peculiarities, it is necessary to obtain a number of important indices. They should disclose the health level, adaptation capacities, physical development, functional potential and several others. Similar studies have been conducted [8, 9]. However, studies of physiological parameters of students of creative professions (designers) and those of exact sciences (pharmacists), as well as their comparison, have not been carried out yet.

Objective of study - assessment of functional indices of external respiration, the level of physical health and the general state of the autonomic nervous system of university students.

Material and methods

Participants. 192 students aged 18-21 years were examined. All examined were divided into groups depending on gender, age and future profession.

Qrganization of study. Anthropometric indices and circulatory system parameters were studied (standard complex of methods was used). “Spiro C-100” spirometer was used for measuring respiratory system functional indices.

An express assessment of physical health level (PHL) was made. Index of functional changes (IFC), the Kerdo vegetation index (KVI), the orthostatic index (OI) and the Skibinskaya index (SI) were calculated. Stange test, Hench test and Martin-Kushelevsky's test (20 squats in 30 s) were conducted.

Statistical analysis. During experimental data processing, we determined the average values of indices and their errors (M ± m), the degree of difference of averages and the significance of differences (t, p).

The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of the European Convention and the Helsinki Declaration (ethics principles regarding human experimentation). It was confirmed by the Bioethics Commission of the University. Examined provided written approvals for analysis and subsequent disclosure.

Results

The calculation of the Quetelet index indicated normal bodybuild in a greater number of subjects (20.55±0.78 - 24.15±1.55 kg m^-1 and 20.94±1.55 - 25.62±1.59 kg m^-1 in students designers and students pharmacists, respectively).

Minute blood volume was higher in all examined young girls, whereas in young boys designers and pharmacists aged 1718 years and 19-21 years, respectively it was lower than due values.

The actual pulse was higher than expected in a larger number of subjects (Table 1). Sympathetic regulation (judging by the magnitude of the Kerdo vegetation index (KVI)) was noted in pharmacist students. Among the designers there were students with parasympathetic regulation.

Table 1

Pulse, Kerdo vegetation index (KVI) and orthostatic index (QI) in examined students M±m)

Response quality index (RQI) was calculated to evaluate the Martin-Kushelevsky's test. It demonstrated an irrational response in a larger number of young girls pharmacists (1.52±0.27 - 1.59±0.23).

A satisfactory response was noted among young boys pharmacists (0.42±0.16 - 0.47±0.18) and young girls designers (0.42±0.08 - 0.46±0.14).

In young boys designers, the values of this index corresponded to a good response (0.51±0.15 - 0.52±0.11). Similar data were obtained after the Ruffier test (dynamic load tolerance). The index of vital lung capacity (VC) was significantly lower than due values in all students (Table 2).

Table 2

Indices of external respiration function in examined students (M±m)

One of the parameters of external respiration for removal of carbon dioxide and blood oxygen saturation is the potential of external respiration (PER). The potential of external respiration in all students was satisfactory (49.50±2.10 - 58.49±2.79).

Table 3

Values of maximal pulmonary ventilation in examined students (M±m)

The parameters of maximal pulmonary ventilation indicated good functional ability of the external respiration apparatus in young boys. This index was higher than that of young girls and exceeded due values (Table 3).

Numerous researchers suggest using Stange test and Hench test to determine cardiorespiratory system reserve capacities. In our studies minimum timed inspiratory and expiratory capacity was noted in pharmacists (Table 4).

Table 4

Results of Stange test, Hench test and Skibinskaya index in examined students (M±m)

The adaptation capacities of the student body (index of functional changes (IFI)) were at a satisfactory level. The indices of physical health level of all students had average values (Table 5).

