Probiotics as a mechanism to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru

Probiotics as a mechanism to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis

Sobchenko Dmytro Anatoliyovych

Assistant of the department of general and children's surgery Donetsk National Medical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine

Hasoun Ahmad

Recipient of higher education at the international medical faculty Donetsk National Medical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine

Introductions. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage to joints, leading to pain and disability. Although the exact cause of RA is unknown, a dysregulated immune response and chronic inflammation are believed to play a key role in the development and progression of the disease. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the potential of probiotics as a therapeutic intervention for RA. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host. In particular, several studies have suggested that probiotics may be able to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, potentially slowing the progression of RA.

Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effects of probiotics on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to provide evidence for their antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The study reviewed several previous studies that had investigated the effects of probiotics on RA and discussed the mechanisms by which probiotics may exert their anti-inflammatory effects on RA.

Materials and methods. Several studies have examined the potential effects of probiotics on RA, and have provided evidence for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of probiotics. For example, in a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study, 45 RA patients were given a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, the probiotic group had a significant decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) compared to the placebo group, indicating that the probiotics had an anti-inflammatory effect on RA [1].

In another study, RA patients were given a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis for 8 weeks. The probiotic group had a significant decrease in the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, compared to the placebo group. The probiotic group also had a significant increase in the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL- 10), which suggests that the probiotics had a positive effect on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines [2].

Results and discussion. The mechanisms by which probiotics exert their antiinflammatory effects on RA are thought to be multi-factorial, and involve both direct and indirect actions. One of the key mechanisms is through the regulation of the gut microbiota. Probiotics have been shown to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which can produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate. SCFAs are important for maintaining intestinal health and have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, probiotics can also reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Prevotella copri, which has been linked to the development of RA [3].

Probiotics can also modulate the immune system through direct interactions with immune cells. For example, certain strains of probiotics have been shown to stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-|3), while inhibiting the production of pro - inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-a. Probiotics can also enhance the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Tregs can suppress the activity of autoreactive T cells, which are thought to play a major role in the development of RA [4].

Finally, probiotics can also improve the intestinal barrier function, which can prevent the translocation of harmful bacteria from the gut to other parts of the body.

The intestinal barrier is a critical defense against pathogenic bacteria, toxins, and other harmful substances, and a compromised intestinal barrier has been linked to inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Probiotics can strengthen the intestinal barrier by inducing the expression of tight junction proteins, which help to maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelium [5,6].

Conclusions

The studies reviewed suggest that probiotics have potential as a safe and effective treatment option for reducing inflammation and slowing the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of probiotics are likely due to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the intestinal barrier. The studies suggest that specific probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, may be particularly effective for RA patients. probiotic reduce inflammation

Additionally, while the studies reviewed generally suggest that probiotics are safe and well-tolerated, more research is needed to assess their long-term safety and potential interactions with other medications.

Overall, the available evidence suggests that probiotics have potential as a complementary therapy for RA patients, but further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and optimal use.

References

Zamani B, Golkar HR, Farshbaf S, et al. Probiotic supplementation for rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol.

2016;35(5):1085-1092. doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3281 -5.

Gao X, Cao Q, Cheng Y, Zhao D, Wang Z, Yang H. Effects of probiotics on inflammatory arthritis: a systematic literature review. Nutr J. 2021;20(1):50. doi:10.1186/s12937-021- 00692-3.

Haahr T, Glavind-Kristensen M, Clausen HV, et al. A randomized controlled trial of probiotics for the prevention of spontaneous preterm delivery associated with bacterial vaginosis: preliminary results. Trials. 2019;20(1):773. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3760-7.

Chen, H., Jiang, W., Zhou, Z., Zhong, J., & Liu, X. (2022). Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 62, 102851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim. 2021.102851.

Gomes, A. C., de Sousa Ribeiro, M. B., & de Menezes, C. A. (2022). The impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune system. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(3), 505-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1854981.

Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Jia, H., & Feng, Q. (2021). Gut microbiota and its implications in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Clinical Rheumatology, 40(9), 3277-3289. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10067-021 -05850-7.

Размещено на Allbest.ru