Theoretical aspects of the professional culture in the modern science

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THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROFESSIONAL CULTURE IN THE MODERN SCIENCE

Lozis I.V.

Raising of problem. One of major tasks of modern education is the preparation of integral personality. By the important criterion of the developed personality in the conditions of constantly growing requirements to the competitiveness and production which develops swiftly, there is a high level of professional culture. A concept “professional culture” specifies on direct connection of the phenomenon of culture and profession. Therefore consideration of problem of professional culture means clarification of essence and intercommunication of concepts “culture” and “profession”.

A concept of culture is a basis in many spheres of human knowledge, but due to the significance hardness added determination. Research of culture and process of its forming is determined the specific of going near the analysis of society. Going out from the social structure of society, it is possible to select the culture of classes, social layers, nations, regions, professions, age-dependent groups. According to the transmitter of human relations select a public and individual culture. According to the level of display of individual human capabilities culture of senses, abilities, skills, necessities, thought, world view can be described. According to the character of preparation to the vital functions it is possible to select the culture of education and education.

According to the level of organization of vital functions culture of labor, way of life and rest is shown. For description of man as a subject of labor the concepts “professional culture” is used.

Analysis of actual researches. The phenomenon of professional culture was probed many leading specialists in industry of sociology of labor, economic sociology and sociology of culture (N. Krilova, N. Lukasiewicz, Markevich, G. Falcon, and other). Scientific labors of teachers of G. Ball, M. Boyko, A. Otter, A. Vineslavskaya, N. Voloshko, E. Klimov, A. Prosfori, V. Ribalka are devoted to the question of professional culture.

A term “professional culture” was entered in the scientific appeal of V. Podmarkov, which plugged in its maintenance the special knowledge of certain kind labors which make maintenance of profession; knowledge of certain production situation, organized connections and performers.

Examining a professional culture as a system, Y. Isaev underlines that this phenomenon is a system education which unites a row structurally functional components, that has own organization, preferentially co-operating with an environment in itself, and that owns integrativity properties whole, unpander to properties of separate parts [6, p. 104].

V. Grineva examines a professional culture as certain degree of capture a profession, that by certain methods and making decision professional tasks on the basis of the formed spiritual culture of personality [4, p. 14].

E. Garmash in the research selects three groups of qualities of personality as displays of its professional culture: ethics, professionally ethics, professional, individually professional, civil [3, p. 8].

The purpose is to analyze the basic meaning of a concept “professional culture” in modern pedagogies; to define the constituents of professional culture as a system.

The research methods: an analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature is on issue of research, their comparison.

Exposition of basic material. There are many researches the models of culture in which research workers distinguish anthropological, gnosiological, epistemological, humanism, psychological, political science, sociological and other approaches to the description of concept of culture. Some authors tried to group positions of researchers on this question. Most considerable are works of L. Kogan, E. Bogolyubova, E. Markaryan, Vavilina, Y. Vishnevsko, V. Mezhuev and others.

In works of E. Markarian all researchers of category “culture” are divided into three sharp-edged groups. The first group considers a culture as the aggregate of moral and spiritual values; the second group understands a culture as process of creative activity. The third group attributes a culture to the specific of human activity [8, p. 97].

In the context of our research most perspective is activity approach. This approach in Philosophy, Psychology and pedagogies was developed by the well known psychologist and philosopher S. Rubinstein. According to his opinion, a man and his psyche is formed and show up foremost in practical activity and that is why must be probed through their displays in the basic types of activity (in labor, cognition, studies, game, etc.).

By the basic features of activity of S.L. Rubinstein counted the followings: sociality activity is carried out only a subject (by humanity, group of people, personality); activity as co-operating of subject with an object is rich in content, subject; activity always creative and independent [l0, p. 98].

In researches of such scientists as V. Davyd, Y. Zhdanov, M. Kagan, E. Markaryan, V. Ignatov, V. Belolipeckiy we find assertion that exactly activity comes forward the kernel of theory of culture. Such categories as “culture” and “activity” are historically connected. In activity it is possible to select the special cultural function, carrying out which, personality creates himself, creates terms not only for the life but also for next transformation on the whole and especially in cultural sphere.