Table 5

Values of the index of functional changes (IFC) and physical health level (PHL) in examined students (M±m)

Discussion

Studying at universities represents a complex and strenuous intellectual work. It is performed under conditions of time deficit in the face of a sharp decrease in motor activity. The actual academic load of the examined pharmacist students per week is greater than that of the designers [10]. Physical development directly affects the functioning of all body organs and systems. Ideal body mass depends on the gender and height of the person. Mass is associated with various factors of life. In case of overweight, it is harder for organs and systems to provide normal functioning of the body. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the frequency of obesity among adolescents and young people [11]. The values of the Quetelet index indicated a normal bodybuild of a larger number of examined students. However, some researchers have obtained opposite results [12, 13].

Cardiovascular system is the most important criterion of human body functional state. Its activity often restricts the development of adaptation responses to various environmental conditions. One of the labile functional indices of this system is the pulse, which was higher in pharmacists. However, the actual pulse was higher than due in a larger number of subjects. This may be associated with psychoemotional tension and is accompanied by a weakening of supporting influences on the part of the heart vagus nerves, with an increase of the sympathetic system impact [13, 14].

Sympathetic regulation (according to KVI value) prevailed among medical students. Among the designers there were students with parasympathetic regulation. The pulse reflects the final result of numerous regulatory influences on the circulatory system [15, 16] and characterizes the peculiarities of the already established homeostatic mechanism. Any disturbing factor can cause an oscillatory shift in the internal milieu. This will induce a phase change in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity [17, 18].

For a more complete assessment of cardiovascular system functional state, one should take into account the indices of stroke and minute blood volumes. The minute blood volume in all the examined girls was higher than due values, whereas in young boys designers aged 17-18 years old and young boys pharmacists aged 19-21 years old it was lower than due values [19].

The most favorable type of blood circulation is eukinetic, which is characterized by high adaptation capacities. It was more common among designers (44%). This is confirmed by the values of the orthostatic index, which was calculated after the orthostatic test [20]. Hyperkinetic type of blood circulation prevailed among pharmacists (49%). Hypokinetic type of blood circulation self-regulation was more common for pharmacists. This indicates a restricted range of circulatory system compensatory capacities [21, 22].

The study of functions at rest is important for determining the initial state of executive and regulatory mechanisms of an organ, system or body as a whole. In order to reveal the ability of an organ or system to exist under physiological, homeostatic, stressful and extreme conditions, stress studies are needed [23, 24].

The response quality index of the Martin-Kushelevsky's test (RQI) revealed an irrational response in most girls. This is associated with fatigue, overstrain, low physical activity. A satisfactory response was observed among young boys pharmacists and young girls designers. In young boys designers, the values of this index corresponded to a good response. Similar data were obtained after the Ruffier test (dynamic load tolerance).

The vital lung capacity (VC) depends on the body length, the degree of the chest development, respiratory muscles, physical preparation [25]. High levels of VC were found in boys as compared to girls. However, the respiratory system state of students is low. In all examined students, the studied index was lower than due values. This indicated a decrease in ventilatory lung capacity. Similar findings were obtained by Koviasina, Pogrebniak, Kudelko, Nagovitsina, Zhu et all. One of the parameters of external respiration for removal of carbon dioxide and blood oxygen saturation is the potential of external respiration (PER). The potential of external respiration in all students was satisfactory. This is indicative of a prolonged absence of physical loads, as a result of which the muscles involved in respiratory movements lose their performance efficiency. This leads to a decrease in gas exchange efficiency and a lack of oxygen in the body [26, 27]. Lower values of this index were noted in pharmacists.

To evaluate bronchial patency, which in healthy individuals normally constitutes at least 70% of VC per second, a forced VC test was used. This was just revealed in examined students. Higher values of the studied index were identified in designers. It appears that frequent walks in the fresh air, which are associated with the performance of professional tasks, have a beneficial effect on the VC [28]. One of the most important indices of external respiration function, which determines both the speed and volume characteristics of ventilation, is the maximal pulmonary ventilation (MPV). The diagnostic value of MPV is that it reflects the reserves of respiratory function. A decrease in these reserves is a sign of a pathological condition. physical health student cardiorespiratory

The decrease in MPV occurs due to reduced volume of ventilated lung tissue and decreased bronchial patency, hypodynamia [29]. In all examined young boys, this parameter indicated good functional ability of the external respiration apparatus. MPV was higher in young boys as compared to young girls and exceeded due values.

