Social responsibility as a mandatory component nursing specialist

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Social responsibility as a mandatory component nursing specialist

O.I. Pylypyshyn, S.V. Bondarenko, D.А. Shpak, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University

Purpose: to reveal some aspects of social responsibility in nursing as a component of the concept that is fully related to the context and health care system of each society.

Materials and Methods. Research materials of domestic and foreign authors are used. The study used: the bibliosemantic method and the system analysis method. The study was conducted on the basis of the analysis of competencies and practical results acquired by the applicants in the process of training for future professional activities.

Results. Competency-based assessment of nursing education, rather than a prescribed educational program or curriculum, holds potential for future nursing leadership development for both education and professional practice in global nursing. Any view of social responsibility and the nursing profession must address the complex issues surrounding nursing education worldwide. The study was conducted to analyze the concept of social responsibility of a nurse. Clarifying the social responsibility of nurses and highlighting it in nursing will undoubtedly lead to patient and client satisfaction, professional development and a reduction in health care costs. In addition, by identifying facilitators, inhibitors, and concepts of social responsibility, nurse managers and nurse educators will be able to design and implement their management and teaching activities based on the scientific findings that are necessary for proper teaching and implementation. Social responsibility which is “closely related to many professions, providing an important framework for guiding the overall development of such professions and their companions”. Furthermore, they see social responsibility as closely related to a number of humanistic constructs, including human rights, social justice and community participation.

One of the most important factors in addressing current and future social responsibility issues is the creation of a global agenda for nursing education.

Conclusion. Studying and taking into account the points of view of nursing experts, as well as the conclusions of previously conducted research on this topic can be used to take measures to eliminate barriers and prevent the provision of quality nursing care, public health protection.

Key words: Social responsibility; nursing; concept analysis.

Соціальна відповідальність як обов'язкова складова фахівця медсестринства

О.І. Пилипишин, С.В. Бондаренко, Д.A. Шпак, Тернопільський національний медичний університет імені І.Я. Горбачевського МОЗ України

Мета: розкрити деякі аспекти соціальної відповідальності в сестринській справі як складову концепції, яка повністю пов'язана з контекстом і системою охорони здоров'я кожного суспільства.

Матеріали і методи. Використані матеріали досліджень вітчизняних та іноземних авторів. У дослідженні використовувалися: бібліосемантичний метод та метод системного аналізу. Дослідження проведено на основі аналізу компетентностей та практичних результатів, набутих здобувачами в процесі навчання для майбутньої професійної діяльності.

Результати. Оцінка підготовки медичної сестри, заснована на компетентності, а не встановлена освітня програма чи навчальний план, містить потенціал для майбутнього розвитку лідерства в сестринській справі як для освіти, так і для професійної практики в глобальній сестринській справі. Будь-який погляд на соціальну відповідальність і професію медсестри повинен розглядати складні питання, пов'язані з навчанням медсестер у всьому світі. Хоча існують визначені перешкоди для стандартизації медсестринської освіти, включаючи гендерні питання (проблеми медсестринства як жіночої роботи та гендерна дискримінація в усьому світі), мовні та культурні бар'єри, а також відмінності в освітніх програмах і моделях (від початкового рівня до докторського), є також потенційні рішення, які слід розглянути. Серед найбільш багатообіцяючих досягнень у покращенні глобальної освітньої та професійної практики медсестер є технологія, яка має потенціал для об'єднання сестринської справи в усьому світі. Дослідження було проведено з метою аналізу концепції соціальної відповідальності медсестри. Уточнення соціальної відповідальності медсестер і висвітлення її в сестринській справі безперечно приведуть до задоволеності пацієнтів і клієнтів, професійного розвитку та зниження витрат на охорону здоров'я. Крім того, визначивши посередники, гальмівники та концепції соціальної відповідальності, медсестринські менеджери та медсестринські викладачі зможуть розробити та впровадити свою діяльність з управління та навчання на основі наукових висновків, які є необхідними для правильного навчання та реалізації.

Соціальна відповідальність тісно пов'язана з багатьма професіями, забезпечуючи важливу структуру для керівництва загальним розвитком таких професій та їх супутників. Крім того, вони розглядають соціальну відповідальність як тісно пов'язану з низкою гуманістичних побудов, включаючи права людини, соціальну справедливість і участь громади.

