Nutritional status and physical activity level among students of the university of Novi Sad
Obesity as a non-communicable disease of modern society, widespread throughout the planet. Identifying nutritional status and physical activity levels of students. Classification of groups according to nutrition level, taking into account the gender.
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| Дата добавления | 15.04.2024 |
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Faculty of Sport and Physical education University of Novi Sad (Serbia)
Nutritional status and physical activity level among students of the university of Novi Sad
Radulovic N., research assistant
Pavlovic R., full professor
Nikolic S., lecturer
Mihajlovic I., full professor
Abstract
Obesity is a non-communicable disease of the modern society, widely spread across the planet. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the nutritional status and physical activity level among the students of the University of Novi Sad. 391 students were included. An electronic form survey was conducted, using the Google Spreadsheet. The total number of respondents included 42.45 % (n = 166) male and 57.25 % (n = 225) female students. The BMI value of the overall sample was 21.79 ± 2.54 kg/m2, indicating normal (desirable) nutrition level among the students. Male respondents showed slightly higher BMI values (AS = 23.30) compared to females (AS = 20.67). Most respondents with normal nutritional values were in the group doing exercises every day (86 %), followed by the group that doing exercises 3-5 times a week (84 %). The results of the chi-squared test showed no statistically significant difference between respondents having different physical activities compared to their level of nutrition (p = 0.85) at yl = 2.69. The classification of groups as per their nutrition level, with regards to the gender of the respondents, showed statistically significant differences between the respondents of different genders (p = 0.01) at yl = 43.00, with the prevailing number of overweigh men. Nevertheless, the obtained results indicated both the necessity and obligation to focus on obtaining an accurate and complete diagnosis of obesity by determining the extent of the fat mass and its distribution. The incidence of obesity in a normal body weight among the young, student population, requires a comprehensive, detailed and timely diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Keywords: student, diet, obesity, differences
Introduction
Modern civilization has brought about a substantial decline in the physical activity of the population (Wang et al, 2022). Such a sedentary lifestyle trend is associated with the growing and advanced technological development. The need for physical work in performing various activities has rapidly declined, as human work has been replaced by countless machines and new technologies. In this regard, the energy expenditure of individuals during the working hours dropped drastically [17]. Such an inactive lifestyle has contributed to the development of a series of diseases, predominantly the chronic physical diseases, affecting the cardio-respiratory system, along with the high incidence of obesity, increasingly affecting the young population.
Monitoring the nutritional status is useful for multiple reasons: for indicating the adequacy of the growth and development processes, and later helping to assess the current status. This process can also serve as a prognostic factor of their future medical condition. Nutritional disorders have their two sides: malnutrition on the one side, representing the personal, individual and general social problem of economically underdeveloped countries worldwide, and obesity on the other side, as the growing social and health issue of the modern world.
Today, obesity is a disease of the modern age that has practically turned into an epidemic [5], with Serbia recognized as one of the particularly vulnerable countries. Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat in a body and an increase in body weight by 10 percent or more compared to the ideal body weight. It is the outcome of improper nutrition, i.e. the intake of more nutrients than the body really needs. Hence, the goal of this research is focused on the nutritional status of adolescent population, specifically, the academic students as a risk group.
Methodology
The subject-matter research was conducted using the survey, as the most accessible and efficient technique when testing a large number of respondents, and allows for an optimal way of assessing the awareness, habits and attitudes of students concerning their daily diet and physical activity, along with collecting the mandatory demographic information. The research included 391 respondents, specifically the students at the University of Novi Sad. The sample covered 42.45 % (N = 166) of male respondents and 57.25 % (N = 225) of female respondents.
An anonymous survey conducted in 2022 was used to identify the nutritional status and physical activity and collect demographic data. The survey was carried out using the Google Spreadsheet program and an electronic form. The survey included 20 questions, divided into 4 groups. For the purposes of the research, the questions were related to body mass, body height and exercise habits. The first group covered general demographic and anthropometric questions about the respondents, such as gender, age, year of study, body height and body weight. The second group of questions was aimed at assessing the level of physical activity among the students. The respondents entered their body mass and height values by themselves and BMI was subsequently calculated using a standard formula:
Additionally, the data processing methodology was determined based on the research objectives and the established problem. The occurrence frequency of the same data was determined for the questions, with the obligatory presentation of the arithmetic mean (AM), the standard deviation (SD). The Chi-square test (Cross Tabulation) was performed to identify the differences between the groups, and the Contingency Coefficient was used to determine the relationships between the groups.