Leaning on an activity paradigm, it is possible to choose the following determination for basis: a culture is an aggregate all morally spiritual and financial values, accumulated society, and also aggregate of all kinds and methods of improvement of activity of man on their mastering, maintenance, creation and distribution, in society.

One of subsystems of culture which is meaningful enough in opening of essence of valuable member of modern society is a professional culture. The exposure of its essence is in a great deal determined maintenance which is represented in a concept «profession». In translation from Latin it means “employment”, “work”. The analysis of this category, the far of researches is devoted (I. Belkin, E. Belkin, L. Kogan, Y. Mishin, S. Batishev, A. Umanskiy and others.). By the elements of its maintenance pointed more frequent: specialization and marked off from other types of activity within the framework of section of labor; relatively.

Not because of variety of approaches to the determination of profession, it is possible to select the row of its signs, authors acknowledged majority. In opinion of foreign researcher of sociology of labor of D. Mark, the most known determinations of profession contain four descriptions.

1. A profession is relatively the brief implementation of certain activity protracted, but not a short realization of some activity.

2. A profession is an activity which requires the special education and skills. Professional activity results in a certain professional conduct both within the framework, certain a profession and pose by it.

3. Implementation of professional activity leads to forming of professional interest which is often carried out through professional associations and advices the representatives of certain professions.

In relation to the representative of other profession to show aspiration of representative of one profession the special status as in organization so in general sense, which results in authentication of social individual with a profession which he belongs to.

In the research under a “profession” we understand specialized activity of social individual, which owns the complex of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, got as a result of the special preparation and experience. In this context a “profession” combines the row of base elements of “culture” which is instrumental in the increase of high-quality descriptions of profession, gives it certain integrity, strategic orientation, humanism description of activity of member of society.

A profession and culture constantly between itself co-operate and cannot exist without each other. A profession, in combination with a common to all mankind culture, generates such social phenomenon as a “professional culture” and engulfs the sphere of labor activity of man and quality of this activity.

A concept “professional culture” was got by wide distribution in pedagogies in 80th of XX century, which was related to development of cultural approach from position of which numerous pedagogical processes and phenomena were examined.

So forming of professional culture was examined as a system factor of becoming of future specialist. Later this term was probed from a position of other scientific conceptions (humanism, anthropological and other). But most modern researches of professional culture are based on the picture of culture as about the social phenomenon which has active sleep nature.

Examining a professional culture as a system, Y. Isaev underlines that this phenomenon is a system education which unites in itself a row structurally functional components, that has own organization, preferentially co-operating with an environment, and that owns integrative properties [6, p. 104].

I. Model determines a professional culture as category which characterizes the degree of capture a professional group, by its representatives by the specific type of labor activity in some sphere of public production. A professional culture serves as the quality a measure and mean of forming and realization of social forces of subject of activity in it [9, p. 94].

I. Krilova adheres to the idea, that a professional culture is an ability to define and choose the best cultural norm not simply, but more quick aspiration to use new cultural standards. To her mind, a professional culture consists of becoming of own culture and cultural identity of education which changes constantly [7, p. 88].

G. Sokolova determines a professional culture as a degree of capture workers by achievements scientifically technical and social progress and is the personality aspect of culture of labor. The basic elements of professional culture is the universal middle, special middle and higher education, qualification, work experience.

The role of universal and special education considerably grew under act of modern progress of society and production trends. More thorough professional knowledge are instrumental in the best understanding of conformities to law of process of production, critical comprehension of production experience [1, p. 94].

To our opinion, more progressive and actual is approach of I. Model, which selects two sides in the structure of professional culture: praxeological (professional knowledge, abilities, skills, professional consciousness, attitude) and spiritual the elements of which is a professional moral and professional aesthetics [9, p. 104].

Sure, the culture of specialist is folded in unity and co-operation of all constituents. Their section is possible only de been ease. In activity it always shows up integrally and herein it main feature.