Одним із найважливіших факторів у вирішенні поточних і майбутніх питань соціальної відповідальності є створення глобального порядку денного для медсестринської освіти.

Висновок. Вивчення та врахування точок зору експертів із медсестринства, а також висновків раніше проведених досліджень із даної тематики можна використати для вжиття заходів з усунення бар'єрів і запобігання наданню якісного медсестринського догляду, охорони здоров'я суспільства.

Ключові слова: соціальна відповідальність; сестринська справа; аналіз концепції.

Social responsibility in nursing is a complex concept that is completely associated with the context and healthcare system of every society. This study was conducted to analyze the concept of nurse's social responsibility. Clarifying the social responsibility of nurses and highlighting it in nursing will definitely lead to satisfaction in patients and clients, professional development and reduction of health care costs. Also, by identifying facilitators, inhibitors and social responsibility concepts, nursing managers and nursing educators will be able to design and implement their management and training activities based on scientific findings based on the findings that are necessary for the correct learning and implementation.

Social responsibility as “closely connected with many professions, providing an important construct for guiding the overall development of these professions and their members”. Furthermore, they view social responsibility as closely related to a number of humanistic constructs, including human rights, social justice, and community engagement.

One of the most important factors in addressing current and future issues of social responsibility is establishing a global agenda for nursing education.

Competency-based evaluation of nurse preparation, rather than a prescribed educational program or curriculum, holds potential for future nursing leadership development for both education and professional practice in global nursing. Any view on social responsibility and the nursing profession must address the complex issues related to educating nurses worldwide. Although there are identified obstacles to standardizing nursing education, including gender issues (the challenges of nursing as women's work and gender discrimination around the world), language and cultural barriers, and differences in educational programs and patterns (from the basic entry level to the doctoral level), there are also potential solutions that should be considered. Among the most promising advancements in to enhance the global nursing educational and professional practice agendas is the technology that has the potential to unite nursing globally.

Generally, social responsibility is a form of public support for the needs of others that restates social issues; these are affected by contemporary worldwide societies and communities. As a science that focuses on human caring, nursing has both the power and knowledge to advance communities. As a professional job, nursing is also able to concentrate on the well-being of a society in advocating for social change. Due to the fact that nurses are truly the largest number of health care providers, the profession of nursing has to claim leadership in social responsibility. Nursing has the capacity to do this, not just because it is right, but also because many nursing education courses equip nurses to assume this responsibility. Nursing has a commitment and responsibility to satisfy a social contract for care with society.

Nurses are the first health care providers that link patients to other members of the health care team. Providing good-quality care and services is considered as a priority in any health care system, especially in the field of nursing care. This issue becomes more important when considering that the accreditation of hospitals is drastically under the influence of nursing care quality. Nowadays, the level of accountability and responsibility (especially social responsibility) of staff (such as nurses in hospitals) is one of the crucial indicators of hospitals' superiority towards the counter ones. In order to provide the best possible quality of nursing care and patients' satisfaction, it is necessary to consider nursing performance standards which includes social responsibility.

Regarding the effect of contextual transformations on the change and development of some phenomena in each context, the researchers ought to examine the nurse's social responsibility concept and empirically, investigate its aspects in the context of hospitals. In recent decades, a lot of research studies have been conducted to clarify the concept of social responsibility and its measurement, especially in business and education sectors. Also, there is no agreement on analysis, and also there is no integration of this concept from other similar concepts in this field.

Purpose: to reveal some aspects of social responsibility in nursing as a component concept that is fully related to the context and health care system of each society.

Materials and Methods

Research materials of domestic and foreign authors are used. The study used: the bibliosemantic method and the system analysis method. The study was conducted on the basis of the analysis of competencies and practical results acquired by the applicants in the process of training for future professional activities.

Results

Social responsibility is considered as one of the most important skills needed by humans. Creating a bright future without bringing up responsible people is not possible. The sense of responsibility allows a person to be active at the same time, to succeed, to control his inner and outer environment, to be self-regulating, and to be wise and at the same time to feel belonging to others emotionally. For these characteristics, social responsibility in nurses are very important because of their professional sensitivity. In fact, the importance and the role of the social responsibility of nurses in the field of health care are undeniable. Nurses are responsible for making ongoing efforts to provide safe, desirable, and high-quality care and provide the patients with the nursing care without any discrimination and pre-judgment. Despite the importance of the issue of social responsibility, hospitals should pay more attention to it. This lack of adequate attention is more noticeable in some facets (such as work settings and the environment). It seems that while hospitals can react more effectively to the requirements of work and social work environments, they could improve their social responsibility provided that they offer their services while respecting the dimensions of leadership, the staff, work settings and society.