Results
Taking into account the average values in the variable for assessing the nutritional status, Body Mass Index (Table 1), a normal level of nutrition in the overall sample was detected (21.79 ± 2.54 kg/m2). The homogeneity among the respondents with regard to the body height (CV = 5.61 %) and the nutritional level (CV = 11.66 %) was identified and a greater variability in the body weight assessment variable (CV = 20.11 %), which is indeed normal, given the highly heterogeneous character of the sample, i.e., the respondents coming from different socio-cultural backgrounds.
Table 1
Descriptive statistics of anthropometrical variables on the entire sample of respondents
|
Variable |
AM |
S |
MIN |
MAX |
CV (%) |
|
|
Body height (cm) |
173.88 |
9.77 |
151 |
203 |
5.61 |
|
|
Body mass (kg) |
66.88 |
13.45 |
45 |
125 |
20.11 |
|
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
21.79 |
2.54 |
16.53 |
30.93 |
11.66 |
Legend: AM - arithmetical mean;
S - standard deviation;
MIN - minimal measurement result recorded;
MAX - maximal measurement result recorded;
CV - coefficient of variation.
nutrition physical activity student
The analysis of the results of descriptive statistics (Table 2), showed that the average value of body height and body mass is higher in students, resulting in a higher body mass index in this subsample. Both subsamples are of an average, normal nutritional status. The values of the t test for independent samples indicated the existence of statistically significant differences in favour of the male respondents in the variable for assessing the longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton to the Body height (p = 0.01) and the variable for assessing the body volume and mass, Body mass (p = 0.01) while the body mass index was closer to the median normal value in the subsample of female respondents (p = 0.01).
Table 2
Descriptive statistics and differences in anthropometric variables for the sub-sample of respondents per gender
|
Variable |
M |
F |
Difference AM |
t |
p |
|||
|
AM |
S |
AM |
S |
|||||
|
Body height (cm) |
181.67 |
7.93 |
168.13 |
6.44 |
13.56 |
18.05 |
0.01 |
|
|
Body mass (kg) |
77.58 |
10.55 |
58.98 |
9.23 |
18.61 |
18.77 |
0.01 |
|
|
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) |
23.30 |
2.34 |
20.67 |
2.08 |
2.62 |
11.67 |
0.01 |
Legend: AM - arithmetical mean;
S - standard deviation;
t - t-test result,
p - statistical significance degree.
In order to perform the classification of nutritional status per genders, as well as their comparison, three new subsamples were introduced, based on the value of the BMI, as follows [1]:
1. the first group of respondents classified as underweight with their BMIs below 18.5 kg/m2;
2. the second group of respondents classified as having normal nutritional status with theirs BMIs ranging from 18.5 kg/m2 to 24.9 kg/m2;
3. the third group of respondents classified as overweight, with their BMIs above 24,9 kg/m2.
Such classification of groups according to their level of nutrition in relation to the respondents' gender (Table 3), has shown that there are statistically significant differences between the respondents of different genders (p = 0.01) of %2 = 43.00. Notably, there were no male respondents in the group of underweight respondents (0 %), while there were as many as 9.8 % of female respondents in the same category. Most respondents of both genders had a normal nutritional level (76.5 % of male respondents and 85.3 % of female respondents). Among the overweight group, there were significantly more male respondents (23.5 %) than female respondents (4.9 %). Overall, 12.8 % of respondents were overweight, and 5.6 % were underweight. A total of 81.6 % of respondents had a normal nutritional level, with the conclusion that most of the respondents had normal nutritional levels.
Table 3
Contingency table of classification based on the nutritional levels and gender of respondents
|
Variable |
Respondent gender |
Total |
||||
|
M |
F |
|||||
|
Nutritional level |
Underweight |
In numbers |
0 |
22 |
22 |
|
|
% within the respondent gender |
0.0 % |
9.8 % |
5.6 % |
|||
|
Normal nutritional level |
In numbers |
127 |
192 |
319 |
||
|
% within the respondent gender |
76.5 % |
85.3 % |
81.6 % |
|||
|
Overweight |
In numbers |
39 |
11 |
50 |
||
|
% within the respondent gender |
23.5 % |
4.9 % |
12.8 % |
X2 = 43.00 p = 0.01 df = 2
Legend: X - value of chi-square test;
p - level of statistical significance of chi-square test; df - degrees of freedom.
