Становлення та розвиток комерційної освіти в Західній Україні (ХІХ ст.)

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата педагогических наук по специальности 13.00.01 - общая педагогика и история педагогики. - Дрогобычский государственный педагогический университет имени Ивана Франко, Дрогобыч, 2009.

В диссертации раскрыта история развития коммерческого образования в Западной Украине ХІХ ст.; охарактеризовано степень исследованности данной темы в педагогической науке; проанализировано влияние общественно-политических и экономических факторов на развитие как общего, так и коммерческого образования; определены предпосылки становления коммерческого образования; раскрыты особенности функционирования учебных заведений торговли; исследованы содержание и формы организации коммерческого образования на западноукраинских землях; установлено существование женских заведений обучения торговли в исследуемый период, осуществлен анализ их учебных планов в сравнении с зарубежными школами коммерции; выяснены особенности правового обеспечения коммерческого образования; определена роль культурно-образовательных обществ в распространении коммерческих знаний.

Раскрыты основные позитивные идеи и особенности организации учебных заведений коммерции. В новых условиях социально-экономического развития Украины некоторые из них заслуживают на переосмысление и применение в работе современных профессиональных образовательных заведений.

Ключевые слова: коммерческое (торговое) образование, коммерческие учебные заведения, дополняющие школы, средние торговые школы, торговые академии, Западная Украина.

SUMMARY

Synyavska A.M. The process of becoming and development of commercial education in Western Ukraine (XIX c.). - Manuscript.

The dissertation for a scientific candidate's degree of pedagogical sciences. Speciality 13.00.01 - general pedagogical science and history of pedagogical science. - The Ivan Franko Drohobych State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, 2009.

The dissertation deals with the history of commercial education becoming and development process in Western Ukraine in the XIX century. The period of the XIX c. is important enough for Ukrainian lands but insufficiently investigated as for the history of the commercial education in Western Ukraine. We considered the commercial education becoming process in the context of political, economic and social events which took place in the XIX century. We studied and analyzed numerous archive documents, historical, pedagogical and methodological materials, reports of various institutions, as well as scientific researches which highlight the selected question. The extent of the chosen theme scientific investigation in the educational theory is characterized in this paper. The influence of social, political and economic factors on the education development including commercial has been analyzed. On the basis of various materials we proved that favorable geographical location of Western Ukrainian cities on the crossroads of important transit trade-ways between the East and the West stipulated local population employment in the field of trade since the Medieval times.

Approaches to the term `education of commerce' determination were disclosed, our own definition of this concept was offered taking into account modern institutional and economic realities. Pre-conditions of commercial schooling development were distinguished. It is believed that the origin of commercial education in Austrian empire is connected with the name of Mary Teresa. As Western Ukrainian lands were a part of the above mentioned empire in the investigated period we represented tendencies of trade education growth involving foreign context. The classification of the educational establishments of commerce on the basis of different criteria was worked out. It turned out that among trade schools such categories as complementary schools, secondary trade schools and trade academies functioned on the territory of Western Ukraine in the XIX c. According to our investigation complementary trade schools were the ones which prevailed on others.

The legislative peculiarities of commercial education functioning were depicted in our research. Up to 1868 trade schools were under Consistories' supervision. A school law of 1868 foresaw schools transition from church authorities subordination to the societies schools organs. For this purpose Regional school councils were created in Western Ukraine. Ministry of religions and education was the highest organ of education management. Regional school councils' activity and their role in the national educational system development were analyzed. The tasks of city councils, school boards and school curatorias in providing educational process were disclosed. The question of financing was a cute one for trade schools. It was carried out partly from a local budget, partly from trade societies and organizations; individuals also took part in trade schools material supporting. The state financing turned out to be almost absent.

We considered the peculiarities of professional educational establishments of commerce functioning and principles of their work in order to trace evolution of their development, qualitative and quantitative changes of their curricula, subjects content, forms and methods of studying. The aim and tasks of trade schools, entrance requirements, duration of studying, duties of the authoritative organs taking part in trade schools management were analyzed in our paper. The basic feature of the school of commerce was the connection of theoretical and practical parts of studying since the second half of the XIX c. We disclosed the requirements to the candidates for the position of professional subject teachers.

It was found out that alongside with masculine educational establishments separate establishments of commerce for women were opened and functioned on the territory of Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX c. Peculiarities of their educational process, such as entrance requirements, curricula, content and forms of professional studies organization, graduates employment have been revealed. It was obvious that the rate of trade education development for women was slower in comparison with that for men, but notwithstanding this fact the level of education the school-girls obtained was rather high. High attendance of trade schools proved that they were quite popular among women population.

Commercial knowledge spreading by cultural and educational societies of the investigated period in Western Ukraine was distinguished in our research. On the basis of archive documents and literary sources a conclusion was made that activity of these societies was effective enough in economic training of population and subsequent development of commercial schooling.

Main positive ideas and features of the organization of commercial education were disclosed in our paper: involving professionals from different fields of economy to teaching process, increasing the role of foreign languages in commercial training, attracting financial institutions, banks and private firms to provide financial support to professional educational establishments, reinforcing cooperative education and spreading cooperative ideas in the educational process. They are worth being re-considered and applied in the work of professional educational establishments of commerce taking into account modern socio-economic conditions of development of Ukraine.

Keywords: commercial (trade) education, educational establishments of commerce, complementary schools, secondary trade schools, trade academies, Western Ukraine.

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