Analysis of body mass index, percentage of body fat and maximal oxygen consumption among male and female students of TNPESU

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Analysis of body mass index, percentage of body fat and maximal oxygen consumption among male and female students of TNPESU

Bobby G.

assistant professor Department of Physical Education

YMCA college of Physical Education (India)

Uma P.

lecturer

Department of Physical Education and Sports

Pondicherry University (India)

Abstract

oxygen body mass index

The main purpose of the study was to analyze and compare the fitness in terms maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) by 1.5 Mile Run/walk test and body mass index, percentage of body fat among the male students and female students of Department of Exercise Physiology and Nutrition, TNPESU. Twenty six young male and female students from each of the Active as well as inactive lifestyle were recruited by simple random sampling and their age ranged between 18-23 years. Body Mass Index (BMI) of all the subjects was computed by Weight (kg)/Height (m2). Skinfold measurement also assumes that subcutaneous fat is a reliable indicator of total body fat. Durnin and Womersley (1974) validated the sum of four SFT (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) against densitometry and devised sex and age dependent population- based linear regression equations to estimate total body density. Once density is calculated, the Siri (1961) equation is used to estimate percentage body fat: Fat (%) = [(4.95 / D) - 4.5] x 100. Indirect estimation of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was done with help of 1.5 Mile Run/walk test of each group of subjects. This study try to compare whether there is any difference between male and female student student's t test were used for statistical treatment of the data. The results reveal that there significant difference between male and female student on Body mass index, Percentage of body fat and VO2 max of the male and female students of Active as well as inactive lifestyle. The male young students do have a statistical significantly higher value of predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) than the inactive lifestyle female young students.

Keywords: Body Mass Index, Percentage of Body Fat and VO2 Max

Introduction

Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) reflects the maximum capacity of a person to absorb, carry and consume O2 [3].VO2 max reflects a person's overall fitness level, which is one's maximum potential for using oxygen to make ATP. This is also known as aerobic capacity. VO2 max is defined by the limits of one's oxygen transport system, so this value does not vary from moment to moment in the same way that VO2 will change. Individuals who are more physically fit will be able to use oxygen more efficiently (have a higher VO2 max), and can therefore produce more ATP and perform more work with less effort. Factors that can affect VO2 max include general respiratory and cardiovascular health, the amount of mitochondria in the muscle cells, and vascularization of the muscle tissue. A person can increase their VO2 max over time with physical training.

The body's use of oxygen during a bout of exercise can be measured by monitoring oxygen uptake (VO2). The maximal ability of the body to deliver and consume oxygen (VO2max) is the product of the maximal cardiac output (L blood/min) and the arterial-venous oxygen difference (ml O2/L blood) [8]. VO2max is considered the «gold standard» measure of cardiorespiratory fitness [1] it is used as an objective indicator of cardiovascular function and as a benchmark for determining recommended exercise intensity.

The present study was initiated to estimate the VO 2 max in inactive female student. Most of the VO2 max studies are in male. Very few studies have been taken in female student. We intended to take VO2 max levels in female having sedentary life-style.

Methods

For the purpose of the study sixteen female (N=16) healthy sedentary students from the middle class socioeconomic background, having age range of 18 to 23 years were recruited for the study on the basis of random sampling from the Department of Exercise Physiology and Nutrition, TNPESU, TamilNadu. The experimental protocol was fully explained to participants to dispel their hesitation and ensure maximum cooperation. The participants had no history of any major disease and did not follow any physical conditioning program, apart from some recreational sports. Body Mass Index (BMI) of all the subjects was computed by Weight (kg)/Height (m2). Skinfold measurement also assumes that subcutaneous fat is a reliable indicator of total body fat. Durnin and Womersley (1974) validated the sum of four SFT (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) against densitometry and devised sex and age dependent population-based linear regression equations to estimate total body density. Once density is calculated, the Siri (1961) equation is used to estimate percentage body fat: Fat (%) = [(4.95 / D) - 4.5] x 100. Indirect estimation of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was done with help of 1.5 Mile Run/walk test of each group of subjects. VO2max is computed with the following equation:

VO2max (ml. kg-1.min-1) = 88.02 + (3.716 * gender) - (0.0753 * body weight in pounds) - (2.767 * time for 1.5 miles in minutes and fractions of minutes)

Where gender = 1 for males and 0 for females.

This study try to compare whether there is any difference between male and female student student's t test were used for statistical treatment of the data.

Results

Means and standard deviation of age, body height, body mass, BMI and VO2max of the male and female participants are presented in table 1. Though age did not show any inter-group variation, but the values of all other parameters are significantly higher among males than the female students.

From statistical analysis it was observed that, the mean and standard deviation value of BMI in female students was 17.97 ± 2.57 kg/m2, and in male students, it was 22.5 ± 2.95 kg/m2. The obtained't' value 4.18 shows statistical difference in the BMI of both genders. The mean value of Percentage of Body Fat (BF %) in female students was 24.33 ± 4.12, and in male students, it was 13. 95 ± 3.64. Percentage of Body Fat (BF %) values in female students were more as compared to values in male students. The mean value of VO2 max in female students was 25.34 ± 3.95 ml/kg/min, and in male students, it was 32.79 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min. VO2 max values in male students were more as compared to values in female students.

Table 1. Physical parameters and VO2max of sedentary male and female University students

*Significant Table Value 2.05 with df=24

Discussion

Age and gender are two known important non-modifiable factors that determine Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Being physically fit has been associated with «the ability to carry out daily tasks without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies». Such fitness is reflected in specific measures of work capacity and oxygen uptake [4]. Max VO2 values vary with age, sex, weight, daily physical activity level and type of exercise. In this study, it was established that statistically significant difference in Body Mass Index (BMI), Percentage of Body Fat (BF %) and VO2 max value of male and female gender, VO2 max value being more in male gender. Our study results showed significant higher VO2 max in male students as compared with female students. The study suggested females had a lower level of aerobic fitness as compared with male students [6].

Figure 1. Physical parameters and VO2max of sedentary male and female University students

Conclusion

This study also concluded that significant difference was found between male and female students on Physical parameters and VO2max. This study also concluded that body height, body weight and BMI of the male is significantly higher value than female and percentage of body fat significantly greater value in female than male. The male students' shows a significantly higher value of VO2 max than female.

Reference

1. ACSM. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.

2. ACSM. ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

3. Albouaini K, Egred M, Alahmar A, Wright D. J. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application. Heart, 2007. Vol. 83 (985), pp. 675-682.

4. Cooper K.H. The Aerobics Way. New York: Evans and Company, 1977. Pp. 280-281.

5. George J.D. VO2max estimation from a submaximal 1-mile track jog for fit college-age individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1993. Vol. 25, pp. 401-406.

6. Nabi T., Rafiq N., Qayoom O. Assessment of cardiovascular fitness (VO2 max) among medical students by Queens College step test. Int JBiomedAdvRes. 2015. Vol. 6 (5), pp. 418-421.

7. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Physical Fitness Research Digest. 1977. Vol. 7 (2).

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