The results of contingency table 2 indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between respondents with different levels of physical activity in relation to their nutritional levels (p = 0.85) at %2 = 2.69. Among the group of respondents who exercised every day, 2.7 % of them were underweight, and there were 5.7 % of underweight among those who exercised 3-5 times a week. Even in the group that exercised once a week, there were 7.7 % of underweight respondents and in the group that did not exercise, 4.7 % of the respondents were underweight. The majority of subjects with normal nutritional levels were in the group that exercised every day (86.5 %), followed by the group that did not exercise (84.3 %). Among the groups that exercised 3 to 5 times a week, 79.7 % had a normal nutritional level and 78.8% in the group that exercised once a week. Most of the respondents that had excessive body mass were in the group that exercised 3-5 times a week (14.6 %) followed by the group that exercised once a week (13.5 %). Respondents who did not exercise (11 %) came third, while the least overweight respondents were in the group who exercised every day (10.8 %). It can be added to these research results, that training processes and regular training ensure ideal body mass and improve the health status of students.
Discussion
In view of the results of the current research on the student population, it can be concluded that the nutritional level (21.79 ± 2.54 kg/m2) of the students of the University of Novi Sad is normal. The results of this research confirmed the results of the previous research conducted [9].
Table 4
Contingency table of classification based on the physical activity levels
|
Variable |
I exercise every day |
3-5 times a week |
Once a week |
I do not exercise |
Total |
|||
|
Nutritional level |
Underweight |
In numbers |
1 |
7 |
8 |
6 |
22 |
|
|
% within physical activity level |
2.7 % |
5.7 % |
7.7 % |
4.7 % |
5.6 % |
|||
|
Normal nutritional level |
In numbers |
32 |
98 |
82 |
107 |
319 |
||
|
% within physical activity level |
86.5 % |
79.7 % |
78.8 % |
84.3 % |
81.6 % |
|||
|
Overweight |
In numbers |
4 |
18 |
14 |
14 |
50 |
||
|
% within physical activity level |
10.8 % |
14.6 % |
13.5 % |
11.0 % |
12.8 % |
X2 = 2,69 p = 0,85df = 6
Legend: X - value of chi-square test;
p - level of statistical significance of chi-square test; df - degrees of freedom.
There was minimum 5.6 % of underweight respondents, with a higher percentage of female respondents in this subsample. Using BMI as a criterion to identify obesity, I recorded 12.8 % of students with excessive body mass with almost a quarter of the surveyed male respondents (23.5 %) and only a small incidence of female respondents (4.9 %). The highest percentage of respondents had normal nutritional levels, 81.6 % with women taking more care of their looks. When comparing these results with the results of the research [12] it can be concluded that the health status and nutritional index of the student population in Novi Sad has improved. However, compared to the results of Crnobrnja [2], there is a higher percentage of overweight respondents (in 2012 there was only 1 % and now 12.8 %). The same as shown in the results of the above-mentioned authors from 2012, the incidence of overweight men still prevails among the student population. Based on the results obtained in the previous research and the present research, it can be concluded that men take less care of their body proportions, enjoy consuming alcohol and fast unhealthy food more, resulting in higher BMI values compared to the opposite sex. Although male respondents practise more often practice some type of sports and recreational activities and exercise more regularly, on average, their BMI values were higher, which confirmed the second hypothesis of the research. These results call for a comprehensive, detailed and timely diagnosis and treatment of this disease. A campaign should be initiated to encourage more women to be engaged in sports and recreational activities programs, considering that the data showed that 36.89 % of women never exercise, 27.56 % exercise only once a week, while a very small percentage (6.67 %) exercise every day or 3-5 times a week (28.89 %)
Previous research conducted among the university students in our country, covering the students from Nis [14] indicated the presence of pre-obesity in 38.18 % of male students and 7.95 % of female students, and identified obesity in 7.27 % of male students and 1.32 % of female students. Those figures are considerably below the levels identified in our students, indicating the differences even in relation to the earlier research. This is obviously a problem that is present globally, however, it was also concluded that students are less active, exercise less and consume more low-quality food, fast food and carbonated beverages.
It is known that obesity is explained by the surplus energy deposition in the form of fat in adipose tissue. Moreover, the adipose tissue changes its functional characteristics, manifested by the altered production of adipokines, that play a significant role in the developing obesity complications. The increase in the total fat mass, and especially in the abdominal depot, significantly impacts the respective risk level [8], demonstrated that body fat percentage, regardless of body weight and level of nutrition, will better reflect the atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein profile than the BMI. Several studies have confirmed the discrepancy between the fat mass and level of nutrition and the incidence of obesity in normal body mass, especially in the population of women and children, and these parameters should be taken into consideration in any subsequent research on the student population [3, 4, 7] demonstrated the presence of obesity in normal body mass in less than 1 % of men, while the frequency of this form of obesity in women was 27.8 % showing a growing trend with age. A similar research conducted in our population revealed the presence of obesity in normal body mass in 25.71 % of students [15], while among the general population 10 % of men with normal nutritional level and 13.33 % of women with normal nutritional level were reported to have borderline increased body fat mass, while 6.67 % of women with normal nutrition had a higher fat mass [13]. This research showed the presence of obesity in normal body weight in 12 % of respondents, with a higher incidence among students, which is in line with the results of the above-mentioned studies.