Exactly the spiritual side of professional culture represents it specific values and norms which regulate the professional conduct of subject of professional activity, exactly it determines the system of moral requirements to the representatives of the proper professional groups.

I. Abramova selects three connected blocks in a professional culture: cognitive; praxeological; block of conduct.

Cognitive block is a block created due to professional knowledge, abilities, to skills which make basis of professionalism, and professional values. A praxeological block is professional institutes, in basis of functioning of which there are norms of professional activity, its consuetude, traditions, and rituals.

I. Batura selected more concrete elements of professional culture: universal education, special knowledge, abilities, skills, production experience, method of efficiency, initiativeness, discipline of labor, culture of speech, intercourse, conduct, sense of responsibility, veracity, and personality qualities of worker, to which punctuality, exactness, tidiness, good organization, belong et cetera [1, p. 11].

A. Miasoedov considers that in the structure of professional culture it is possible to select the followings blocks the system:

- gnosiological (cognitive), that is based on the system of general and professional knowledge, culture of professional thought;

- organizationally praxeological, that includes practical professional abilities and skills; communicative, that requires a high communicative culture presence of skills and abilities for professional intercourse;

- informative which offers co-operation of all subjective of the professional system on the basis of exchange information; normatively regulative, norms, standards, programs of conduct, which send and put in order activity, conduct and relations of subjective of professional subculture, are included in which;

- axiologichical is common to all mankind and professional values, ideals, traditions, consuetude, professional qualities, characters, myths [9, p. 11].

A term “professional culture” means that a culture is examined in the relation of specific quality of activity of specialist and exposes subject maintenance of culture, which is determined the specific of profession, professional activity and professional society.

A professional culture can be examined as a base constituent of professional preparation after specialty. In fact in the professional culture of specialist the reflection not only connection and co-operation of society, personality and profession but also all his individual culture is found.

Thus, a professional culture can be defined as an aggregate of world view and special knowledge, qualities, abilities, skills, senses, valued orientations of personality, which find the reflection in its in detail, to labor activity and provide it higher efficiency. Consequently, concept “professional culture” in pedagogical science it is necessary to study from position of activity approach.

In opinion of A. Kapska professional culture excepts for necessary abilities and skills includes for itself personality qualities, norms of attitude toward the different constituents of professional activity, are certain [11, p. 98].

The level of formed professionally meaningful qualities of man determines success of his professional activity. In the process of professional development there is a capture of a future specialist by the system professionally important qualities, the communicative enter in which motivational, characteristic, reflexive, educational, intellectual, psychological qualities of a man.

A. Sannikova selects those qualities which have universal character: responsibility, self-control, emotional firmness, inclination, to the risk et cetera [1, p. 11]. The system of qualities which stipulate a successful capture future specialists by a select profession is sufficiently clear lighted up in research of V. Andreeva, who characterizes nine blocks of qualities: motivational creative activity and orientation of personality to activity; intellectually logical capabilities; intellectually heuristic capabilities; world view qualities; moral qualities; aesthetically beautiful qualities; communicative creative capabilities; capacities for self-government individual features which are basis of active actions [1, p.102].

In the structure of professional culture it is possible to select an ethics, economic, political, legal, informative culture, which naturally with the different degree of perfection fill maintenance of professional culture of representatives of different professions. But for the representative of certain profession each of the adopted components will play a decision role or have a second-rate value.

J. Chernova marks that today the requirement of society to the specialist is not professionalism, but professional culture, because growing dynamism of development of society requires high-quality prognostication and humanism basis of the actions from a man that high professionalism is required on the basis of humanism, and it and there is a professional culture [15, p. 17].

Consequently, a professional culture of future specialist is not only a sum of professional knowledge, abilities and skills but also a part of general spiritual culture, which shows up in a professional competence, to readiness to the analysis and estimation professionally ethics problems, acceptance of independent decisions, communicative trade, and conscious readiness, to the self-education, self-development, and permanent professional self-perfection.

basic professional culture specialist

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