Florence Nightingale, Lilan Wald, and Lavinia Locke, as the pioneers of modern nursing, are also the founders of social responsibility thinking in nursing [5]. According to Nightingale's environmental theory, the viewpoint of social responsibility developed and became a basis for expanding the role of nurses in improving the environment, work settings (hospital) and other similar situations [7]. R. Spitzer also highlights the importance of social responsibility in nursing contending that nurses should accept to be more sensitive toward social responsibility during delivery of care to patients and in fact social responsibility is like DNA for their job and the commitment of the nurses as professionals to their community. He also believes that providing community-based emergency services and social responsibility are issues that are at the core of the nursing mission, and they are required to establish these two measures for people in their community [3].

Although the concept of social responsibility has been applied in a wide range of organizations, jobs, and professions, it still remains a complex concept in nursing without any definite definition. Along with the concept of social responsibility in nursing, there are other concepts such as human rights, social justice, social participation, pluralism, freedom of expression and equality, which have made the term of social responsibility largely imprecise in the nursing [6]. Kelly [2] believes that this concept is not well-defined in nursing, and one reason for this lack of an imprecise definition is that, unlike medical domain that has organizations and organs for social responsibility, nursing lacks such organizations. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary nature of nursing and its close relationship with medicine are other reasons for this concept to be largely forgiven in nursing. Indeed, a critical review of the broad studies conducted to clarify the concept of social responsibility in the nursing profession highlights two points: one is that this concept is one of the key concepts in a wide range of disciplines; and second, there is a particular view towards this concept in every discipline; but not enough attention has been paid precisely to this concept in nursing. In addition, the social responsibility is also influenced by social and cultural factors; and elements such as the socio-economic status, ethnicity, religion, and the extent of using mass media are effective in the emergence of social responsibility [4]. Therefore, this concept depends on social, economic, cultural, religious, and even environmental factors within every community.

Nowadays, given the increase of people awareness and their familiarity with the patient rights and being more informed of cases of misconduct and negligence of the staff of health care settings, and also because of broadcasting these health faults by the media which, in turn, have caused people to be more vigilant about the type and way of care providing by health care staff, the clarification of the concept of social responsibility in nursing can lead to more effective responsibility by the nurses, and no room is left for patients to complain. Additionally, this helps nurses to be able to effectively and legally deal with the professional problems which, in turn, foster their confidence and job satisfaction and also increase the quality of their service to patients [8]. All taken together, this concept is widespread, and different people in different disciplines have their own understanding of it, it is necessary to consider this concept from the viewpoint of nurses and patients.

The first statement: social responsibility is considered as a comprehensive feature that addresses issues such as: community expectations, and also business, legal, ethical and social expectations, respect for human rights and observance the principles of human rights, fair treatment with the workforce, customers and suppliers, being good citizens for the communities in which they operate and environmental protection, employee empowerment, safety and health of employees and the workplace, customer rights, energy management and savings, ethical codes, social activities, and organizational benevolence.

The second statement. Spirituality based: an overview of studies has shown that one of the dimensions of social responsibility is paying attention to spirituality in performing duties. The sub-categories that led to the formation of this theme were: benevolent and voluntary actions. H. Taghizadeh divides the organization's social responsibility into four subsystems of economic, legal, ethical, and voluntary benevolent philanthropy responsibilities, stating that ethical, benevolent, and religious-related dimensions of social responsibility have become more prominent today, believing that these are behaviors that the society expects from organizations, but not incorporated in the law [8]. It's believed that someone with social responsibility is a person who is always ready to help others even when no benefits are anticipated. Also, social responsibility is considered as a behavior that is not affected by predictable rewards, and in the other hand, doing work without waiting for rewards or benefits is the same act of social responsibility [10].

The third statement. Social responsibility is considered as a kind of attitude and skill, which is like any other attitude and skill acquired and learned. Scientists also state that social responsibility is a process that one must learn from the earliest years of childhood to deal responsibly with the many tasks he faces in life [1].