The question of the healthy lifestyle habits in the young population today is one of the most frequently asked questions when observing the living and working conditions of the overall students' population in our country. Recent research has shown a growing trend in the number of young people, especially high school and university students, who have adopted the lifestyle habits that can be characterized as unhealthy [6]. Some of the «behaviours» of young people that can be considered risky for their health especially include: irregular and inadequate diet, lack of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, excessive use of carbonated drinks, alcohol or fast food, use of narcotics, etc. The third research hypothesis can be rejected because the results of the research showed no statistically significant difference in the body nutritional index between the groups of respondents having different physical activity levels, considering that all 4 groups of subjects had normal nutritional levels with approx imately the same values. The group that exercised every day had the highest average BMI. This can be explained by the fact that this population of respondents are inclined to balancing their diet and body mass through exercise programs. They train every day, they want to bring their weight to an ideal level, they understood the importance of regular physical exercise - training and adopted the behaviour of a healthy lifestyle.
Physical activity, being one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle, includes any activities increasing the energy expenditure that is higher than the expenditure occurring when the human body is resting. Such activities generally mean everyday activities (walking, riding a bicycle, climbing stairs, doing housework, going shopping, etc.). Exercise, on the other hand, is a planned and targeted physical activity having the primary goal to improve one's health and physical condition. The forms of such activities may be: fast walking, cycling, aerobics and active hobbies. Unlike physical activity and exercise, being the behavioural processes, physical condition (or fitness) represents a range of attributes that will determine the capacity to perform physical activity. Physical fitness is largely conditioned by the level of physical activity and therefore, different exercise programs can be implemented in order to improve certain attributes of the physical fitness [10].
The research results can also be used as an adequate contribution to the generally adopted thesis that the education of young population must include physical activity in general, and especially the sports, as the significant attributes of building, preserving and improving their bio-psycho-social capacities. To this end, efforts have been made to clearly shape the concept of physical exercise for students, as a long-term project, that will contribute to raising the quality level of life and work at the University of Novi Sad.
References
1. American College of Sports Medicine. Gudelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed.). American College of Sports Medicine: Indianapolis, 2000.
2. Cmobrnja V., Srdic B., Stokic E., Dujmovic F., Andrejic B. Analysis of the frequency of risky forms of obesity among students of the University of Novi Sad. Medical review, 2012. Vol. 65 (3-4), pp. 133-137.
3. De Lorenzo A., Martinoli R., Vaia F., Di Renzo L. Normal weight obese (NWO) women: an evaluation of a candidate new syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 2006. Vol. 16 (8), pp. 513-523.
4. Di Renzo L., Del Gobbo V., Bigioni M., Premrov M. G., Cianci R., De Lorenzo A. Body composition analyses in normal weight obese women. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2006. Vol. 10 (4), pp. 191-196.
5. Johnson H. M. Anxiety and Hypertension: Is There a Link? A Literature Review of the Comorbidity Relationship Between Anxiety and Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 2019. Vol. 21 (9), pp. 66-69.
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8. Nagaya T., Yoshida H., Takahashi H., Matsuda Y., Kawai M. Body mass index or percentge body fat by bioelectric impendance analysis: which variable better reflects serum lipid profle? International Journal Obesity Relation Metab Disord, 1999. Vol. 23 (7), pp. 771-774.
9. Nesic M., Lolic V., Srdic V., Meholjic-Fetahovic A. Body mass index as a factor of determination towards sports and recreational activities at the University of Sports Sciences and Health. 2011. Vol. 1 (1), pp. 37-47.
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11. Pfisterer J., Rausch C., Wohlfarth D., Bachert P., Jekauc D., Wunsch K. Effectiveness of Physical-Activity-Based Interventions Targeting Overweight and Obesity among University Students - A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environ Researche Public Health, 2022. Vol. 19 (15), pp. 24-27.
12. Romanov R., Peric D., Ahmetovic Z., Mededovic B. Obesity and The Physical Work Capability of Students In Novi Sad. Facta Universitatis Series: Physical Education and Sport, 2014. Vol. 12 (3), pp. 315-325.
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