Many researchers suggest to use the Stange test and Hench test [30, 31] in order to determine the cardiorespiratory system reserve capacities. In our studies, the minimum timed inspiratory and expiratory capacity was observed in pharmacists. This may indicate a decrease in the reserve capacity of cardiorespiratory system, insufficient oxygen supply and a minimum level of training level [32]. This statement is confirmed by the values of the Skibinskaya index. We used the index of functional changes (IFC) as a criterion of adaptation capacities. IFC values indicated the predominance of satisfactory adaptation in designers and the tension of adaptation mechanisms in pharmacists. Physical health indices (PHL) were average for all students. Above the average PHL indices were noted in designers. This fact is confirmed by VC indices.

Conclusions

1. Studies have revealed the most characteristic shifts in the indices of the cardiorespiratory system, which are most expressed in students. Shifts in the cardiorespiratory system are caused by a complex of factors:

• increased academic load;

• requirements for professionalization process continuity;

• performance of various structured types of activity, manipulations,

• high degree of responsibility.

2. The following was observed in students:

• increase of pulse and minute blood volume;

• prevalence of hyperkinetic type of circulation self-regulation at rest;

• irrational cardiovascular system response to dosed physical load;

• positive value of the Kerdo vegetation index;

• decrease of ventilatory lung capacity and reserve capacities of the cardiorespiratory system;

• tension of adaptation mechanisms;

• average level of physical health.

References

1. Gorner K, Reineke A. The influence of endurance and strength training on body composition and physical fitness in female students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2020;20;3;272:2013-2020. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.s3272.

2. Korobeinikov HV. Functional state of the body and mental capability in humans of various ages. Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal, 2001;47(2):87-92.

3. Kolumbet AN. Dynamic of girl students' psychophysiological indicators in process of their study at pedagogical higher educational establishment. Physical Education of Students, 2016;1:29-36. https://doi.org/ 10.15561/20755279.2016.0104.

4. Koviazina OL, Frolova OV, Lepunova OI, Litvinova NS. Comparative estimation of functional indexes of the external breathing, physical health and general state level vegetative nervous system for the students of biologists and physicians. News of the Samara scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2016;18;2(3):712-717.

5. 5.Sparling PB, Millard-Stafford M, Snow T. Curl-up testing in college students: validity and practicality of a field test. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 1998;69:311- ЗіЗ.

6. 6.Osipov A, Tselovalnikova M, Klimas N, Zhavner T, Vapaeva A, Mokrova T. Realization of Anti Gravity fitness exercises in physical education practice of female students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2019;19;4;207:1429-1434. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s4207.

7. Loewenstein VR. Handbook of Sensor. Physiology. Principles of Receptor Physiology. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 1992.

8. Kalaja SP, Jaakkola TT, Liukkonen JO, Digelidis N. Development of junior high school students' fundamental movement skills and physical activity in a naturalistic physical education setting. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 2012;17(4):411-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989. 2011.603124.

9. Prusik Krzysztof, Prusik Katarzyna, Kozina ZL, Iermakov SS. Features of physical development, physical preparedness and functional state of boys and girls-students of Polish higher educational establishments. Physical Education of Students, 2013;1:54-61. https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.96415.

10. Hakman A, Andrieieva O, Kashuba V, Nakonechnyi I, Cherednichenko S, Khrypko I, Tomilina Y, Filak F, Moldovan A. Characteristics of biogeometric profile of posture and quality of life of students during the process of physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2020;20(1);10:79-85. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.01010.