Statement four. It is understood that there is no sudden and immediate development of social responsibility, but rather a process that begins with responsibility, and proceeds to evolution and growth in the next and with the passage of time.

Based on the literature, an operational definition of nurse's social responsibility is: “Social responsibility is a “learner-based” attribute that is “comprehensive and spirituality-based”; it means that socially responsible people are responsible for the “environmental and human factor” of the community in which they live. They realize this responsibility through benevolent and voluntary activities without any expectations to receive rewards in return. The first step in acquiring social responsibility is that the person must be accountable, and then being sensitive to society and environment, learned later and over time in the presence of factors such as learning in the family and school, the community or the society. And it takes an evolutionary process. And ultimately, it increases job satisfaction as much as possible, creates more loyal forces in the organization, develops social justice and increases the quality of health care”.

Multi-dimensionality: “If nurses during their work and doing their duties, consider not just patients but also other aspects which most of the time, are overlooked, like patients' mental and psychological state, their economic problems, and even the environmental attention and the equipment which is available in the hospitals and use them more effectively, we can say those nurses are definitely a better nurse, and we can say they consider all aspects of social responsibility”.

“Responsibility for nursing means that as soon as you enter the university and the nursing school, you accept that your job is very different from many other jobs..., yes, most of the time, you have to sacrifice your needs and your life for your patients and caring them. Because, apart from the responsibilities of the home and personal life, you are responsible for the life of a sick person”.

“Social responsibility is a “learner-based” attribute that is “comprehensive, spirituality based, and relative”, meaning that people with higher social responsibility find themselves in relation with the “environmental and human factor” of the society in which they live and work, and they do this through benevolent and voluntary activities that are not expected to receive rewards in return for doing so. In many cases, they try to do the best and most possible work for the patient or client, depending on the situation and circumstances, and somehow sacrifice and dedicate themselves to the patient. The first step in acquiring social responsibility is that the person must be accountable, and then this attribute in later stages and over time in the presence of factors such as learning it in the family and school, and the society, and undergoes an evolutionary process. And ultimately, it increases job satisfaction as much as possible, creates more loyal forces in the organization, develops social justice and increases the quality of health care”.

Nurses are the largest group of health professionals, providing and supplying health care in large metropolitan towns and cities all over the world, from primary care clinics to intensive care units. So one of the most important elements in presenting current and future issues of being an effective and good nurse is obtaining social responsibility skill. Considering the concept of social responsibility in the nursing profession needs that our discipline concentrates on envisioning a worldwide approach to the meaning of social responsibility for societies and communities. Specific approaches and strategies to social responsibility, its definition, application to nursing, and application to nursing programs must be presented in clinical and academic settings. This article focused on the clarification of the concept of social responsibility in nursing and its attributes.

social responsibility nursing education

Conclusions

One of the understudied topics “relativity”. It seems that the relativity of social responsibility is different in different cultures, societies, and depends on perceptions of people, as well as the conditions and problems in hospitals. The reason for which the nurses regard social responsibility as relative might be the conditions and problems they encounter such as the difficulty of work, the numerous physical and psychological complications of nursing personnel, high job shifts, and sometimes in succession, lack of nursing staff, high numbers of patients, lack of adequate state support from the nurses' community, etc.

Therefore, when a nurse is not supported and does not receive enough attention for his or her needs, he/she cannot fully support others or does something beyond the main responsibilities for the clients either. In fact, most of the nurses just perform their routine cares and duties based on the physician's orders and cannot be expected to fulfill other aspects of care such as paying attention to the benefits of the hospitals, following patient's condition at home and taking into account the environment etc... (all of them are identified as social responsibility). In fact, try to do their best in any situation due to their religious beliefs and because they think that they are responsible before God in many situations, but when the situations of the hospital and profession are not suitable, their performance decreases and they only carry out their expected responsibilities. Some of these strategies include more clarifying the concept of social responsibility in nursing, conducting further research on the examination of barriers to care in the economic and social fields, familiarity of the public with nursing and public media care, taking into account salaries and benefits for nurses, holding more educational classes related to social responsibility etc.