11. Prysiazhniuk S, Tolubko V, Oleniev D, Parczevskyy Y, Prontenko P, Griban G, Zhyrnov O. The influence of physical activities on biological age parameters of the first-year female students from the special medical department. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2018;18(2);81:561-564. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.02081.

12. Filchakov SA, Chernyschova IV, Schemova MV. Issues of the day of health of students. Successes of Modern Natural Science, 2013;10:192.

13. Barlett HL, Mance MJ, Buskirk ER. Body composition and expiratory reserve volume in female gymnasts and runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1984;16:311-315. PMID: 6748931.

14. Tunnemann H. Evolution and adjustments for the new rules in wrestling. Psychophysiological International Journal of Wrestling Science, 2013;3(2):94-105.

15. Koviazina OL. Estimation of morfofunctional indexes of students depending on tone of the vegetative nervous system. Forming of culture of health as bases of development of healthy personality in the conditions of innovative educational process. Tumen, 2012:52-54.

16. Baevsky RM, Berseneva AP. Estimation of adaptation possibilities of organism and risk of development of diseases. Moscow, 1997.

17. Masliak IP. Physical health of young and middle age women under influence of step-aerobics exercises. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 2015;10:45-50.

18. Kokun O, Imas Y, Vovkohon A, Potop V, Korobeynikov G, Korobeynikova L, Polevaya-Secaryanu A. Physical Education and Sports as a Tool for Formation of Students' Psychophysiological Readiness to Their Professional Work. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2018;18(2):966-971. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.02143.

19. Scherbakova MY, Poriadina GI. Modern look to the problem of obesity for children and teenagers. Pediatrics, 2012;91;3:122-130.

20. Zhu W. Comments on “Development of a Cadence Curl-Up Test for College Students” (Sparling, Millard-Stafford, & Snow, 1997): concerns about validity and practicality. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 1998;69:308-310.

21. Guidance to practical employments on normal physiology. Moscow, 2011.

22. Hewlett AW, Jackson NR. Vital Capacity in a Group of College Students. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1922;29:515.

23. Zhuravleva YS, Radysh IV. Specialities of changes functional state of organism of women students under health aerobics. Ecology of Human, 2010;10:30-35.

24. Korobeynikov G, Glazyrin I, Potop V, Archipenko V, Glazyrina V, Dudnyk O, Korobeinikova L, Dakal N. Adaptation to endurance load in youths. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2019;19:1035-1040. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s3149.

25. Wilmore JH et al. Physiology of sport and exercise. (4 td ed). Human Kinetice, (chapter 6), 2008.

26. Korobeinikov HV, Kharkovliuk NV. The characteristics of autonomic regulation in persons with different levels of mental work capacity. Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal, 2000;46(1):82-88.

27. Blair SN et al. Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2001;33:379-399. PMID: 11427763; https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200106001-00007.

28. Pop C, Ciomag V. The Influence of Aerobic Gymnastics on the Students' Body Image. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014;117:129-135. https://dbi.org/10.10164sbspro.2014.08.291.

29. Podstawski R, Zurek P, Clark CC, Ihash F, Kozina Z, Omelan A. Sex-Mediated Differences Among University Students Performing Extreme Physical Activity During the 3-Minute Burpee Test. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2019;26(2):27-33. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0011.

30. Pogrebniak IM, Kudelko VE, Nagovitsina OP. Effect of improving aerobics classes at the level of flexibility of female students. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 2013;5:49-52.

31. Karpman VL, Belocerkovsky ZB. Testing is in sporting medicine. Moscow, 1998.

32. Yukhymenko L, Makarchuk M, Korobeynikov G, Korobeynikova L, Imas Y, Kozina Z. Hemodynamic aspects of compensatory reactions of human cardiovascular system in conditions of postural loads. Physiotherapy Quarterly, 2018;26(3):6-12. https://doi.org/10.5114/pq.2018.78373.

Размещено на Allbest.ru