Prospects for further research. The findings of this study could be used to clarify the concept of social responsibility in the health and treatment system. Furthermore, an instrument for measuring the social responsibility of nurses can also be developed in terms of the dimensions identified in this study. Finally, studying and considering the nursing experts' perspectives and also the findings of previously conducted studies on the same topic could be used to take steps to remove barriers and prevent the provision of nursing quality care. The last but not the least point to mention is that clarifying the concept of social responsibility in nurses and highlighting it in nursing will definitely lead to satisfaction in patients and clients, professional development and reduction of health care costs. Also, by identifying facilitators, inhibitors and social responsibility concepts, nursing managers and nursing educators will be able to design and implement their management and training activities based on scientific findings and based on the findings that are necessary for the correct learning and implementation.

Список літератури

1. Ahmadi K. Developing the social organizational responsiveness and providing a model for its conceptual extension in Iranian organizations / K. Ahmadi, S.M. Alvani, Tehran Gh. Memarzade // Industrial Management Journal of Islamic Azad University. - 2011. - Vol. 6 (18). - P. 97-116.

2. Beikzad J. A Survey on the Relationship between responsibility and job satisfaction of nurses working in Teaching Hospitals Affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences / J. Beikzad, A. Hoseinpour, Bavil M. Hejazi // J. Hosp. - 2014. - Vol. 13 (1). - P. 53-60.

3. Rafatian A.H. Accepting responsibility / A.H. Rafatian. - Tehran: Ashore Gate Pub., 2006. - P. 45-65.

4. Schwartz-Barcott D. A hybrid model for concept development / D. Schwartz-Barcott, H.S. Kim // Chinn P. L., ed. Nursing Research Methodology: Issues and Implementation. - Rockville: Aspen, 1986. - P. 91-101.

5. Shaner-McRae H. Environmentally safe health care agencies: nursing's responsibility, Nightingale's Legacy / H. Shaner-McRae, G. McRae, V. Jas // Online J. Issues Nurs. - 2007. - Vol. 12 (2).

6. Social responsibility: Conceptualization and embodiment in a school of nursing / M.A. Kelley, A. Connor, K.E. Kun, M.E. Salmon // Int. J. Nurs. Educ. Scholarsh. - 2008. - Vol. 5 (1).

7. Spitzer R. Social responsibility, the DNA of leadership / R. Spitzer // Nurse Leader. - 2010. - Vol. 8 (1). - P. 6.

8. Taghizadeh H. Impact on business ethics and social responsibility of firms / H. Taghizadeh, G.H.R. Soltani // Journal of Morality in Technology. - 2010. - Vol. 5. - P. 94-104.

9. Wyatt D.A. Nurses' responsibility for the future of nursing / D.A. Wyatt // Aron Journal. - 2012. - Vol. 95 (5). - P. 565-660.

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References

1. Ahmadi K., Alvani S.M., Memarzade Tehran Gh. (2011). Developing the social organizational responsiveness and providing a model for its conceptual extension in Iranian organizations. Industrial Management Journal of Islamic Azad University, 6(18).

2. Beikzad J., Hoseinpour A., Hejazi Bavil M. (2014). A Survey on the Relationship between responsibility and job satisfaction of nurses working in Teaching Hospitals Affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. J. Hosp., 13(1).

3. Rafatian A.H. (2006). Accepting responsibility. Tehran: Ashore Gate Pub.

4. Schwartz-Barcott D., Kim H.S. (1986). A hybrid model for concept development. In: Chinn P.L., ed. Nursing Research Methodology Issues and Implementation. Rockville: Aspen.

5. Shaner-McRae H., McRae G., Jas V. (2007). Environmentally safe health care agencies: nursing's responsibility, Nightingale's Legacy. Online J. Issues Nurs., 12(2).

6. Kelley M.A., Connor A., Kun K.E., Salmon M.E. (2008). Social responsibility: Conceptualization and embodiment in a school of nursing. Int. J. Nurs. Educ. Scholarsh, 5(1).

7. Spitzer R. (2010). Social responsibility, the DNA of leadership. Nurse Leader, 8(1), 6.

8. Taghizadeh H., Soltani G.H.R. (2010). Impact on business ethics and social responsibility of firms. Journal of Morality in Technology, 5.

9. Wyatt D.A. (2012). Nurses' responsibility for the future of nursing. Aron Journal, 95(5), 565-660.

10. Yazdan Panah L., Hekmat F (2014). Investigating the Factors Affecting the Social Responsibility of Youth (Study of Students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Iran social studies, 8(2).

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